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Dr Agarwals’ Textbook on Corneal Topography (Including Pentacam and Anterior Segment OCT)
Amar Agarwal, Athiya Agarwal, Soosan Jacob
SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION TO CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY AND ORBSCAN
CHAPTER ONE:
FUNDAMENTALS ON CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION: HUMAN OPTICS AND THE NORMAL CORNEA
INSTRUMENTS TO MEASURE THE CORNEAL SURFACE
Keratometry
Keratoscopy or Photokeratoscopy
Computerized Videokeratoscopy: Modern Corneal Topographers
Causes of Artefacts of the Corneal Topography Map
Understanding and Reading Corneal Topography
Topographic Scales
Absolute, Standardized or International Standard Scale
Relative, Normalized or Adaptative Color Scale
Computer Displays: Presentation of Topographic Information
Common Corneal Maps
Special Software Applications and Displays
TOPOGRAPHY MAPS OF THE NORMAL CORNEA
Comparing Displays
CHAPTER TWO:
TOPOGRAPHIC MACHINES
ZEISS HUMPHREY SYSTEMS® ATLAS™ CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY SYSTEM MODELS 993 AND ECLIPSE 995
TECHNOMED® COLOR ELLIPSOID TOPOMETER
DICON® CT200
EYESYS® 2000
KERATRON™ CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHER (OPTIKON 2000® SPA, ITALY-EUROPE)
ET-800 CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY SYSTEM
EYE MAP EH-290 ALCON® CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY SYSTEM
TOMEY® AUTOTOPOGRAPHER
OCULUS® KERATOGRAPH™ AND HAAG-STREIT® KERATOGRAPH CTK 922
ORBSCAN IIz™-BAUSCH & LOMB® SURGICAL, INC. (USA)
CHAPTER THREE:
CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY AND THE ORBSCAN
INTRODUCTION
PARAXIAL OPTICS
RAYTRACE OR GEOMETRIC OPTICS
ELEVATION
To Summarize
ORBSCAN I AND II
SPECULAR VS BACK-SCATTERED REFLECTION
IMAGING IN THE ORBSCAN
MAP COLORS CONVENTIONS
ANALYSIS OF THE NORMAL EYE BY THE ORBSCAN MAP
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
SUMMARY
CHAPTER FOUR:
THE ORBSCAN IIZ DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM AND ZYWAVE WAVEFRONT ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
ORBSCAN
QUAD MAP
POWER MAPS
PACHYMETRY MAP
READING CORNEAL ELEVATION MAPS
Global Perspective
POSTERIOR CORNEAL ELEVATION MAPS
THREE STEP RULE
PREOPERATIVE LASIK SCREENING
Three Step Rule
MIDDLE BOX
ORBSCAN RISK OF ECTASIA INDICES
CLINICAL EXAMPLES
ZYOPTIX
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
SECTION TWO: ORBSCAN AND REFRACTIVE SURGERY
CHAPTER FIVE:
ORBSCAN CORNEAL MAPPING IN REFRACTIVE SURGERY
INTRODUCTION
ORBSCAN CORNEAL MAPPING FOR REFRACTIVE SURGERY DIAGNOSTICS
SELECTION CRITERIA
Power Maps
Posterior Elevation
Pachymetry
Composite/Integrated Information
Bent/warped Cornea
Correlation of Signs of the Highest Point on the Posterior Elevation
CHAPTER SIX:
ANTERIOR KERATOCONUS
INTRODUCTION
ORBSCAN
TECHNIQUE
ANTERIOR KERATOCONUS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER SEVEN:
POSTERIOR CORNEAL CHANGES IN REFRACTIVE SURGERY
INTRODUCTION
TOPOGRAPHY
ORBSCAN
PRIMARY POSTERIOR CORNEAL ELEVATION
Posterior Corneal Topography
Pre-existing Posterior Corneal Abnormalities
Agarwal Criteria to Diagnose Primary Posterior Corneal Elevation
IATROGENIC KERATECTASIA
EFFECT OF POSTERIOR CORNEAL CHANGE ON IOL CALCULATION
CHAPTER EIGHT:
CORNEAL ECTASIA POST-LASIK: THE ORBSCAN ADVANTAGE
INTRODUCTION
CORNEAL ECTASIA
SELECTION CRITERIA
Pachymetry5
Posterior Elevation Map (Figure 8.4)
Power Map
COMPOSITE/INTEGRATED INFORMATION
FUTURE THOUGHTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
SECTION THREE: PENTACAM AND ANTERIOR SEGMENT OCT
CHAPTER NINE:
PENTACAM
INTRODUCTION
Displays
Topography and Keratometry
Pachymetry
Posterior Surface
Keratoconus Screening
Cataract Evaluation
IOL Calculation
Anterior Chamber Evaluation
Corneal Wavefront Evaluation
Anterior Chamber Phakic Lens Simulation
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER TEN:
EVALUATION OF PATIENTS FOR REFRACTIVE SURGERY WITH VISANTE ANTERIOR SEGMENT OCT AND THE COMBINED DATALINK WITH ATLAS CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHER
VISANTE ANTERIOR SEGMENT OCT
ATLAS CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHER AND THE VISANTE 3.0 SOFTWARE
LASIK PATIENTS
Pachymetric Mapping
Angle Evaluation
Corneal Pathology
Flap Evaluation
Complication Evaluation
PHAKIC INTRAOCULAR LENSES
Endothelial Clearance
Crystalline Lens Rise
Preoperative Phakic IOL Model
Dynamic Changes of the Anterior Chamber with Accommodation
CONCLUSION
SECTION FOUR: ABERROPIA, ABERRATIONS AND TOPOGRAPHY
CHAPTER ELEVEN:
CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHERS AND WAVEFRONT ABERROMETERS: COMPLEMENTARY TOOLS
INTRODUCTION
KERATOMETERS
CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY
ELEVATION BASED TOPOGRAPHY
WAVEFRONT: ANOTHER VIEW OF CORNEAL OPTICS
CASES
Case I: Double Vision Complaints S/P LASIK
Case II: Night Vision Complaints S/P LASIK
Case III: Complaint of Multiple Images after Hyperopic LASIK
Case IV: Double Vision with Loss of Best Correction S/P LASIK
Case V: Hyperopic Keratorefractive Surgery Results in Steep Cornea
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER TWELVE:
ABERROMETRY AND TOPOGRAPHY IN THE VECTOR ANALYSIS OF REFRACTIVE LASER SURGERY
INTRODUCTION
MEASUREMENT OF ASTIGMATISM
SURGICAL PLANNING ∼ REFRACTION, TOPOGRAPHY, OR BOTH?
VECTOR ANALYSIS BY THE ALPINS METHOD
ABERROMETRY AND WAVEFRONT GUIDED TREATMENT
Combining Wavefront Analysis and Topography with Vector Planning
TREATMENT OF IRREGULAR ASTIGMATISM
SUMMARY
CHAPTER THIRTEEN:
ABERROPIA: A NEW REFRACTIVE ENTITY
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER FOURTEEN:
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VARIOUS ABERROMETER SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION
MAPPING A PROFILE OF THE WHOLE EYE
DIFFERENT METHODS AVAILABLE
The Mechanisms of Wavefront Devices
Benefits of Wavefront Analysis
Linking Diagnostic Information from Wavefront Mapping to Laser Treatment
WAVEFRONT ANALYSIS IN CONJUNCTION WITH CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY
PERSONALIZED LASIK NOMOGRAMS
CHAPTER FIFTEEN:
CORNEAL WAVEFRONT-GUIDED EXCIMER LASER SURGERY FOR THE CORRECTION OF OCULAR ABERRATIONS
INTRODUCTION
IMPACT OF HIGHER-ORDER ABERRATIONS
WAVEFRONT-GUIDED REFRACTIVE SURGERY
CORNEAL WAVEFRONT-GUIDED REFRACTIVE SURGERY
Computerized Corneal Topography and Corneal Wavefront Analysis
Ablation Design
Surgical Technique and Ablation Profile
RESULTS OF CORNEAL WAVEFRONT-GUIDED REFRACTIVE SURGERY
Corneal Wavefront-guided Retreatments for Significant night Vision Symptoms after Myopic laser refractive surgery47
METHODS
Evaluation of Subjective Symptoms
Analysis of Corneal Aberrations
Ablation Algorithm
Primary Refractive Surgery
Surgical Technique
RESULTS
Night Vision Symptoms
Aberrations
Asphericity
DISCUSSION
Corneal Wavefront-guided LASIK Retreatments for Correction of Highly Aberrated Corneas following Refractive Surgery52
METHODS
Analysis of Corneal Aberrations and Surgical Technique
RESULTS
Visual Outcome
Refractive Outcome
Corneal Aberrations
Point Spread Function
DISCUSSION
Corneal Wavefront-guided Retreatments for Corneas with High Levels of Corneal Coma Aberration after LASIK53
METHODS
Preoperative Examination
Corneal Aberrations and Ablation Profile
Surgical Technique
RESULTS
Refractive Outcomes (Table 15.2)
Corneal Aberrations
Subjective Symptoms
Complications
DISCUSSION
LIMITATIONS OF CORNEAL WAVEFRONT-GUIDED REFRACTIVE SURGERY
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER SIXTEEN:
OCULAR HIGHER ORDER ABERRATION INDUCED DECREASE IN VISION (ABERROPIA): CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION
ABERROPIA
INTRODUCTION
CASE REPORT
Patient 1
Patient 2
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN:
TOPOGRAPHIC AND ABERROMETER GUIDED LASER
INTRODUCTION
ABERRATIONS
ZYOPTIX LASER
ORBSCAN
ABERROMETER
ZYLINK
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN:
NAVWAVE: NIDEK TECHNIQUE FOR CUSTOMIZED ABLATION
INTRODUCTION
OPD-SCAN
TOPOGRAPHY AND WAVEFRONT ANALYZER
OPD Power Map
OPD Power Map and Wavefront Map
OPD Map and CorneAl Topography Map
ALIGNING TOPOGRAPHY DATA WITH OPD DATA
MEASUREMENT OF PUPILLARY DIAMETER
FINAL FIT SOFTWARE: OUTLINE AND FEATURES
Customized Ablation
Spherical with OATZ Ablation
Topo-guided Customized Ablation
Wavefront-guided Customized Ablation
Features of the Final Fit Software
Correction of Cyclo-Torsion
SECTION FIVE: REFRACTIVE PROCEDURES AND CONDITIONS
CHAPTER NINTEEN:
POST-LASIK IATROGENIC ECTASIA
INTRODUCTION
SUBCLINICAL KERATOCONUS
Clinical History
Refraction
Anterior Corneal Curvature
Posterior Corneal Elevation
Preoperative Pachymetry
Corneal Hysteresis
Post-LASIK Ectasia in FFKC
CORNEAL THICKNESS LIMITS
Thick Flap
Large Ablation
Retreatments
KERATECTASIA TREATMENTS
Riboflavin-UVA Crosslinking
Intracorneal Rings
Lamellar Keratoplasty
CHAPTER TWENTY:
DECENTERED ABLATIONS
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL DEFINITION
TOPOGRAPHIC DECENTRATION
WAVEFRONT ABERRATIONS
Management of Decentered Ablation
Surgical Correction of Decentered Ablation
Wavefront-guided Treatment
Topography-guided Treatment
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER TWENTY ONE:
IRREGULAR ASTIGMATISM: LASIK AS A CORRECTING TOOL
INTRODUCTION
ETIOLOGY OF IRREGULAR ASTIGMATISM
Primary Idiopathic
Secondary
Dystrophic
Traumatic
Postinfective
Postsurgical
DIAGNOSIS OF IRREGULAR ASTIGMATISM
CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION OF IRREGULAR ASTIGMATISM FOLLOWING CORNEAL REFRACTIVE SURGERY
CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY PATTERNS OF IRREGULAR ASTIGMATISM
Irregular Astigmatism with Defined Pattern
Irregular Astigmatism with Undefined Pattern
EVALUATION OF IRREGULAR ASTIGMATISM
TREATMENT OF IRREGULAR ASTIGMATISM
SURGICAL TECHNIQUES WITH EXCIMER LASER
SELECTIVE ZONAL ABLATION (SELZA)
Methods
Results
Discussion
EXCIMER LASER ASSISTED BY SODIUM HYALURONATE (ELASHY)
Methods
Results
Discussion
TOPOGRAPHIC LINKED EXCIMER LASER ABLATION (TOPOLINK)
Methods
Results
Discussion
THE FUTURE
OTHER PROCEDURES
Automated Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty
Intracorneal Ring Segments (Intacs)
Contact Lens Management
SUMMARY
CHAPTER TWENTY TWO:
PRESBYOPIC LASIK
INTRODUCTION
PREVIOUS EXCIMER LASER TECHNIQUES
HISTORY
PRINCIPLE
PROLATE AND OBLATE CORNEA
TECHNIQUE
KERATOMETRY AND PACHYMETRY
ASTIGMATISM
PLANO EXAMPLES
Example 1
HYPEROPIC EXAMPLES
Example 2
Example 3
MYOPIC EXAMPLE
Example 4
TOPOGRAPHY
SUMMARY
CHAPTER TWENTY THREE:
PHOTOTHERAPEUTIC KERATECTOMY (PTK)
INTRODUCTION
PTK
WOUND HEALING OF THE CORNEA AFTER EXCIMER LASER ABLATION
RECURRENT EROSION
Treatment Protocol
CORNEAL DYSTROPHIES
CORNEAL SCARS, BAND KERATOPATHY, PTERYGIUM AND HIGH MYOPIA
SUMMARY
CHAPTER TWENTY FOUR:
CONDUCTIVE KERATOPLASTY FOR CHANGING CORNEAL CURVATURE
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF CONDUCTIVE KERATOPLASTY
Early Thermokeratoplasty Procedures (Second Level Section)
Conductive Keratoplasty Technology (Second Level Section)
THE CK SYSTEM
THE CK PROCEDURE
Treatment of Presbyopia
Treatment of Hyperopia
CK CASE HISTORIES
Case I: CK for Treating Keratoconus
Case II: CK for Post-Cataract Surgery Astigmatism
SUMMARY
CHAPTER TWENTY FIVE:
INTACS™: REFRACTIVE CORRECTION WITH AN INTRACORNEAL DEVICE
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
Initial Clinical Studies
Current US Clinical Studies
SURGICAL PROCEDURE
Clinical Outcomes
Visual Results
PERIOPERATIVE OBSERVATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS
POSTOPERATIVE OBSERVATIONS
CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY
REVERSIBILITY OF REFRACTIVE EFFECT AFTER INTACS REMOVAL
REFINEMENT OF REFRACTIVE EFFECT WITH INTACS EXCHANGE
Safety Assurance and Further Indications
CHAPTER TWENTY SIX:
POSTERIOR CHAMBER IMPLANTABLE COLLAMER LENS: ICL AND TORIC ICL
INTRODUCTION
Evolution
Current ICL Models and Powers
Myopic ICL
Hyperopic ICL
Toric ICL
INDICATIONS OF ICL AND T–ICL
SELECTION CRITERIA AND PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT
Refraction
Stability of Refraction
Anterior Chamber Depth
Pupil Size
Corneal Topography
Gonioscopy
ICL Sizing
ICL Power Calculation
SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
ICL Loading
ICL Implantation
POSTOPERATIVE CARE
CLINICAL RESULTS
ICL in Myopia above 8.00 D
Refractive Outcome
Visual Outcome
ICL in Myopia between -2.00 and -8.00 D
Refractive Outcome
Visual Outcome
Toric ICL
Refractive Outcome
Visual Outcome
Stability of Toric ICL Alignment after Implantation
ICL in Stable Keratoconus
ICL after Corneal Ring Segments or Collagen Crosslinking in Progressive Keratoconus
Toric ICL after Corneal Grafts
COMPLICATIONS
Improper Sizing and Poor vaulting
Cataract
Pupillary Block
Night Glare
Residual Refractive Error
Endothelial Damage
Decrease in Accommodation
Pigment dispersion
Retinal Complications
CHAPTER TWENTY SEVEN:
NIDEK OPD SCAN IN CLINICAL PRACTICE
INTRODUCTION
NIDEK OPD SCAN
Guide to Clinical Interpretation with the Nidek OPD Scan
Nidek OPD Scan Six Map Display
Summary
CLINICAL EXAMPLES
Normal Bowtie Astigmatism
Keratoconus
Pellucid Marginal Degeneration
Decentered LASIK Ablation
CONCLUSION
SECTION SIX: CATARACT
CHAPTER TWENTY EIGHT:
CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY IN CATARACT SURGERY
INTRODUCTION
CORNEA
KERATOMETRY
KERATOSCOPY
COMPUTERIZED VIDEOKERATOGRAPHY
ORBSCAN
NORMAL CORNEA
CATARACT SURGERY
EXTRACAPSULAR CATARACT EXTRACTION
NON-FOLDABLE IOL
FOLDABLE IOL
ASTIGMATISM INCREASED
BASIC RULE
UNIQUE CASE
PHAKONIT
SUMMARY
CHAPTER TWENTY NINE:
CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY IN PHAKONIT WITH A 5 MM OPTIC ROLLABLE IOL
INTRODUCTION
ROLLABLE IOL
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
TOPOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS AND ASTIGMATISM
MICROPHAKONIT (CATARACT SURGERY THROUGH A 0.7 MM TIP)
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
INDEX
TOC
Index
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