Rajesh Arora PhD
Scientist Defence Research and Development Service Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS) Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) New Delhi, India
Jitendar P Vij
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
Corporate Office
4838/24 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002, India, Phone: +91-11-43574357, Fax: +91-11-43574314
Registered Office
B-3 EMCA House, 23/23B Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110 002, India
Phones: +91-11-23272143, +91-11-23272703, +91-11-23282021
+91-11-23245672, Rel: +91-11-32558559, Fax: +91-11-23276490, +91-11-23245683
e-mail: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com, Website: www.jaypeebrothers.com
Offices in India
- Ahmedabad, Phone: Rel: +91-79-32988717, e-mail: ahmedabad@jaypeebrothers.com
- Bengaluru, Phone: Rel: +91-80-32714073, e-mail: bangalore@jaypeebrothers.com
- Chennai, Phone: Rel: +91-44-32972089, e-mail: chennai@jaypeebrothers.com
- Hyderabad, Phone: Rel: +91-40-32940929, e-mail: hyderabad@jaypeebrothers.com
- Kochi, Phone: +91-484-2395740, e-mail: kochi@jaypeebrothers.com
- Kolkata, Phone: +91-33-22276415, e-mail: kolkata@jaypeebrothers.com
- Lucknow, Phone: +91-522-3040554, e-mail: lucknow@jaypeebrothers.com
- Mumbai, Phone: Rel: +91-22-32926896, e-mail: mumbai@jaypeebrothers.com
- Nagpur, Phone: Rel: +91-712-3245220, e-mail: nagpur@jaypeebrothers.com
Overseas Offices
- North America Office, USA, Ph: 001-636-6279734, e-mail: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com, anjulav@jaypeebrothers.com
- Central America Office, Panama City, Panama, Ph: 001-507-317-0160, e-mail: cservice@jphmedical.comWebsite: www.jphmedical.com
Herbal Medicine: A Cancer Chemopreventive and Therapeutic Perspective
© 2010, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the editor and the publisher.
First Edition: 2010
9788184488418
Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unit
Printed at
This book is dedicated with love to
My Dear Grandparents
Late Smt Krishnavati Arora and Shri Sant Ram Arora
Om
Swasti prajabhyhah paripaalayantaam nyyayaen maargaen mahim maheeshah
Gobhrahmanebhyah shubhamasthu nityam lokaah samstaah sukhino bhavantu.
May good befall all people. May the sovereign rule the earth, following righteous path.
May all beings ever attain what is good.
May the worlds be prosperous and happy.
Lokaah samastaah sukhino bhavantu
Sarveshaam svastir-bhavatu
Sarvesham shantir-bhavatu
Sarvesham purnam bhavatu
Sarvesham mangalam bhavatu
Om Shanti! Shanti! Shanti!
May all beings in this Universe be happy
May prosperity and welfare be unto all beings
May peace be unto all beings
May plenitude and fullness be unto all beings
May auspiciousness and blessedness be unto all beings
Om Peace! Peace! Peace!
This Ancient Universal Sanskrit Prayer comes as a blessing from a Guru for the prosperity and welfare of the whole of humanity.
May it continue to guide us!
7Contributors
- Aalinkeel Ravikumar phd
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology
- Department of Medicine
- State University of New York at Buffalo
- Kaleida Health
- Buffalo, NY 14203
- USA
- Adhikari Manish msc phd scholar
- Radiation Biotechnology Group
- Division of Radiation Biology and Radioprotection
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Brig SK Mazumdar Road
- Delhi-110054
- India
- Aerts An phd
- Laboratory of Radiology
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre
- SCK-CEN
- Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol
- Belgium
- Aggarwal Bharat B phd
- Ransom Horne Jr Prof of Cancer Research and Chief
- Cytokine Research Section
- Dept of Experimental Therapeutics
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
- 1515, Hocomb Boulevard, Box 143
- Houston, TX 77030
- USA
- Agner Aniele Radzikoski phd
- Faculty of Medicine
- Department of Pathology
- São Paulo State University–UNESP
- Brazil
- Ahmad Afaq msc
- Research Scholar
- Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard
- New Delhi-110062
- India
- Ahmad Javed phd
- Head
- Department of Botany
- Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062
- India
- Ahn Jiyeon phd
- Laboratory of Radiation Immunology
- Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences
- 215-4, Gongneung-dong, Nowon-ku
- Seoul 139–786
- Korea
- Ahuja PS phd
- Director
- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR)
- Palampur, Himachal Pradesh
- India
- Angelillo IF dds mph
- Professor
- Department of Public Clinical and Preventive Medicine
- Medical School
- Second University of Naples
- Via Luciano Armanni, 5 80138 Naples
- Italy
- Arora Rajesh msc mba mphil phd
- Scientist and Group Leader
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Laboratory
- Radiation Biotechnology Group
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Brig SK Mazumdar Road
- Delhi-110054
- India
- Awad Atif B phd
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences
- School of Public Health and Health Professions
- State University of New York at Buffalo
- Buffalo, New York 14214-3000
- USA
- Baatout Sarah phd
- Laboratory of Radiobiology
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre
- Foundation of Public Utility
- SCK–CEN
- Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol
- Belgium
- Bajcsay Andras md
- National Institute of Oncology
- Rath Gyorgy Utca 7–9 PO Box 21
- 1525 Budapest
- Hungary
- Baliga Manjeshwar Shrinath phd
- Associate Professor, Head Research Centre
- Father Müller Medical College, Father Müller Road Mangalore-575002, Karnataka
- India
- Baliga-Rao Manjeshwar Poonam phd
- Department of Pharmacology
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Manipal-576104
- Karnataka
- India
- Bellary Shantala phd
- Department of Biotechnology
- MS Ramaiah Institute of Technology
- MS Ramaiah Nagar
- Bengaluru-560054
- Karnataka
- India
- Berruguilla Enrique phd
- Servicio de Analisis Clinicos Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada
- Spain
- Besterman-Dahan Karen ma
- Research Associate
- H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute
- University of South Florida College of Medicine
- 12902 Magnolia Drive
- Tampa, Florida 33612
- USA
- Bhat Harshith P phd
- Department of Biotechnology
- Maharani Lakshmi Ammani Women's College, Malleswaram, 18th Cross
- Bengaluru-560012
- Karnataka
- India
- Bhatia AL PhD
- Professor and Head (Deceased)
- Radiation Biology Laboratory
- University of Rajasthan
- Jaipur-302004, Rajasthan
- India
- Bianco A md
- Assistant Professor
- Chair of Hygiene
- Medical School
- University of Catanzaro “Magna Græcia”
- Via Tommaso Campanella 88100 Catanzaro
- Italy
- Bradford Peter G phd
- Associate Professor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- School of Medicine
- State University of New York at Buffalo
- Buffalo, New York, 14214-3000
- USA
- Buchholz Thomas md
- Dept of Radiation Oncology
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515, Hocomb Boulevard, Box 143
- Houston, TX 77030
- USA
- Casas Francesc md
- Radiation Oncology Department
- Hospital Clínic i Universitari
- Villarroel 170
- 08036 Barcelona
- Spain
- Chawla Raman phd
- Scientist
- Division of CBRN Defense
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Brig SK Mazumdar Road
- Delhi-110054
- India
- Chopra Kanwaljit m pharm phd
- Reader
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Panjab University
- Chandigarh-160014
- India
- Collado Antonia phd
- Unidad de Investigación,
- Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada
- Spain
- Cristina Garrido phd
- Servicio de Analisis Clinicos
- Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves
- Av. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014, Granda
- Spain
- Dalle-Donne Isabella phd
- Assistant Professor of Cell Biology
- Dept of Biology
- University of Milan
- Via Celoria 26
- I-20133 Milan
- Italy
- Damodaran Chendil phd
- Division of Clinical and Reproductive Laboratory Sciences
- College of Health Sciences
- University of Kentucky
- 900, South Limestone Street, 124E
- Lexington, KY-40536-0200
- USA
- Davis Cindy phd
- Program Director
- Nutritional Science Research Group
- Division of Cancer Prevention
- National Cancer Institute
- National Institute of Health (NIH)
- DHHS, 6130, Executive Boulevard, Suite 3159
- Rockville, MD 30892
- USA
- Derradji Hanane phd
- Laboratory of Radiobiology
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre
- SCK-CEN, Mol
- Belgium
- Dhaker AS msc phd scholar
- Radiation Biotechnology Group
- Division of Radiation Biology and Radioprotection
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Brig SK Mazumdar Road
- Delhi-110054
- India
- Efferth Thomas phd
- Professor
- German Cancer Research Center
- Pharmaceutical Biology (C015)
- Im Neuenheimer Feld 280
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
- Eva Jimenez-Medina phd
- Servicio de Analisis Clinicos
- Hospital Universitario Virgen de las
- Nieves, Granada
- Spain
- Faraj Akram Kharman msc
- Institute of Laser for Postgraduate Studies
- University of Baghdad, Baghdad
- Iraq
- Present Address: Laboratory of Radiobiology
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre
- SCK-CEN Mol
- Belgium
- Gagliano Nicoletta phd
- Assistant Professor of Human Anatomy
- Dept of Human Morphology, University of Milan Via F. Illi Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Milan
- Italy
- Garcia-Lora Angel phd
- Servicio de Analisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las, Nieves Av. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014, Granada
- Spain
- Garg Amit md
- Department of Radiation Oncology
- The University of Texas
- MD Anderson Cancer Center
- 1515, Hocomb Boulevard, Box 143
- Houston, TX 77030
- USA
- Garrido Federico PhD
- Servicio de Analisis Clinicos Hospital
- Universitario Virgen de las, Nieves
- Granada
- Spain
- Gaye Papa Macoumba md
- Institut Curie
- Hopital universitaire le Dantec
- Avenue Pasteur BP 15478
- Dakar
- Senegal
- Ghosh SP phd
- Research Scientist
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute
- 8901 Wisconsin Avenue
- Bethesda, MD 20889-5603
- USA
- Ghosh Subhalakshmi phd
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)
- Mumbai-400085, Maharashtra
- India
- Gomathinayagam Rohini phd
- Division of Clinical and Reproductive Laboratory Sciences
- College of Health Sciences
- University of Kentucky
- 900, South Limestone Street, 124E
- Lexington, KY-40536-0200
- USA
- Govil CM phd fbs
- Emeritus Professor
- Department of Botany
- Chaudhary Charan Singh University
- Meerut-250001, Uttar Pradesh
- India
- Goyal Varunika msc
- Division of Radiation Biology and Radioprotection
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Brig SK Mazumdar Road
- Delhi-110054
- India
- Gupta D phd
- Department of Cell Stress Biology (BLSC, L3–141)
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Street, Buffalo, New York 14263
- USA
- Present Address: Scientist, Division of Radiation Biosciences
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Brig SK Mazumdar Road
- Delhi-110054
- India
- Gupta Sanjay phd
- Associate Professor
- Department of Urology
- Jim and Eilleen Dicke Research Laboratory
- Case Western Reserve University
- University Hospitals Case Medical Center
- 10900 Euclid Avenue
- Cleveland, Ohio 44106
- USA
- Harakeh Steve phd
- Dr Rath Research Institute
- 1260 Memorex Drive
- Santa Clara, CA 94050
- USA
- Hazra Banasri phd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
- Heine John phd
- Associate Professor
- H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute
- University of South Florida College of Medicine
- 12902 Magnolia Drive
- Tampa, Florida 33612
- USA
- Hillman Gilda G phd
- Associate Professor
- Radiation Oncology Department
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute
- Wayne State University
- School of Medicine, 4100, John R, 515 Hudson-Webber Building
- Detroit, MI 48201
- USA
- Hosseinimehr Seyed Jalal phd
- Associate Professor
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari
- Iran
- Hsieh Tze-chen phd
- Research Assistant Professor
- Department of Biochemistry
- New York Medical College
- Valhalla, NY 10595
- USA
- Ignacio Algarra phd
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud
- Universidad de Jaen, Jaen
- Spain
- Jahangir Tamanna phd
- Section of Chemoprevention and Nutrition Toxicology
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology
- Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University)
- Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi-110062
- India
- Jeremic Branislav md phd
- Applied Radiation Biology and Radiotherapy Section
- International Atomic Energy Agency
- PO Box 100
- Wagramer Strasse 5
- A 1400 Vienna
- Austria
- Johnson Denzil Corda phd
- Department of Biotechnology
- MS Ramaiah Institute of Technology
- Vidya Soudha, MSRIT Post, Mattikere
- Bengaluru-560054, Karnataka
- India
- Juneja Manisha msc
- Division of Radiation Biology and Radioprotection
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Brig SK Mazumdar Road
- Delhi-110054
- India
- Present Address: Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)
- Chennai, India
- Kandathil Shaun Mathew phd
- Department of Biotechnology
- MS Ramaiah Institute of Technology
- Vidya Soudha, MSRIT Post, Mattikere
- Bengaluru-560054
- Karnataka
- India
- Kaur Indu Pal m pharm phd
- Reader
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Panjab University
- Chandigarh-160014
- India
- Kazi Aslam phd
- Research Scientist
- H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute
- University of South Florida College of Medicine
- 12902 Magnolia Drive
- Tampa, Florida 33612
- USA
- Khalil Abou-el-Ardat msc
- Laboratory of Radiobiology
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre
- SCK-CEN, Mol
- Belgium and
- Institute of Laser for Postgraduate Studies
- University of Baghdad
- Baghdad
- Iraq
- Kim Young S phd
- Nutritional Science Research Group
- Division of Cancer Prevention
- National Cancer Institute
- 6130 Executive Boulevard
- Suite 3156
- Rockville, MD 20892
- USA
- Konkimalla V Badireenath phd
- German Cancer Research Center
- Pharmaceutical Biology (C015)
- Im Neuenheimer Feld 280
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
- Kuhad Anurag mpharm
- Senior Research Fellow
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Panjab University
- Chandigarh 160014
- India
- Kumar Amit phd
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)
- Mumbai-400085, Maharashtra
- India
- Kumar Ashok phd
- Professor
- Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratory
- Department of Zoology
- University of Rajasthan
- Jaipur-302055, Rajasthan
- India
- Kumar Binod phd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology,
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
- Kumar Madhu phd
- Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratory
- Department of Zoology
- University of Rajasthan
- Jaipur-302055, Rajasthan
- India
- Kumar Nagi phd
- Director
- Department of Nutrition and Investigator Cancer Control Program
- H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute
- University of South Florida College of Medicine
- 12902 Magnolia Drive
- Tampa, Florida 33612
- USA
- Kumar R phd
- Scientist
- Radiation Biotechnology Group
- Division of Radiation Biology and Radioprotection
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Brig SK Mazumdar Road
- Delhi-110054
- India
- Ladeira Marcelo Sady Plácido phd
- Faculty of Medicine
- Department of Pathology
- São Paulo State University–UNESP
- Brazil
- Lewis Ben phd
- Sansom Institute
- University of South Australia
- Adelaide
- South Australia 5000
- Australia
- Lokesh Kyathsandra Nataraj phd
- Lecturer
- Department of Biotechnology
- MS Ramaiah Institute of Technology
- Vidya Sudha, MSRIT Post, Mathikere
- Bengaluru-560054, Karnataka
- India
- Luthra Pratibha Mehta phd
- Research Scientist
- Dr BR Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research
- University of Delhi, Delhi
- India
- Mahajan Supriya D phd
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology
- Department of Medicine
- State University of New York at Buffalo
- Kaleida Health
- Buffalo, NY 14203
- USA
- Malhotra Poonam msc
- Division of Radiation Biology
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Brig SK Mazumdar Road
- Delhi-110054
- India
- Mathur Ajay K phd
- Scientist ‘F’
- Division of Plant Tissue Culture
- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR)
- PO : CIMAP
- Lucknow-226015, Uttar Pradesh
- India
- Mathur Archana phd
- Scientist E-II
- Division of Plant Tissue Culture
- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR)
- PO : CIMAP
- Lucknow-226015, Uttar Pradesh
- India
- McKinnon Ross A phd
- Director
- Sansom Institute
- University of South Australia
- Adelaide
- South Australia 5000
- Australia
- Mehta Ankit Paresh phd
- Department of Biotechnolgy
- MS Ramaiah Institute of Technology
- Vidya Soudha, MSRIT Post, Mattikere
- Bengaluru-560054, Karnataka
- Miguel Garcia-Lora Angel phd
- Servicio de Analisis Clínicos
- Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves Av. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014,
- Granada
- Spain
- Mishra KP phd
- Department of Life Science
- Mumbai University
- Mumbai-400098, Maharashtra
- India
- Murthy N Srinivasa phd fams fsms
- Professor and Research Coordinator
- MS Ramaiah Medical College and Hospital (MSRMC)
- Bengaluru-560054, Karnataka
- India
- (Ex. Emeritus Medical Scientist (ICMR), New Delhi
- and Adjunct Professor, University of Tampere
- Finland)
- Nair Bindukumar B phd
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology
- Department of Medicine
- State University of New York at Buffalo
- Kaleida Health
- Buffalo, NY 14203
- USA
- Narayanan Bhagavathi A phd
- Associate Professor
- Department of Environmental Medicine
- New York University School of Medicine
- 57 Old Forge Road
- Tuxedo, NY10987
- USA
- Narayanan K Narayanan phd
- Department of Environmental Medicine
- New York University School of Medicine
- 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY10987
- USA
- Nishino Hoyoku md phd
- Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine and Ritsumeikan University
- Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku
- Kyoto 602-8566
- Japan
- Nobile CGA md
- Assistant Professor
- Chair of Hygiene
- Medical School
- University of Catanzaro “Magna Græcia”
- Via Tommaso Campanella - 88100 Catanzaro
- Italy
- Pai Karkala Sreedhara Ranganath phd
- Associate Professor
- Department of Pharmacology
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Manipal-576104, Karnataka
- India
- Pandey BN phd
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)
- Mumbai-400085, Maharashtra
- India
- Patni Shikha phd
- Department of Zoology
- University of Rajasthan
- Jaipur-302004, Rajasthan
- India
- Pavia M md mph
- Professor
- Chair of Hygiene, Medical School
- University of Catanzaro “Magna Græcia”
- Via Tommaso Campanella 88100 Catanzaro
- Italy
- Peter Wigley phd
- Sansom Institute
- University of South Australia
- Adelaide
- South Australia 5000
- Australia
- Puri SC phd
- Professor
- Acharya Shri Chander Institute of Medical Sciences
- Sidhra, Jammu and Kashmir
- India
- Rajeev Anatappa Govindaraju phd
- Department of Radiation Oncology
- MS Ramaiah Medical College and Hospital (MSRMC)
- MS Ramaiah Nagar
- Bengaluru-560054, Karnataka
- Rao Chamalamudi Mallikarjuna phd
- Professor and Head
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University
- Manipal-576104, Karnataka
- India
- Ratnu Vikram Singh msc phd scholar
- Department of Biotechnology
- Maharani Lakshmi Ammani Women's College Malleswaram, 18th Cross
- Bengaluru-560012, Karnataka
- India
- Ray Amitabha md phd
- Scientist
- Hormel Institute
- 801–16th Avenue NE
- Austin, MN 55912
- USA
- Ray GN phd
- Atlantic Research Center
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Dalhousie University
- Halifax, Nova Scotia
- Canada
- Reynolds Jessica L phd
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology
- Department of Medicine
- State University of New York at Buffalo
- Kaleida Health
- Buffalo, NY 14203
- USA
- Romero Irene phd
- Servicio de Analisis Clinicos Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves
- Granada
- Spain
- Sahu Ravi P phd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center
- School of Pharmacy, Suite 404, 1300 S Coulter,
- Amarillo, Texas
- USA
- Salvadori Daisy Maria Favero phd
- Faculty of Medicine
- Department of Pathology
- São Paulo State University–UNESP
- Brazil
- Samarth Meenakshi phd
- Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratory
- Department of Zoology
- University of Rajasthan
- Jaipur-302055, Rajasthan
- India
- Samarth RM phd
- Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratory
- Department of Zoology
- University of Rajasthan
- Jaipur-302055, Rajasthan
- India
- Sarkar Falzul H phd
- Department of Pathology
- Barbaba Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute
- Wayne State University School of Medicine
- 715 Hudson Webber Cancer Research Center
- 110 East Warren Drive, Detroit, MI 48201
- USA
- Satyamitra MM phd
- Research Scientist
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute
- 8901 Wisconsin Avenue
- Bethesda, MD 20889-5603
- USA
- Schwartz Stanley A md phd
- Buffalo General Hospital/State University of New York (SUNY) Buffalo
- Department of Medicine
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology
- 100 High Street
- Buffalo, NY 14203
- USA
- Setty Meda Nagaraja phd
- Professor
- Department of Biotechnology
- MS Ramaiah Institute of Technology
- Vidya Soudha, MSRIT Post, Mattikere
- Bengaluru-560054, Karnataka
- India
- Shanbhag Ravindranath phd
- Professor
- Department of Pharmacology
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Manipal-576104, Karnataka
- Sharma Antim Lata phd
- Department of Zoology
- University of Rajasthan
- Jaipur-302004, Rajasthan
- India
- Sharma A msc
- Division of Radiation Biology and Radioprotection
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Brig SK Mazumdar Road
- Delhi-110054
- India
- Sharma Jyoti msc
- Division of Radiation Biology and Radioprotection
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Brig SK Mazumdar Road, Delhi-110054
- India
- Sharma RK phd fic
- Head, Division of CBRN Defense
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Brig SK Maumdar Road
- Delhi-110054
- India
- Shetty Amitha S phd
- Department of Biotechnology
- Maharani Lakshmi Ammani Women's College Malleswaram, 18th Cross
- Bengaluru-560012, Karnataka
- India
- Shetty Amitha S phd
- Department of Radiation Oncology
- MS Ramaiah Medical College and Hospital,
- MS Ramaiah Nagar
- Bengaluru-560054, Karnataka
- India
- Shukla Sanjeev phd
- Department of Urology
- Case Western Reserve University
- University Hospitals Case Medical Center
- 10900 Euclid Avenue
- Cleveland, Ohio 44106
- USA
- Song Jie-Young phd
- Professor
- Laboratory of Radiation Immunology,
- Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences
- 215-4, Gongneung-dong, Nowon-ku
- Seoul 139-786
- Korea
- Srinivasan V phd
- Research Biologist
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute
- 8901 Wisconsin Avenue
- Bethesda, MD 20889-5603
- USA
- Srivastava Sanjay K phd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center
- School of Pharmacy, Suite 404, 1300 S Coulter
- Amarillo, Texas
- USA
- Stojkovski Igor md
- Institute of Radiotherapy and Oncology
- Vodnjanska 17
- 1000 Skopje
- Macedonia
- Sultana Sarwat mphil phd
- Head
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology
- Section of Chemoprevention and Nutrition Toxicology
- Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University)
- Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi-110062
- India
- Sykes Donald E phd
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology
- Department of Medicine
- State University of New York at Buffalo
- Kaleida Health
- Buffalo, NY 14203
- USA
- Tripathi RP md
- Director
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Brig SK Mazumdar Road
- Delhi-110054
- India
- Venkatesh Ponemone phd
- Department of Human Nutrition
- College of Applied Health Sciences
- 1919 W. Taylor Street
- University of Illinois at Chicago
- Chicago IL 60612
- Present Address: Department of Radiobiology and Toxicology, Manipal Life Sciences Centre
- Manipal University
- Manipal-576104, Karnataka
- India
- Wahab Abdel-Sherif md
- Ain Shams University (ASU)
- Kasr El-Zaafaran
- Abbasiya
- Cairo 11566
- Egypt
- Wu Joseph M phd
- Professor
- Department of Biochemistry
- New York Medical College
- Valhalla, NY 10595
- USA
- Yun Yeon-Sook phd
- Laboratory of Radiation Immunology,
- Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences
- 215-4, Gongneung-dong, Nowon-ku
- Seoul 139-786
- Korea
Every year a number of precious human lives are lost due to cancer worldwide. Rapid advances in medical technology have helped decrease the number of deaths for certain forms/stages of cancers, but overall the picture still remains grim. In view of this, it is imperative that new scientific developments in the area be documented so that researchers actively engaged in the field as well as others, including clinicians, students and patients, can stay abreast of the latest state-of-the-art and further advances in prophylaxis and therapy can be made.
Scientific developments have universal application and impact a wider section of society transgressing all global barriers. The availability of information in the form of knowledge is vital for devising and implementing futuristic treatment strategies. It is with this intention in mind that the editor has conceived the present book, bringing together the viewpoints of world-renowned experts.
The currently available therapeutic interventions for cancer treatment viz, surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy cause a great deal of discomfort to the cancer patient and, therefore, there is a need to develop alternative modalities so that the quality of life of the cancer patient is not adversely affected during the course of treatment.
The concept of prevention is not new. India has had a strong traditional medicine base in the form of Ayurveda, which dates back to over 5000 years, wherein prevention has been advocated for all time as a better option for healthy life as compared to therapy. In recent years, it has been realized that there are hardly any synthetic drugs available that can prevent the initiation, promotion and progression of cancer in the human body. Herbal drugs offer immense promise in this regard and several herbs have been shown in various laboratories world over to prevent cancer, and possibly even radiation-induced cancer. Consequently, there has been a revival of interest in herbals in recent years, and they are being viewed as potential chemopreventive, radioprotective and therapeutic agents.
It is heartening to learn that Dr Rajesh Arora, who has been working in the important area of development of herbal radioprotectors for both defense and civil applications at the Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Delhi has compiled this state-of-the-art book on cancer chemoprevention and therapy.
I wish the book all success.
FOREWORD
Way back in 1956 a small working group was created in Delhi, India for planning and executing peaceful uses of nuclear energy for health purposes with the tenet Atom for Peace under the leadership of Late Brigadier SK Mazumdar, our founder Director and the Father of Indian Nuclear Medicine. This group evolved into a full-fledged institute–presently known as the Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS). Ever since, the institute has been working towards this ideal goal and has made significant contributions in frontline research in the areas of biological radioprotection, cancer biology, molecular imaging, nuclear medicine, radiopharmaceuticals. The focus of the institute presently is on developing radiation countermeasure agents for protection during any contingency. Armed Forces personnel, as well as the civilian population, have benefited immensely from the fruits of R&D being carried out at INMAS and several more useful drugs are likely to emerge in the future.
Cancer today is a global problem and cancer patients undergoing treatment have to endure the pain and side effects that accompany the therapeutic procedures. It is, therefore, imperative that the currently available treatment modalities be improved upon and novel methods of treatment be developed. With a view to improving the current therapeutic modalities, INMAS has developed differential radiosensitizers that can selectively kill the tumor tissue, sparing normal tissues. A plethora of compounds have been developed that can help identify tumors utilizing state-of-the-art imaging modalities available at INMAS. On the other hand, work on radioprotection with herbal drugs, particularly Podophyllum hexandrum, Hippophae rhamnoides, Rhodiola imbricata and Tinospora cordifolia has yielded promising results that may help in protecting normal tissues during radiotherapy, besides rendering protection during nuclear/radiological emergencies (NREs). Evidently, herbals offer great hope in the area of cancer chemoprevention and therapy in future.
It gives me a great pleasure in writing the foreword to this comprehensive book that discusses the role of herbal medicine in cancer chemoprevention and therapy. The book will have universal appeal since it is intended primarily for the benefit of humanity. The commendable efforts made by the editor in bringing together the various eminent authorities in the field from around the globe and giving shape to this valuable treatise need to be applauded.
I congratulate Dr Rajesh Arora for his endeavors and wish the book success.
21Preface
Cancer continues to be a major public health concern worldwide, silently snatching away our near and dear ones. It pains to see cancer patients suffering incessantly, battling and braving the disease. Cancer research has become a high priority area in recent years as there is an urgent need to tackle this scourge that universally afflicts humanity. So far it was presumed that the incidence of cancer in developed nations was much higher as compared to developing nations; but with better access to modern diagnostic modalities, it is increasingly becoming evident that unfortunately the problem is grave in developing nations and elsewhere too.
Over the years, there have been substantial advances in the treatment of cancer and surgery, chemo- and radiotherapy remain the treatments of choice. These treatment modalities have indeed improved survival rates in cancer patients to a great extent. However, despite the enormous benefits, at times, the problem of a cancer patient is exacerbated during treatment due to the associated, often cumulative, side effects of chemo/radiotherapy and development of resistance to these therapeutic modalities. In addition, the cost of therapy is exorbitant, which patients in most countries cannot afford. Disease-free survival, coupled with a good quality of life is what cancer patients yearn for and naturally in its pursuit, they begin to look for reliable less toxic and cheaper alternatives.
The dramatic shift in trend from therapy to cancer prevention is apparently evident today. The old adage ‘Prevention is better than cure’ has once again become the new age mantra. Approximately one-third of the total cancer-related deaths in affluent nations are related to nutrition, obesity and lack of physical activity and consequently are avertable by straightforward lifestyle interventions, if adhered to at an opportune time.
Cancer is a complicated multifactorial disease involving cellular, genetic and epigenetic alterations that often occur over a period of several years. Carcinogenesis comprises of three distinct, yet closely-linked stages viz, tumor initiation, promotion and progression that can be advantageously intervened by administration of chemopreventive agents to inhibit, retard or reverse the process per se. Identification and delineation of the key pathways involved in carcinogenesis and targeting them aptly will help further improve cancer prevention interventions. Synthetic drugs, most being therapeutic in nature and in view of their symptomatic action, are usually not very effective as chemopreventive agents and consequently attention in recent years has shifted towards natural products.
Herbals have been utilized since ages, both in the form of diet as well as drug in different traditional systems of medicine, for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Recent scientifically-validated preclinical and clinical data clearly point towards the efficacy of herbals as effective agents for diverse oncological applications. This has resulted in a paradigm shift towards herbals, which in view of their holistic mode of action are increasingly being utilized for generating novel cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic drugs. Adoption of an interdisciplinary approach in oncology, striking an appropriate balance between modern and traditional medicine, is likely to reap benefits in coming years.
This book has been envisaged keeping in mind the necessity to document the state-of-the-art and has been designed in such a manner that basic, clinical and applied researchers as well as physicians can derive benefit from the substantial advances in the area. The book is organized into seven sections that cover some of the most important areas of contemporary interest.
The introductory chapters in provide an overview of the role of herbal medicine in oncology. The importance of medicinal plants used in Ayurveda, Unani system of medicine has been highlighted. The therapeutic role of some other medicinal plants vis-à-vis antitumor, cytotoxic and immunomodulatory activities is also discussed.22
A disease-free life is a blessing and recent studies have established a crucial link between diet and cancer. Dietary modulation will most likely play a major role in cancer chemoprevention in coming years. , comprising eight chapters, discusses the nutritional interactions in cancer prevention and specifically the role of select phytodietary ingredients in oral, colon and breast cancer prevention, besides focusing on therapeutics.
The seven chapters of clearly demonstrate the vital role of various chemopreventive compounds like isoflavones, polyphenols, apigenin, phytosterols, isothiocyanates and aryltetralin lignans, etc. Plant-derived bioactive compounds like taxol, vincristine, vinblastine and camptothecin have found a place of reverence in chemotherapy. Such compounds do hold enormous potential in cancer chemoprevention as well and have been discussed.
The chemoradiotherapy interface is gaining prominent attention in view of its widespread application in the clinic. presents some of the fundamental issues involved and how it could be made more useful for bedside applications utilizing natural compounds, e.g. paclitaxel, polyphenols, novel adjuvants and the like. During radiotherapy of cancer, it is crucial to protect the adjacent normal tissues from the deleterious effects of radiation. Recent advances in the area of radioprotection have shown that it is possible to modulate the radioresponse in normal/tumor tissues by making use of natural plant products. Five chapters of are entirely dedicated to this important issue in radiotherapy.
Both natural and manmade sources of radiation pose a risk for cancer development. The widespread use of ionizing radiation for a variety of purposes has substantially increased the risks of developing radiation-induced cancers. On the other hand, UV-radiation-induced cancer is a major problem and with the rapid depletion of the ozone hole, it is likely to get aggravated. specifically highlights the role of herbal drugs in prevention against both non-ionizing and ionizing radiation-induced cancers.
The last section, , comprising seven chapters, discusses the attempts being made to unravel the multifaceted mechanism of action of herbals and dietary ingredients useful in cancer prevention and therapy, highlighting in particular the intricate molecular pathways that are modulated.
The utility of herbal medicine as radiation countermeasure (RCM) agents is also a highlight of this book. Such agents are likely to be of immense use in the management of nuclear/radiological emergencies (NREs). Several chapters of the last four sections subtly discuss this crucial issue.
It is my earnest hope that the book will certainly touch and improve the lives of cancer patients in a befitting manner.
Rajesh Arora
The views expressed over here and elsewhere in the book are entirely my own and not those of the Government.
23Acknowledgments
I sincerely thank from the core of my heart one and all who supported this endeavor.
My special thanks to
Honorable Dr APJ Abdul Kalam
Former President, Republic of India
Mr M Natarajan
Former Scientific Adviser to Defence Minister, Secretary and Director General Research and Development (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Government of India
Dr W Selvamurthy
Distinguished Scientist and Chief Controller Research and Development (Life Sciences and Human Resource), Ministry of Defence, Government of India
Dr RP Tripathi
Director, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
for guidance, inspiration and constant support
The Eminent Contributors
for their wholehearted cooperation
My Family
for their inexhaustible patience and support
My Teachers
who helped me in learning new concepts
My Students
present and former
The Publisher
and
Lord Sri Krishna
My Eternal Friend, Philosopher and Guide…