Index

Surgical Techniques in Ophthalmology: Retina & Vitreous Surgery Ashok Garg, T Mark Johnson, Jorge L Alio, José Maria Ruiz-Moreno, Lalit Verma, João J Nassaralla

SECTION I: SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF VITREORETINAL DISEASES
CHAPTER 1:Principles of Vitrectomy
- INTRODUCTION
- BASIC PRINCIPLES
- OBJECTIVES OF VITRECTOMY
- SURGICAL STEPS OF VITRECTOMY
CHAPTER 2:Principles of Scleral Buckling Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- BASIC PRINCIPLES
- SURGICAL STEPS OF SCLERAL BUCKLING SURGERY
- COMPLICATIONS OF SCLERAL BUCKLING SURGERY
  - Intraoperative Complications4
  - Postoperative Complications
CHAPTER 3:Intraocular Tamponade: Principles and Techniques
- INTRODUCTION
- INDICATIONS FOR USE OF SILICONE OIL AS ENDOTAMPONADE
- INDICATIONS FOR USE OF GASES FOR ENDOTAMPONADE (SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE SF6, PERFLUOROPROPANE C3F8)
- INDICATIONS FOR USE OF PERFLUOROCARBON LIQUIDS (PFCL)
- TECHNIQUE
CHAPTER 4:Management of Diabetic Retinopathy
- INTRODUCTION
- LASER PHOTOCOAGULATION
  - Indications
- PROLIFERANT DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
- CRYOTHERAPY
- SURGERY
CHAPTER 5:Management of Retinal Vascular Occlusions
- INTRODUCTION
- CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION
- BRANCH RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION
  - Treatment
- MANAGEMENT OF RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION
  - Pathogenesis
  - Therapeutic Options
- NEW PROCEDURES
  - Management of Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion by YAG Laser
  - Surgery with Embolus Removal
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 6:Retinal Detachment
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- MANAGEMENT
- PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 7:Age-related Macular Degeneration
- DRY AMD
- EXUDATIVE AMD
- AMD VARIANTS
- RETINAL ANGIOMATOUS PROLIFERATION
- POLYPOIDAL CHOROIDAL VASCULOPATHY
CHAPTER 8:Management of Retinal Telangiectasia
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 9:Management of Retinal Macroaneurysm
- ACQUIRED RETINAL MACROANEURYM (ARM)
CHAPTER 10:Management of Vitreous Diseases
- ASTEROID HYALOSIS
- HEREDITARY VITREORETINOPATHIES
CHAPTER 11:Vitreous Opacities
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  - For Single Vitreous Opacities
  - For Multiple Scattered Vitreous Opacities
- CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
  - Symptoms
  - Signs
- INVESTIGATIONS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 12:Intraocular Bevacizumab (Avastin®) for Choroidal Neovascularization
- INTRODUCTION
- TREATMENT
CHAPTER 13:Optic Neuritis and Retinochoroiditis
- OPTIC NEURITIS
- RETINOCHOROIDITIS
CHAPTER 14:Investigations in Posterior Segment Diseases I: Fundus Fluorescein Angiography and Optical Coherence Tomography
- FUNDUS FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY
- OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
  - Principle of OCT
  - Image Display
CHAPTER 15:Investigations in Posterior Segment Diseases II: Fundus Photography
- INTRODUCTION
- BENEFITS OF DIGITAL FUNDUS PHOTOGRAPHY
- AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION (ARMD)
- DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
- ASTEROID HYALOSIS
- CENTRAL SEROUS RETINOPATHY
- CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION
- BRANCH RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION
- CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION
- MEDULLATED NERVE FIBERS
- HEMORRHAGES
- PAPILLEDEMA WITH MACULAR STAR
- ANGIOID STREAKS WITH MACULAR SCAR
- HEREDOMACULAR DEGENeRATION (HMD)
- HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY
- MACULAR HOLE
- MELANOCYTOMA
- NEURORETINITIS
- CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULAR MEMBRANE (CNVM)
- PARAFOVEAL TELANGIECTASIS
- MYOPIC FUNDUS
- TRAUMA
- POSTERIOR UVEITIS
- TESSELLATED FUNDUS
CHAPTER 16:Management of Vitreomacular Traction Syndromes
- VITREOMACULAR TRACTION
- EPIRETINAL MEMBRANES
- MACULAR HOLE
CHAPTER 17:Management of Pediatric Retinal Detachments
- INTRODUCTION
- CHALLENGES UNIQUE TO PEDIATRIC RETINAL DETACHMENT
- SURGICAL EMBRYOLOGY
- SURGICAL APPROACH
- PRINCIPLES OF SURGERY AND DETAILED EVALUATION
- SPECIFIC CLINICAL SITUATIONS
CHAPTER 18:Management of Pediatric Ocular Trauma
- INTRODUCTION
- EVALUATION
  - History
  - Examination
    - Visual Acuity
    - Ocular Examination
- SPECIFIC EYE INJURIES
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 19:Management of Blunt Retinal Trauma
- INTRODUCTION
- MECHANISM OF DAMAGE IN BLUNT TRAUMA
- INITIAL EVALUATION
- INDIVIDUAL PATHOLOGIES DESCRIPTION
CHAPTER 20:Open Trauma to the Posterior Segment of the Eye
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- CLASSIFICATION OF OCULAR TRAUMA
- PHYSIOPATHOLOGY OF THE OCULAR TRAUMA
- CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- DIAGNOSIS
- CLINICAL EVALUATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT
CHAPTER 21:Traumatic Retinopathies
- COMMOTIO RETINAE
- TRAUMATIC MACULAR HOLE
- CHOROIDAL RUPTURE
- CHORIORETINITIS SCLOPETARIA
- PURTSCHER'S RETINOPATHY
- VALSALVA RETINOPATHY
- SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME/CHILD ABUSE
- RETINAL TEARS, RETINAL DIALYSIS AND DETACHMENTS
CHAPTER 22:Laser Photocoagulation in Retinopathy of Prematurity
- INTRODUCTION
- SCREENING PROTOCOL
- LASER PHOTOCOAGULATION IN ROP, TIMING AND STAGING
- TECHNIQUES OF LASER PHOTOCOAGULATION
- POSTLASER MEDICATION, FOLLOW-UP AND MANAGEMENT
- COMPLICATIONS FROM LASER PHOTOCOAGULATION
- OUTCOME OF LASER PHOTOCOAGULATION
  - Laser vs Cryotherapy
  - Diode vs Argon Laser
- PITFALLS OF LASER TREATMENT IN ROP
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 23:Laser Treatment for Retinal Holes, Tears and Peripheral Retinal Degenerations
- INTRODUCTION
- POSTERIOR VITREOUS DETACHMENT
- INNOCUOUS PERIPHERAL RETINAL DEGENERATIONS NOT REQUIRING LASER TREATMENT
- PERIPHERAL RETINAL DEGENERATIONS THAT MAY LEAD TO RETINAL HOLE OR TEAR FORMATION
- PARTIAL-THICKNESS RETINAL TEAR
  - Paravascular Tear
  - Vitreous Base Tear
- FULL-THICKNESS RETINAL BREAKS
  - Retinal Holes (Figs 1 to 3)
  - Tractional Retinal Tears (Figs 4 to 6)
- SUBCLINICAL RETINAL DETACHMENT
- TREATMENT PROTOCOL
CHAPTER 24:An Update on Photodynamic Therapy
- INTRODUCTION
- THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISM
- RATIONALE FOR DOSE SELECTION AND TIMING OF LASER
- TECHNIQUE OF PDT
- POST-TREATMENT PRECAUTIONS FOLLOWING PDT
- ADVERSE EFFECTS OF VERTEPORFIN
  - Systemic Adverse Effects
  - Ocular Adverse Effects
- POST-TREATMENT FOLLOW-UP
- INDICATIONS FOR TREATMENT
  - Photodynamic Therapy as Monotherapy
  - Indications for Retreatment
- OUTCOMES OF PDT WITH VERTEPORFIN
- DEVELOPMENTS IN PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY
- PDT: CURRENT STATUS
CHAPTER 25:Transpupillary Thermotherapy in Age-related Macular Degeneration
- INTRODUCTION
  - Hyperthermia and Transpupillary Thermotherapy
  - In Search for Newer Treatment Modality in Wet ARMD
- TRANSPUPILLARY THERMOTHERAPY
- OUR EXPERIENCE WITH TRANSPUPILLARY THERMOTHERAPY
- ROLE OF TRANSPUPILLARY THERMOTHERAPY IN PRESENT ERA
- TRANSPUPILLARY THERMOTHERAPY — FUTURISTIC TRENDS
CHAPTER 26:Retained IOFB Management
- INTRODUCTION
- PRIMARY GOAL IN MANAGEMENT
- LOCALIZATION OF IOFB
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 27:Management of Traumatic Hemorrhages to the Posterior Segment
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS
- MANAGEMENT
  - Medical Management
  - Surgical Management
CHAPTER 28:Management of Suprachoroidal Hemorrhage
- INTRODUCTION
- CAUSES
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - SCH Mounds on Ophthalmoscopy
  - B-scan Ultrasonography
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 29:Management of Postoperative Endophthalmitis
- INTRODUCTION
- TREATMENT
- PROPHYLAXIS
CHAPTER 30:Management of Eales’ Disease
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- PROGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
CHAPTER 31:Management of Retinal Tumors
- RETINOBLASTOMA
- INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION (NEW)
- RETINAL CAPILLARY HEMANGIOMA
- RETINAL CAVERNOUS HEMANGIOMA
- VASOPROLIFERATIVE TUMOR OF THE RETINA
- RETINAL ASTROCYTOMA
- CHOROIDAL MELANOMA
- SOLITARY CHOROIDAL HEMANGIOMA
SECTION II: RECENT ADVANCES IN MANAGEMENT OF VITREORETINAL DISEASES
CHAPTER 32:Macular Translocation with 360 Degrees Retinotomy
- INTRODUCTION
- INDICATIONS
- SURGICAL PROCEDURE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 33:Microincision Vitreous Surgery (MIVS): Technique and Instrumentation
- INTRODUCTION
- ADVANTAGES AND INDICATIONS OF MIVS
- SCLEROTOMY CONSTRUCTION (WOUND)
- COMPLICATION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 34:An Update on Diabetic Retinopathy
- PREVALENCE OF DIABETES
- INCIDENCE OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
- PREVALENCE
- DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA
  - Pathogenesis
  - Clinical Features of Macular Edema
- MACULAR ISCHEMIA
  - Investigations
    - Fluorescein Angiography (Figs 3A to C)
    - OCT
  - Management
- PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
  - Clinical Features
  - Management
CHAPTER 35:Principles and Techniques of Retinal Laser Photocoagulation
- LASER LIGHT—BACKGROUND
- LASER CHARACTERISTICS
- MODES OF OPERATION
- LASER EFFECTS
- TYPES OF LASER
- FACTORS AFFECTING RETINAL PHOTOCOAGULATION
- PHOTOCOAGULATION DELIVERY SYSTEMS
  - Delivery Systems
    - Parfocal Delivery System
    - Defocus Delivery System
- GRADATION OF VISIBLE LASER PHOTOCOAGULATION LESIONS
  - Chorioretinal Coagulation
  - Vascular Coagulation
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 36:Micropulse Laser and the Treatment of Feeder Vessels in Choroidal Neovascularization
- INTRODUCTION
- IDENTIFICATION OF FEEDER VESSELS
- TECHNIQUES OF TREATMENT OF FEEDER VESSELS
- RESULTS OF FEEDER VESSEL THERAPY
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS
CHAPTER 37:Wide Angle Viewing System
- INTRODUCTION
- STEREOSCOPIC DIAGONAL INVERTOR (SDI)
- INDIRECT SURGICAL NONCONTACT LENS SYSTEMS
  - Binocular Indirect Ophthalmomicroscope
  - EIBOS
    - Sterilization
- WIDE ANGLE INDIRECT SURGICAL CONTACT LENS SYSTEMS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 38:“Grid Pattern” Argon Laser Photocoagulation for (Diffuse) Diabetic Macular Edema
- INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 39:Central Serous Retinopathy
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 40:An Update on Retina Lasers
- MODELS OF LASER USED IN RETINAL PATHOLOGY
- INFRARED DIODE LASER USED IN PDT
- MECHANISM OF ACTION FOR PDT
  - Verteporfina (Visudyne®)
- PRESENT INDICATIONS OF PDT IN RETINAL DISEASES
CHAPTER 41:Penetrating Posterior Segment Trauma: An Update
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLASSIFICATION
  - 1996 Ocular Trauma Classification10
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
  - Retinal Detachment
  - Scleral Buckle
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Endophthalmitis
- PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 42:Newer and Advanced Vitrectomy Systems
- INTRODUCTION
- EQUIPMENTS
CHAPTER 43:Combined Cataract Extraction and Intravitreal Bevacizumab in Patients with Choroidal Neovascularization Due to Age-related Macular Degeneration
- INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
- RATIONALE FOR COMBINED CATARACT EXTRACTION AND ANTI-VEGF THERAPY
- SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
CHAPTER 44:Future of Stem Cell Therapy in Retinal Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- SOURCES OF STEM CELLS FOR RETINAL THERAPY
  - Stem Cells from Ocular Source
  - Stem Cells from Extraocular Source
- FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

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Chapter Notes