Essentials of Biochemistry for Medical Students Shivananda Nayak B
INDEX
A
Abnormal hemoglobin 202
Acetyl CoA 106
Acetylation 424
Acid-base balance 236
regulation 237
renal 240
respiratory 239
Acid-base catalysis 19
Acid-base disorders 241
acidosis
metabolic 241
respiratory 241
alkalosis
metabolic 241
respiratory 241
Acquired hyperbilirubinemia 211
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 405
diagnosis 410
exposure to blood-borne pathogens 407
exposure to infected body fluids 411
genome organization 409
HIV test 410
mother-to-child transmission 411
pathophysiology
cells affected 408
molecular basis 409
the effect 409
perinatal transmission 408
prevention 410
sexual contact 410
sexual transmission 407
symptoms of HIV infection 405
GIT infections 406
Kaposi’s sarcoma 407
lung infections 406
neurological symptoms 406
treatment 411
alternative medicine 412
antiviral therapy 411
ACTH stimulation test 224
Action of insulin 124
Acute hepatitis 358
Acyl carrier protein 170
Acylation 331, 424
Addison’s disease 223
Adrenal gland 222
Adrenal insufficiency 223
Adrenal medulla 226
Adrenaline 123
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone 218
Albumin 49, 359
Alcohol metabolism 179
Alcoholism effects 180
Aldehydes 422
Aldolase 121
Alkaptonuria 72
Allosteric regulation 115
Amines 423
Amino acid degradation 188
Amino acid pool 61
Amino acids 39
chemical properties 43
charge properties 44
classification 39, 42
essential 42
glucogenic 42
ketogenic 42
nonessential 42
definition 39
Amino aciduria 365
Ammonia intoxification 64
Amylopection 86
Amylose 86
Anemia 306
Angiopathy 127
Anion gap 242
Annealing 334
Anomerism 87
Anserine 43
Anterior pituitary hormones 193
Anthropometry 303
Antiketogenic substances 176
Antioxidants 427
Antivitamin 283
Apoproteins 149
Ariboflavinosis 281
Aspartame 44
Assessing nutritional status 300
Atherosclerosis 127
B
Balanced diet 300
Basal metabolic rate 296
calculation 297
factors which affect basal metabolic rate 297
measurement 296
methods of determining caloric needs 297
Base pairing 322
Becker muscular dystrophy 391
Beer’s law 395
Bence Jones protein 51
Benedict’s test 90
Beriberi 280
Beta-aminoisobutyric aciduria 357
Bicarbonate buffer system 237
Bilirubin 209
Bioenergetics 12
Bisphosphoglycerate 202
Biuret reaction 54
Blood buffer system 237
Blood glucose 123
Bohr effect 202
Buffers 236
bicarbonate buffer system 237
blood buffer system 237
H+ balance 236
hemoglobin buffer 239
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation 236
phosphate buffer system 238
protein buffer system 239
C
Calcitonin 256
Calcium homeostasis 221
Calorie 291
Cancer 413
anticancer agents 415
causes
cancer cell production 413
cell proliferation 414
Carbohydrate linkage to protein 331
Carbohydrates 84, 96
classification 84
disaccharides 84
monosaccharides 84
oligosacchaaricles 85
polysacchoarides 85
digestion and absorption 96
absorption of monosaccharides 98
important food products 98
in the gastrointestinal tract 97
isomerism 86
metabolism of carbohydrates 99
Cardiac myopathies 392
Cardiolipin 144
Cardiovascular disease 180
Catalase 428
Cell membrane 1
Cells 1
fractionation 7
transport across the membrane 4
active transport 6
passive transport 5
transport systems 6
antiport system 7
endocytosis 7
exocytosis transport 7
symport 7
uniport system 6
ultrastructure 1
centrioles 4
endoplasmic reticulum 2
Golgi complex 3
lysosomes 3
mitochondria 4
nucleus 4
peroxisomes 3
plasma membrane 1
Cellulose 85
Centrifugation 396
applications 397
types of centrifuges 397
Centrioles 4
Ceramide 144
Cerebrosides 145
Chaulmoogric acid 152
Chemical classes of hormones 215
ovarian hormones 228
pancreatic hormones 226
parathyroid hormones 221
pituitary hormones 217
testicular hormones 229
thyroid hormones 219
Cholesterol 153, 171
functions 153
structure 153
Chromatography 398
applications 402
classification
adsorption 399
affinity 401
gas-liquid 400
partition 399
general principle 399
principle 401
Chylomicrons 146
Cirrhosis of the bile duct 359
Citric acid cycle 189
Coenzymes 15
Coenzyme Q 250
Cohn’s syndrome 226
Collagen 48, 373
synthesis 277
Colorimetry 394
Conjugation 424
Cori’s cycle 112
Cortisol 123
secretion 222
Covalent catalysis 19
Cretinism 220, 267
CRH stimulation test 225
Crigler-Najjar syndrome 211
Cushing’s syndrome 224
Cyanomethemoglobin 206
Cystathionuria 78
Cystinuria 77
Cytochromes 250
D
Deamination 62
Decarboxylation 66
Deoxy sugar 91
Deoxyhemoglobin 206
Deoxyribonucleic acid 322
Dexamethasone suppression test 225
Dextrin 85
Diabetes mellitus 126, 182
Diabetic ketoacidosis 127
Diagnostic enzymes 30
Dietary assessment 305
Dipeptide 43
Disaccharides 84
Disulphide linkages 47
Dubin-Johnson syndrome 212
Duchenne muscular dystrophy 391
E
Elastin 375
Electron transport chain 180, 248
Electrophoresis 53, 205
applications 398
general principle 398
types 398
Embden-Meyerhof pathway 100
Emphysema 50
Endocytosis 7, 148
Endoplasmic reticulum 2
Enemtiomer 87
Energy compounds 12
Energy expenditure 296
Enzyme linked immunoassay 402
Enzyme linked immunosorbant assay 419
Enzymes 14
active site 16
cardiac enzymes in myocardial infarction 31
acid phosphatases 32
alkaline phosphatase 32
amylase 32
AST 31
cholinesterase 33
CK and CKMB 31
gamma glutamyl transferase 32
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 33
LDH and LDH 32
lipase 32
phosphatases 32
chemical nature 14
classification 17
energy of activation 15
enzyme inhibition 23
competitive 23, 24
mixed type 26
noncompetitive 25
substrate and product 26
uncompetitive 26
enzyme kinetics 20
enzymes specificity 18
chemical reaction and other 20
induced fit model 19
lock and key model 18
mechanism of enzyme catalysis 18
mechanism of enzyme catalysis 19
factors affecting the enzyme activity 16
enzyme concentration 17
pH 16
substrate concentration 17
temperature 17
isoenzymes 30
diagnostic enzymes 30
lactate dehydrogenase 31
Michaelis-Menten equation 21
regulation of enzyme activity 27
allosteric 27
compartmentation of metabolic pathways 29
covalent modification of inactive proenzymes 28
enzymes degradation 29
gene expression controls 29
Epimerism 87
Essential fatty acids or PUFA 151
Estrogen 228
Extracellular matrix
collagen 373
elastin 375
fibrillin 375
fibronectin 376
glycosaminoglycans 376
chondroitin sulfate 377
dermatan sulfate 377
heparan sulfate 378
heparin 377
hyaluronic acid 377
keratan sulfate 377
proteoglycans 379
laminin 376
F
Fasting blood sugar 123
Fates of ammonia 64
Fats 142
Fatty acid 151
classification
essential fatty 151
saturated 151
unsaturated 151
definition 151
functions 152
nomenclature 151
numbering 151
Fatty acid oxidation 188
Female sex hormones 227
at various stages
after childbirth 228
infancy 227
menopause 228
pregnancy 228
puberty 227
Fibrillin 375
Fibrinogen 50
Fibronectin 376
FIGLU excretion test 75, 286
Flavoproteins 249
Folate trap 287
Follicular stimulating hormone 218
Food dairy 306
Food frequency questionnaire 305
Formylmethione 76
Fouchet’s test 361
Frame shift mutation 343
Free energy 12
Free radicals 427
Fructose metabolism 120
Fructosuria 120
Futile cycle 116
G
Galactose metabolism 119
Galactosemia 120
Gamma-glutamyl transferase estimation 362
Gangliosides 145
Genetic code 327
Gilbert’s syndrome 212
Globin synthesis 207
Globulins 49
Glomerulonephritis 365
Glucagon 123, 125, 227
Glucocorticoid 125, 222
Gluconeogenesis 100, 109, 110, 189
adipose tissue 189
adipose tissue in starvation 191
brain 190
brain in starvation 191
glycogen metabolism 189
hormonal regulation of metabolism 192
fat metabolism 192
triacylglycerol synthesis 192
liver 189
liver in starvation 191
regulation 111
regulation of metabolism during fasting condition 192
cholesterol metabolism 195
epinephrine 193
fat metabolism 193
glucagon 193
glucocorticoids 193
skeletal muscle 189
skeletal muscle in starvation 191
substrates 111
Glucose 6-phosphate 101
Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency 119
Glucose tolerance curve 129
Glucose tolerance tests 128
Glucose-alanine cycle 111
Glucuronidation 426
Glutathione 44
Glycerol 152
Glycerophospholipids 143, 177
Glycinuria 68
Glycogen 85
Glycogen storage diseases 116
Glycogenesis 99, 112
Glycogenolysis 100, 114
Glycolipids 145
Glycolysis 99, 100, 104, 188
aerobic 100
reactions 101
anaerobic 103
Glycoprotein 91
Glycosaminoglycans 376
Glycosides 91
Glycosidic bond 90
Glyoxylate cycle 109
Goiter 220, 267, 367
Golgi complex 3
Growth hormone 124, 125, 217
H
α-helix 47
H+ balance 236
Hartnup’s disease 74
Hay’s test 361
Heinz-bodies 203
Heme proteins 261
Heme synthesis 207
Hemochromatosis 263
Hemoglobin 48, 198
abnormal hemoglobin 202
chloride shift 202
clinical aspect of heme metabolism 208
cooperative oxygen binding 200
disorders of hemoglobin catabolism 210
acquired hyperbilirubinemia 211
Crigler-Najjar syndrome 211
Dubin-Johnson syndrome 212
Gilbert’s syndrome 212
hepatic jaundice 211
inherited conjugated hyperbilirubinemia 212
jaundice 210
prehepatic or hemolytic jaundice 211
Rotor syndrome 212
fate of bilirubin 209
globin synthesis 207
heme catabolism 209
heme synthesis 207
regulation of heme biosynthesis 208
role of hemoglobin in disease 212
sickle cell hemoglobin 204
clinical symptoms 205
derived hemoglobin compounds 206
detection of abnormal 205
structure 198
Hemoglobin buffer 239
Hemoglobinopathy 203
Hemosiderin 263
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation 236
Hepatic jaundice 211
Heteropolysaccharide 85
Hexose monophosphate shunt 117, 118, 189
High density lipoprotein 148
Homocysteinemia 77
Homocysteinuria 77
Huntington’s disease 344
Hydrogen bonds 46, 47
Hypercalcemia 256
Hyperchloremia 261
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma 127
Hyperkalemia 259
Hyperlipidemia 116, 127
Hyperlipoproteinemias 150
Hypernatremia 258
Hyperoxaluria 68
Hyperphosphatemia 257
Hyperthyroidism 367, 368
Hyperuricemia 116
Hypervitaminosis 273
Hypocalcemia 256
Hypochloremia 260
Hypoglycemic hormone 123
Hypokalemia 259
Hyponatremia 258
Hypophosphatemia 256
Hypothyrodism 367, 369
I
Immunodeficiency disease 354
Immunoglobulin 48, 51
functions
IgG 52
IgA 52
IgM 52
IgD 52
IgE 53
structure 51
Inborn errors of urea cycle 63
Inherited conjugated hyperbilirubinemia 212
Insulin 123, 226
receptor 124
secretion 124
Insulin-mediated glucose transport 125
Intermediate density lipoprotein 147
Intrahepatic cholestasis 359
Inulin 85
Iodine number 154
Iron absorption 261
Iron overload 263
Iron-deficiency anemia 306
Iron-sulfur protein 250
Isoenzymes 30
J
Jamaican vomiting sickness 167
Jaundice 210, 360
K
Ketogenesis 124
Ketolysis 176
Ketone body 175
Krebs’ citric acid cycle 106
anabolic role 108
reactions 107, 108
regulation 108
role 108
Kwashiorkor 307
L
Laboratory values 431
Lactate dehydrogenase 31
Lactic acidemia 116
Lactic acidosis 130
Lactose intolerance 121
Lambert’s law 395
Lecithin 144
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome 354
Leukotrienes 157
Light
dispersion 394
dual nature 394
electromagnetic spectrum 394
wavelength 394
Lipid metabolism 124
Lipid or fat 142, 161
activation of hormone-sensitive lipase 164
alcohol metabolism 179
amphipathic nature 153
bile acids synthesis and utilization 174
biosynthesis of de novo synthesis 169
biosynthesis of triacylglycerol 178
classification 153
compound 143
simple 153
cholesterol metabolism 171
definition 142
digestion and absorption 161
absorption 163
digestion 162
electron transport chain 180
fate of triacylglycerol formed in liver and adipose tissue 179
formation of ketone bodies 175
functions 142
ketone body formation and utilization 175
metabolic fate of acetyl CoA 168
metabolic fate of cholesterol 174
metabolic fates of NADH 180
oxidation of fatty acids 164
phospholipid metabolism 177
properties 153
regulation of cholesterol synthesis 172
regulation of lipid metabolism 179
role of LCAT 174
synthesis 172
synthesis of glyceraphospholipids 177
synthesis of lipids 180
synthesis of plasmalogen 178
Lipolysis 124
Lipoprotein 145, 150
Lipotropic factors 157
Liver cell damage 358
Liver function test 358
Fouchet’s test for urine bilirubin 361
Hay’s test for bile salts 361
serum enzymes in liver disease 362
serum protein electrophoresis 359
serum total protein estimation 359
total protein, albumin and globulin 359
urobilinogen in urine and feces 362
van den Bergh’s reaction 360
Low density lipoprotein 147
Luteinizing hormone 218
Lysosomal degradation 114
Lysosomes 3
M
Maple syrup urine disease 75
Marasmus 308
Marfan’s syndrome 375
Melanin 72
Melatonin 429
Metabolic disorder 77
Metabolism of amino acids 60
absorption of amino acids 61
catabolism 62
removal of amino groups 62
digestion of proteins 60
in the intestine 61
in the stomach 60
glutamic acid metabolism 68
histidine metabolism
catabolism of histidine 74
catabolism of serine 78
synthesis of creatine 78
metabolism of arginine 69
metabolism of aspartic acid and asparagines 68
metabolism of glycine 67
metabolic disorder 68
metabolic fate 67
metabolism of important amino acids 64
catabolism of carbon skeleton 64
metabolism of lysine 69
metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine 69
metabolism of threonine 68
metabolism of tryptophan
fate of tryptophan 73
synthesis of serotonin 73
proline metabolism 69
synthesis 72
catecholamines 72
dopamine 72
epinephrine 72
norepinephrine 72
T3 and T4 73
Methemoglobin 206
Methemoglobinemia 206
Methionine 75
Methylation 331, 425
Michaelis-Menten equation 21
Mineral metabolism
calcium 254
absorption 255
content of body and blood 254
functions 255
recommended dietary allowance 254
regulation of serum calcium level 255
sources 254
chloride 260
magnesium
deficiency 257
functions 257
recommended dietary allowance 257
sources 257
microminerals or trace elements 261
chromium 267
cobalt 266
copper 263
fluoride 266
iodine 267
iron 261
manganese 265
molybdenum 265
selenium 266
zinc 264
phosphorus
content of body and blood 256
functions 256
recommended dietary allowance 256
sources 256
potassium
functions 259
sources 259
sodium 257
deficiency 258
functions 257
sources 257
Mineralocorticoids 225
Mitochondria 4
Molecular biology 322
Monochromator 395
Monosaccharides 84, 88
Mucopolysaccharides 85, 86
Muscle diseases 391
Muscle structure 380
ATP hydrolysis for muscle contraction 390
cardiac muscle 386
control of cardiac contraction 387
coupling excitation to contraction 384
different kinds
heart muscle 380
skeletal muscle 380
smooth muscle 380
energy for sprinter 386
fueling muscle contraction 384
cellular respiration 385
creatine phosphate 385
glycogen 385
marathon runner 386
muscle fiber 380
activation of skeletal muscle 382
neuromuscular junction 382
thick filament 381
thin filament 381
smooth muscle 389
type I vs type II fibers 385
Muscular dystrophy 344, 391
Mutation 341
Myasthenia gravis 391
Myoglobin 199, 200, 220
N
Naturally occurring peptides 43
Neonatal or physiologic jaundice 211
Nephropathy 127
Nephrotic syndrome 366
Neuropathy 127
Ninhydrin reaction 43
Ninhydrin test 54
Nitrogen balance 300
Nonheme proteins 261
Nonoxidative deamination 62
Non-protein nitrogenous compound 364
Northern blotting 336
Nucleic acid chemistry 310
nucleosides and nucleotides 310
minor or modified bases 311
nitrogenous bases of RNA and DNA 311
nucleotides 312
cyclic GMP 314
cytosine nucleotides 313
nucleotides of adenine 313
nucleotides of guanine 313
synthetic analogues of nucleotides 314
uracil nucleotides 314
structure and function 312
structure and function of RNA 317
structure of DNA 316
synthetic analogues in cancer treatment 314
6-mercaptopurine 314
azathioprine 315
cytosine arabinoside 315
floxuridine 315
fludarabine 315
gemcitabine 316
purine analogues 314
pyrimidine analogs 315
thioguanine 315
Nucleic acid metabolism 351
regulation of purine nucleotide synthesis 352
biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides 354
catabolism of purine nucleotides 352
clinical significance of purine synthesis 353
salvage of purine nucleotides 352
regulation of pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis 354
catabolism of pyrimidines 356
clinical disorders of pyrimidine metabolism 356
synthesis of inosine 351
Nucleus 4
Nuclide 416
Nutrition 291
carbohydrates 291, 292
dietary fiber 294
fiber and colon polyps/cancer 295
fiber and diverticulosis 295
fiber,cholesterol and gas 295
fats 292, 293
essential fatty acids 294
saturated fats and its risks 294
unsaturated fats 294
proteins 292, 293
complete and incomplete 293
protein an weight gain 293
protein and weight loss 293
recommended daily allowance 293
O
Obesity 182
Oleic acid 151
Oligomycin 252
Oligosaccharides 85
Orotic aciduria type I 356
Overweight 182
Oxidation 168
fatty acid 164
monosaccharides 89
Oxidative deamination 62
Oxidative phosphorylation 189, 250
Oxidative stress in disease 429
Oxygen dissociation curves 200
Oxyhemoglobin 200, 206
Oxytocin 219
P
β-pleated sheets 47
Palmitic acid 166
Parathyroid hormones 221
Pathway 117
Pentapeptide 44
Pentose phosphate 117
Peptide bond 43
Peptides 43
Peroxidation 155
Peroxiredoxins 428
Peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation (lipolysis) 167
Peroxisomes 3
Phagocytosis 7
Phenylhydrazine 89
Phenylketonuria 70
Phosphate buffer system 238
Phosphatidyl choline (lecithin) 143
Phosphatidyl ethanolamine 144
Phosphatidyl inositol 144
Phosphatidyl serine 144
Phosphofructokinase 101
Phospholipid 143, 177
Phosporylation 331
Pinocytosis 7
Pituitary hormones 217
anterior 217
adrenocorticotrophic hormone 218
follicular stimulating hormone 218
growth hormone 217
luteinizing hormone 218
prolactin (somatomammotropin) 219
thyroid stimulating hormone 218
posterior
oxytocin 219
vasopressin 219
Plasma lipoproteins 146
Plasma proteins 49
classification
albumin 49
alpha-1 antitrypsin 50
fibrinogen 50
globulins 49
separation 53
Plasmalogen 144, 178
Plasmid 339
Platelet aggregation 157
Point mutations 203
Polyamines 66
Polymerase chain reaction 333, 335
Polymorphisms 340
Polyol pathway 121
Polypeptide 44
Polysaccharides 85
Postprandial blood sugar 123
Prehepatic or hemolytic jaundice 211
Prehybridization 336
Primary aldosteronism 226
Proenzymes 15
Progesterone 228
Prolactin (somatomammotropin) 219
Prostaglandin’s 155
biochemical actions
inflammation 156
influence on renal function 156
pain and fever 156
prevention of gastric ulcer 156
regulation of blood pressure 156
reproduction 156
degradation 155
inhibition of PG synthesis 155
synthesis 155
Protein buffer system 239
Protein metabolism 124
Protein synthesis 329
Protein-calorie malnutrition 307
Protein-energy malnutrition 307
Proteins 45
biological importance 46
biological role 45
classifications 45
denaturation 48
modification after denaturation 48
plasma proteins 49
structure
primary 46
quaternary 48
secondary 46
tertiary 47
Proteoglycan 91, 379
Pyruvate 105
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex 279
Pyruvic acid 180
R
Radioimmunoassay
antibody 401
antigen 401
Radioisotopes 416
applications of radioactive isotopes 418
enzyme linked immunosorbant assay 419
radiation effects 421
radiation hazard symbol 418
radioactivity 416
half-life 417
radioactive decay 417
units 417
radiosensitivity 420
RIA (radioimmunoassay) 419
types of ionizing radiations
alpha 418
beta 418
gamma 418
types of radiation
ionizing 417
non-ionizing 417
Radiosensitivity 420
Rancidity 154
Rapoport Lubering cycle 105
Recombinant DNA 332
Redox reactions 247
Reduction reaction 89
Reduction tests 90
Refsum’s disease 168
Reichert-Meissl number 155
Renal function tests
clearance test 363
elimination of NPN substances 364
amino acids 365
calcium and phosphorus 365
creatinine 364
urea 364
uric acid 364
functions of kidney 363
Replication 323
Respiratory chain electron transport 248
Restriction enzymes 338
Retinopathy 127
RIA 419
Ribozymes 14
Rotor syndrome 212
S
S-adenosylmethionine 76
Saponification 154
Serum transaminases 362
Shuttle pathways 103
Sialic acid 91
Sickle cell hemoglobin 204
Sickle red blood cells 205
Skinfolds 303
Solitary thyroid nodules 367
Sorbitol dehydrogenase 121
Sorbitol pathway 121
Specific dynamic action 298
Spectrophotometry 394
Sphingomyelin 144
Sphingophospholipids 143
Stereoisomerism 87
Steroids 153
Strong acids 88
Structure of ATP 13
Structure of DNA 322
Structure of RNA 326
Structure of the mitochondria 248
Subclinical disease 369
Substrate concentration 17
Sulfation 331
Sulfhemoglobin 206
Sulphation 425
Superoxide dismutase 428
Synthesis of mRNA 328
T
Teletherapy 420
Thalassemia 203
Thrombosis 157
Thyroid binding globulin 370
Thyroid cancer 367
Thyroid function tests 366
free T3 and T4 determination 368
pituitary production of TSH 370
thyroid binding globulin 370
thyroid iodine uptake scan 371
thyroid scan 371
total serum T3 and T4 determination 367
TRH test 370
Thyroid hormones 219
Thyroid iodine uptake scan 371
Thyroid scan 371
Thyroid stimulating hormone 218
Thyroiditis 367
Thyroxine 126, 193
Transamination 62
Transcarboxylation 66
Transcription 326
Transduction 125
Transfer of genetic information 323
Translation 328
Transmethylation 66
TRH test 370
Triacylglycerol in adipose tissue 163
Triacylglycerol (triglyceride) 142, 178
Tripeptide 44
Tropomyosin 382
Troponin 382
Tubular disease 366
Turbidimetry 396
Twenty-four hour urinary free cortisol 225
Tyrosinemia 71
U
Uncouplers 252
Urea cycle (Kerbs-Henseleit cycle) 63
Urinary tract infection 366
Uronic acid pathway 121
V
van den Bergh’s reaction 360
Van der Waals forces 48
Vasopressin 219
Very low density lipoprotein 146
Vitamins 271
fat soluble
vitamin A 271
vitamin D (cholecalciferol) 273
vitamin E (tocopherol) 274
vitamin K 275
water soluble 277
biotin 283
collagen synthesis 277
folic acid 284
niacin (nicotinic acid) 280
pantothenic acid 284
pyridoxine 280
riboflavin (B2) 280
vitamin B12 (cobalamin) 286
vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 277
von Gierke disease 354
W
Waist/hip ratio 304
Wald’s visual cycle 273
Wavelength 394
Waxes 143
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome 280
Western blotting 337
X
Xenobiotics detoxification 422
phase I detoxification
aldehydes 422
amines 423
phase II detoxification
acetylation 424
acylation 424
glucuronidation 426
Z
Zellweger’s syndrome 168
Zymogens 15
×
Chapter Notes

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