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Practical Guide to Interpret Visual Fields
GR Reddy
CHAPTER 1:
Introduction to Automated Static Perimetry
REASONS FOR COMPUTERIZED PERIMETRY
HISTORY
THE ROLE OF VISUAL FIELDS IN THE FIELD OF OPHTHALMOLOGY
The Role of Visual Fields in Making a Diagnosis
The Role of Visual Fields in the Management of Glaucoma
CHAPTER 2:
Fundamentals of Automated Perimetry
DEFINITION OF VISUAL FIELD
MEASUREMENT OF VISUAL FIELDS
KINETIC PERIMETRY
Disadvantages
STATIC PERIMETRY
DEFINITION OF THRESHOLD
Units used to Express Light Intensity and Retinal Sensitivity
Conversion of asb Units to Decibel Units
POINT PATTERNS OF THE THRESHOLD TESTS
Group 1: Point patterns used in Suspected and Established Cases of Glaucoma
BARE AREA 0F 30–2 OR 24–2 POINT PATTERN
Group 2: Point patterns used in Advanced Cases of Glaucoma
CUSTOM TEST 6–2 POINT PATTERN
THE POINTS IN THE BARE AREA OF 30–2 OR 24–2 IN 10–2 POINT PATTERN, MACULAR POINT PATTERN OR CUSTOM TEST
THRESHOLD TESTING STRATEGIES
DETERMINATION OF THRESHOLD
Explanation of Method (Bracketing) for Determining Threshold
The Newer Threshold Strategies
SELECTION OF POINT PATTERNS
SELECTION OF TESTING STRATEGY
PROFORMA OF ORDER FORM FOR VISUAL FIELD TESTING
CHAPTER 3:
Classification and Understanding of Visual Field Printouts
UNDERSTANDING OF SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT
ZONES OF SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT
Zones—Independent of normative data and STATPAC analysis
Zones—Dependent on normative data and STATPAC analysis
SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT 30–2 FULL THRESHOLD STRATEGY
SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT 24–2 SITA FAST STRATEGY
10–2 SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT
SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT 30–2 FULL THRESHOLD STRATEGY
ZONE 1—PATIENT'S DATA AND TEST DATA
Age of the Patient
Effect of the Size of the Pupil
Refractive Error
ZONE 2—FOVEAL THRESHOLD AND RELIABILITY INDICES
Foveal Threshold and Visual Acuity
Reliability Indices
Fixation Losses
The Fixation Losses > 20% are Considered to be Unreliable
False Positive Response
False Negative Response
Importance of locating blind spot before interpreting the visual field analysis
ZONE 3—RAW DATA
Point pattern 30–2
Point pattern 24–2
Point pattern 24–2
ZONE 4—GREY SCALE
ZONE 5—TOTAL DEVIATION NUMERICAL PLOT (TDNP)
Understanding of total deviation numerical plot—Example-2
Understanding of total deviation numerical plot—Example-3
Understanding of total deviation numerical plot—Example-4
Understanding of total deviation numerical plot—Example-5
ZONE 6—TOTAL DEVIATION PROBABILITY PLOT
ZONE 7—PATTERN DEVIATION NUMERICAL PLOTS
Conversion of total deviation numerical plot to pattern deviation numerical plot—Example-1
Understanding of selection of 7th best sensitivity point of TDNP
Conversion of total deviation numerical plot to pattern deviation numerical plot—Example-2
Selection of 7th best sensitivity point of TDNP
ZONE 8 — PATTERN DEVIATION PROBABILITY PLOTS
Zone 8—Conversion of pattern deviation numerical plot to pattern deviation probability plot —Example-2
Example 1: The concept behind the creation of pattern deviation plots.
Example 2: The concept behind the creation of pattern deviation plots.
Summary of analysis of total deviation probability plots
ZONE 9—GLOBAL INDICES
MEAN DEVIATION INDEX
Concept of height hill of vision in localized field defect, uniform generalized field defect and irregular generalized field defect
PATTERN STANDARD DEVIATION
Concept of contour of hill of vision in localized field defect, uniform generalized field defect and irregular generalized field defect.
Specifically the PSD is the standard deviation around the mean that constitutes the MD index and indicates the degree to which the numbers in the total deviation numerical plot are not similar to each other.
CORRELATION BETWEEN PSD VALUE AND CONTOUR OF HILL OF VISION
CORRELATION BETWEEN PSD VALUE AND PATTERN DEVIATION PROBABILITY PLOT
ROLE OF PSD IN THE FOLLOW-UP TESTS
SHORT-TERM FLUCTUATION
CORRECTED PATTERN STANDARD DEVIATION (CPSD)
ZONE 10—GLAUCOMA HEMIFIELD TEST (GHT)
GHT Outside normal limits
GHT Borderline
GHT General reduction of sensitivity
GHT Abnormally high sensitivity
GHT Within normal limits
SUMMARY OF THE SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT
SUMMARY OF THE STATPAC DEPENDENT ZONES OF THE SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT
FEATURES OF FULL THRESHOLD TESTING STRATEGY AND FASTPAC TESTING STRATEGY
SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT WITH FULL THRESHOLD STRATEGY
SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT WITH FASTPAC STRATEGY
FEATURES OF SITA STANTDARD AND SITA FAST TESTING STRATEGIES
SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT WITH SITA STANDARD STRATEGY
SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT WITH SITA FAST STRATEGY
HUMPHREY VISUAL FIELD TEST PRINTOUTS WITHOUT STATPAC ANALYSIS
HUMPHREY VISUAL FIELD TEST PRINTOUTS WITHOUT STATPAC ANALYSIS
THREE-IN-ONE PRINTOUT MACULA THRESHOLD TEST
Three-in-one 60–4 Peripheral test
TWO-IN-ONE PRINTOUT NASAL STEP THRESHOLD TEST
CHAPTER 4:
Interpretation of Single Field Analysis Printout
THE FEATURES OF LOCALIZED FIELD DEFET
LOCALIZED SCOTOMA (BOTH THE PROBABILITY PLOTS LOOK SIMILAR)
THE FEATURES OF UNIFORM GENERALIZED FIELD DEFECT
Uniform generalized field defect (GENERALIZED DEFECT IN THE TOTAL DEVIATION PROBABILITY PLOT AND ALMOST NORMAL PATTERN DEVIATION PROBABILITY PLOT - WHY?) Example-1
Uniform generalized field defect- (GENERALIZED DEFECT IN THE TOTAL DEVIATION PROBABILITY PLOT AND ALMOST NORMAL PATTERN DEVIATION PROBABILITY PLOT - WHY?) Example-2
Uniform generalized field defect (GENERALIZED DEFECT IN THE TOTAL DEVIATION PROBABILITY PLOT AND ALMOST NORMAL PATTERN DEVIATION PROBABILITY PLOT - WHY?) Example-3
Static perimetric definition of uniform generalized field defect
THE FEATURES OF IRREGULAR GENERALIZED FIELD DEFECT
Irregular generalized field defect (GENERALIZED DEPRESSION IN THE TOTAL DEVIATION PROBABILITY PLOT AND LOCALIZED FIELD DEFECT IN THE PATTERN DEVIATION PROBABILITY PLOT) Example-1
Irregular generalized field defect (GENERALIZED DEPRESSION IN THE TOTAL DEVIATION PROBABILITY PLOT AND LOCALIZED FIELD DEFECT IN THE PATTERN DEVIATION PROBABILITY PLOT) Example-2
Irregular generalized field defect (GENERALIZED DEPRESSION IN THE TOTAL DEVIATION PROBABILITY PLOT AND LOCALIZED FIELD DEFECT IN THE PATTERN DEVIATION PROBABILITY PLOT) Example-3
Irregular generalized field defect (GENERALIZED DEPRESSION IN THE TOTAL DEVIATION PROBABILITY PLOT AND LOCALIZED FIELD DEFECT IN THE PATTERN DEVIATION PROBABILITY PLOT) Example-4
Irregular generalized field defect (GENERALIZED DEPRESSION IN THE TOTAL DEVIATION PROBABILITY PLOT AND LOCALIZED FIELD DEFECT IN THE PATTERN DEVIATION PROBABILITY PLOT) Example-5
Irregular generalized field defect (GENERALIZED DEPRESSION IN THE TOTAL DEVIATION PROBABILITY PLOT AND LOCALIZED FIELD DEFECT IN THE PATTERN DEVIATION PROBABILITY PLOT) Example-6
Step 6-Role of PSD and GHT
Step 7- Role of the total deviation numerical plot and MD index (Depth of the field defect)
Step 8- Role of the pattern deviation numerical plot
Step 9- Role of raw data
To set the target IOP
Identification of the artifacts
THE EFFECT OF SIZE OF THE PUPIL ON THE VISUAL FIELD
SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT WITH 2 MM PUPIL SIZE
SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT WITH 3 MM PUPIL SIZE OF THE SAME PATIENT
IMPORTANCE OF PROPER REFRACTIVE ERROR CORRECTION ON VISUAL FIELD
SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT WITHOUT REFRACTIVE ERROR CORRECTION
SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT WITH REFRACTIVE ERROR CORRECTION
FAILURE TO DETECT BLIND SPOT
FIXATION LOSSES
SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT WITH HIGH FIXATION LOSSES 7/15 XX
SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT WITH FIXATION LOSSES 2/16
SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT WITH HIGH FIXATION LOSSES 13/18 XX
SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT WITH HIGH FIXATION LOSSES 3/11 XX
FALSE POSITIVE ERRORS
SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT WITH HIGH FALSE (+)VE ERRORS
There are more number of scotomas in the pattern deviation probability plot than number of scotomas in the total deviation probability plot.-Why? Example-1
SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT WITH HIGH FALSE (+)VE ERRORS
There are more number of scotomas in the pattern deviation probability plot than number of scotomas in the total deviation probability plot.-Why? Example-2
FALSE NEGATIVE RESPONSE
SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT WITH HIGH FALSE (−) VE ERRORS
Point pattern and testing strategy - 24–2 SITA Standard
LENS RIM ARTIFACTS
LENS RIM ARTIFACTS
IDENTIFICATION OF TEMPORAL AND NASAL HALVES OF THE VISUAL FIELD ON THE SIGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT
CHAPTER 5:
Visual Field Loss in Glaucoma
POINTS TO BE NOTED
The approach of interpretation of single field analysis printout in suspicious case of glaucoma Example 1
Probability plots (extent and pattern of the field defect)
Depth of the field defect (Total deviation numerical plot)
Existing sensitivity (Raw data)
The approach of interpretation of single field analysis printout in suspicious case of glaucoma Example 2
Left Eye
Right Eye
The approach of interpretation of single field analysis printout in suspicious case of glaucoma Example 3
Left Eye
Right Eye
The approach of interpretation of single field analysis printout in suspicious case of glaucoma Example 4
Left Eye
The approach of interpretation of single field analysis printout in suspicious case of glaucoma Example 5
Right Eye
Left Eye
The approach of interpretation of single field analysis printout in suspicious case of glaucoma Example 6
Right Eye
The approach of interpretation of single field analysis printout in suspicious case of glaucoma Example 7
Left Eye
The approach of interpretation of single field analysis printout in suspicious case of glaucoma Example 8
Right Eye
Left Eye
The approach of interpretation of single field analysis printout in suspicious case of glaucoma Example 9
Right Eye
Left Eye
The approach of interpretation of single field analysis printout in suspicious case of glaucoma Example 10
Left Eye
Right Eye
The approach of interpretation of single field analysis printout in suspicious case of glaucoma Example 11
Right Eye
The approach of interpretation of single field analysis printout in suspicious case of glaucoma Example 12
Right Eye
The approach of interpretation of single field analysis printout in suspicious case of glaucoma Example 13
Right Eye
Points to be Noted
There are two important points to be remembered
Depth of the field defect (Total deviation numerical plot)
Existing retinal sensitivity (Raw data)
The approach to come to a conclusion regarding the foveal split
Left Eye
6–2 CUSTOM TEST
Total deviation probability plot
Existing sensitivity
The approach to pick up early changes due to glaucoma in a single field analysis printout.
In a case of localized field defect, concentrate on total deviation probability plot for the P values of three non-edge adjacent or cluster points - why?
The role of 10–2 point pattern in advanced stage of glaucoma
INTERPRETATION OF 10–2 PRINTOUTS
INTERPRETATION OF 10–2 PRINTOUTS
VISUAL FIELD LOSS IN GLAUCOMA ASSOCIATED WITH CATARACT
Anderson's criteria to diagnose glaucoma in a case of cataract
ESTIMATION OF DEPTH OF THE FIELD DEFECT CAUSED BY GLAUCOMA IN A CASE OF CATARACT
Case 1 (Right Eye)
Case 1 (Left Eye)
Case 2 (Right Eye)
Case 2 (Left eye)
Case 3 (Right Eye)
Case 3 (Left Eye)
Depth of the field defect caused by glaucoma (PDNP)
CHAPTER 6:
Follow-up Visual Field Examination
OVERVIEW PRINTOUT
Interpretation of overview printout for glaucoma progression analysis
Probability Plots
Probability Plots
SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT OF FULL THRESHOLD STRATEGY
SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT OF FASTPAC STRATEGY
THE TOTAL DEVIATION NUMERICAL PLOT OF THE ABOVE SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT PRESENTED IN THE FORM OF CHANGE ANALYSIS PRINTOUT
SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT OF SITA STANDARD
THE TOTAL DEVIATION NUMERICAL PLOT OF THE ABOVE SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT PRESENTED IN THE FORM OF CHANGE ANALYSIS PRINTOUT
SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT OF SITA FAST STRATEGY
THE TOTAL DEVIATION NUMERICAL PLOT OF THE ABOVE SINGLE FIELD ANALYSIS PRINTOUT PRESENTED IN THE FORM OF CHANGE ANALYSIS PRINTOUT
Localized field defect
Uniform generalized field defect
Irregular generalized field defect
Linear Regression Analysis of Mean Deviation
GLAUCOMA PROGRESSION ANALYSIS (GPA)
Step 1: Establishing the baseline data (pattern deviation numerical plot)
Step 2: Establishing the decibel deviation plot in follow-uptest printout
Step 3: Establishing the progression analysis plot in follow-up test printout
GLAUCOMA PROGRESSION ANALYSIS BASELINE PRINTOUT
CHAPTER 7:
Custom Tests
CHAPTER 8:
Screening Tests
CHAPTER 9:
Single Field Analysis Printouts of Clinically Important Cases
CHAPTER 10:
Short Wavelength Automated Perimetry (Blue-Yellow Perimetry)
CHAPTER 11:
Visual Field Testing with Frequency Doubling Technology
THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PACKAGE
Glossary
INDEX
TOC
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