Index

Diagnostic Radiology: Chest and Cardiovascular Imaging Niranjan Khandelwal, Veena Chowdhury, Arun Kumar Gupta, Sanjiv Sharma, Anjali Prakash

CHEST IMAGING: TECHNIQUES, NORMAL ANATOMY AND BASIC PATTERNS IN CHEST DISEASES
1:Chest X-ray: Techniques and Anatomy
- INTRODUCTION
- CONVENTIONAL CHEST RADIOGRAPHY
- BEAM EQUALIZATION RADIOGRAPHY
- DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
  - Digital Radiography and Chest
- RADIOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
- SPECIAL RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES
  - Inspiratory-Expiratory Radiography
    - Valsalva and Müller Maneuvers
  - Bedside/Portable Radiography
- NORMAL ANATOMY ON CHEST X-RAY
- CONCLUSION
2:MDCT Chest: Techniques and Anatomy
- INTRODUCTION AND TECHNIQUES
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
- HIGH RESOLUTION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (HRCT)
- ANATOMY
3:Basic Patterns of Lung Diseases
- PATTERN RECOGNITION
  - High Resolution CT Patterns of Disease
- LUNG DISEASES THAT INCREASE RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY
- RADIOGRAPHIC SIGNS OF ATELECTASIS
- HIGH RESOLUTION CT SCAN FINDINGS MANIFESTING AS INCREASED LUNG OPACITY
- LUNG DISEASES THAT DECREASE RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY
- RADIOGRAPHIC SIGNS
- HIGH-RESOLUTION CT SCAN FINDINGS MANIFESTING AS DECREASED OPACITY
- CONCLUSION
PULMONARY INFECTIONS AND THE PULMONARY INTERSTITIUM
4:Radiographic Manifestations of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- NEW CONCEPT OF RADIOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS OF PULMONARY TB
- RADIOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF PULMONARY TB
- PET/CT IN TUBERCULOSIS
5:Nontubercular Pulmonary Infections
- INTRODUCTION
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- RADIOGRAPHIC PATTERN
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF PULMONARY INFECTIONS
- SPECIFIC PNEUMONIAS
- FUNGAL INFECTIONS
  - Opportunistic Invaders
    - Aspergillosis
    - Cryptococcosis
  - Primary Pathogens
    - Histoplasmosis
    - Coccidioidomycosis
- PARASITIC INFECTIONS
  - Protozoal Infections
  - Metazoal Infestations
- COMPLICATIONS OF PNEUMONIA
- INTERVENTIONAL PROCEDURES IN THE PATIENTS WITH PNEUMONIA
- CONCLUSION
6:Imaging of the Tracheobronchial Tree
- INTRODUCTION
- IMAGING MODALITIES
  - Chest Radiograph
  - Computed Tomography (CT)
- NORMAL AIRWAY ANATOMY
  - Anatomic Variants
- TRACHEOBRONCHIAL LESIONS
- CONCLUSION
7:Imaging of Interstitial Lung Disease
- PLAIN RADIOGRAPHY
  - High Resolution CT (HRCT)
  - Anatomy of The Secondary Pulmonary Lobule
- SARCOIDOSIS
  - Imaging Features
- CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE ASSOCIATED INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE
- RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS ASSOCIATED INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE
  - Imaging Features
- PROGRESSIVE SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS
  - Imaging Features
- SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE)
  - Imaging Features
- HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS
  - Imaging Features
- SILICOSIS AND COAL WORKER'S PNEUMOCONIOSIS
  - Imaging Features
- ASBESTOSIS
- LYMPHANGIOLEIOMYOMATOSIS
  - Imaging Features
- LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS (LCH)
  - Imaging Features
- PULMONARY ALVEOLAR PROTEINOSIS
  - Imaging Features
- IDIOPATHIC INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIAS
- IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS
  - Imaging Features
- NONSPECIFIC INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONITIS
  - Imaging Features
- CRYPTOGENIC ORGANIZING PNEUMONIA
  - Imaging Features
- RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLITIS–ASSOCIATED INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE
  - Imaging Features
- DESQUAMATIVE INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA
  - Imaging Features
- LYMPHOID INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA
  - Imaging Features
- ACUTE INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA
  - Imaging Features
8:Pulmonary Manifestations in Immunocompromised Host (HIV and Solid Organ Transplant Patients)
- INTRODUCTION
- HIV/AIDS
- NON-HIV IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOSTS
  - Imaging Approach
- BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
- PNEUMOCYSTIS JEROVECI PNEUMONIA
- MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS
  - HIV/AIDS Patients
  - HIV Negative Immunocompromised Patients
- VIRAL INFECTIONS
- FUNGAL INFECTIONS
- NONINFECTIOUS MANIFESTATIONS OF AIDS
- CONCLUSION
9:Chest in Immunocompromised Host (Hematological Infections and Bone Marrow Transplant)
- INTRODUCTION
- COMPLICATIONS NOT SPECIFIC TO HSCT
- COMPLICATIONS SPECIFIC TO HSCT
  - Infections
MEDIASTINUM, LUNG NODULES AND MASSES
10:Imaging the Mediastinum
- INTRODUCTION
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF MEDIASTINAL MASSES
- ANTERIOR MEDIASTINUM
  - Lesions of Thymus
  - Germ Cell Tumors
- MIDDLE MEDIASTINUM
- POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM
  - Neurogenic Tumors
  - Paraspinal Infection
    - Extramedullary Hemopoiesis
    - Mediastinal Varices
- MULTICOMPARTMENT MEDIASTINAL MASSES/LESIONS
- MISCELLANEOUS LESIONS OF THE MEDIASTINUM
- CONCLUSION
11:Imaging of Solitary and Multiple Pulmonary Nodules
- MORPHOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SPN
- INTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A SPN
- INDETERMINATE SOLITARY PULMONARY NODULE
  - Contrast Enhancement/Hemodynamic Characteristics on Dynamic Helical CT
  - Growth Rate Assessment
- VOLUME QUANTIFICATION ON CT/THREE–DIMENSIONAL EVALUATION
- COMPUTER AIDED DIAGNOSIS (CAD)
- IMAGE REGISTRATION
- NEWER TECHNIQUES FOR THE EVALUATION OF SPN
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF SOLITARY PULMONARY NODULE73
- MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN SPECIFIC LESIONS
- MULTIPLE PULMONARY NODULES
- MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN SPECIFIC CAUSES
- CONCLUSION
12:Lung Malignancies
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- IMAGING FEATURES
- STAGING OF NSCLC
  - Imaging Work-up for the Staging of NSCLC
  - Mediastinal Invasion
- CHEST WALL INVASION
- TREATMENT OF NSCLC
  - Follow-up Imaging
  - Recurrent Lung Cancer
- SCREENING FOR LUNG CANCER
- NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS OF THE LUNG
- RARE LUNG MALIGNANCIES
- LUNG METASTASES
- LYMPHOMA OF THE LUNG
EMERGENCY CHEST
13:Intensive Care Chest Radiology
- INTRODUCTION
- CHEST X-RAY IN IMAGING OF ICU PATIENTS
- ULTRASOUND IN IMAGING OF ICU PATIENTS
- CT SCAN IN IMAGING OF ICU PATIENTS
14:Imaging in Pulmonary Thromboembolism
- INTRODUCTION
- PLAIN RADIOGRAPHS
- PULMONARY ANGIOGRAPHY
- COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY (CT)
  - Spiral CT
  - Technique
- VASCULAR FINDINGS
- PARENCHYMAL FINDINGS
  - Acute Thromboembolism
  - Chronic Thromboembolism
    - Acute Versus Chronic Thromboembolism
- PITFALLS IN DIAGNOSIS OF PULMONARY EMBOLISM
- EFFICACY AND ACCURACY OF MDCT
- ISOLATED SUBSEGMENTAL PULMONARY EMBOLISM
- CT VENOGRAPHY
- MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)
  - MR Venography
- IMAGING-GUIDED INTERVENTION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PULMONARY THROMBOEMBOLISM
  - Pulmonary Embolism in Pregnancy
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
15:Imaging in Thoracic Trauma
- INTRODUCTION
- PULMONARY PARENCHYMAL INJURIES
- PLEURAL INJURIES
  - Pneumothorax
  - Hemothorax
- INJURIES OF THE MEDIASTINUM
- INJURY OF DIAPHRAGM
  - Injury of Chest Wall
- CONCLUSION
PLEURA AND DIAPHRAGM
16:Pleura
- INTRODUCTION
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- PLEURAL EFFUSION
  - Types of Effusion: Exudates and Transudates
    - Exudates
    - Transudate
  - Fibrin Body
- IMAGING IN PLEURAL EFFUSION
  - Plain Radiographs
- USG OF PLEURAL EFFUSION
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
- PLEURAL EFFUSION OR ASCITIS
  - Loculated Pleural Fluid (Encysted/Encapsulated)
- MRI OF PLEURAL EFFUSION
  - Specific Causes of Pleural Effusion
  - Parapneumonic Effusion with Empyema9–14
  - Organization Stage (Pleural Peel)
  - Empyema Necessitans
  - Tube Drainage of Empyema
- BRONCHOPLEURAL FISTULA (BPF)
  - Postsurgical BPF
  - Infective BPF
- PLEURAL THICKENING
  - Visceral Pleural Thickening
  - Pleural Apical Cap and Fibrous Thickening
  - Pleural Thickening
    - MIMICS
- PLEURA AND ASBESTOSIS18–19
- ASBESTOSIS PSEUDOTUMOR (ROUND ATELECTASIS)
- PLEURAL CALCIFICATION
- PNEUMOTHORAX
  - Spontaneous Pneumothorax
  - Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax
  - Secondary Spontaneous Pneumothorax
  - Pneumothorax Ex-Vacuo
  - Traumatic Pneumothorax
  - Catamenial Pneumothorax
- IMAGING FINDINGS
  - X-ray
    - Upright Patient
    - Supine Patients
  - Ultrasonography
  - Computed Tomography
  - Tension Pneumothorax
- SIZE OF PNEUMOTHORAX21
- PLEURAL NEOPLASM
  - Pleural or Extra Pleural
  - Pleural Effusion
  - Pleural Thickening
- MESOTHELIOMA (MALIGNANT PLEURAL MESOTHELIOMA-MPM)23–24
  - Radiographic Findings
- USG
- CT
- MRI
  - Positron Emission Tomography
  - Localized Fibrous Tumor
  - Pleural Metastasis
  - Pleural Lymphoma
17:Imaging of the Diaphragm and Chest Wall
- DIAPHRAGM
- DIAPHRAGMATIC MOVEMENTS
- CHEST WALL
INTERVENTIONS IN CHEST
18:Bronchial Artery Embolization
- INTRODUCTION
  - Pathophysiology and Etiology
- DIAGNOSTIC WORK-UP
- BRONCHIAL ARTERY ANATOMY
- NONBRONCHIAL SYSTEMIC ARTERY ANATOMY
- TECHNIQUE OF BRONCHIAL ARTERY EMBOLIZATION
  - RESULTS
- COMPLICATIONS
- CONCLUSION
19:Diagnostic and Therapeutic Interventions in Chest
- INTRODUCTION
- IMAGE GUIDANCE MODALITIES
- PERCUTANEOUS DRAINAGE OF PLEURAL SPACE FLUID COLLECTIONS
- SECONDARY PULMONARY ASPERGILLOMA
  - Endoluminal Tracheobronchial Stenting
- RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION OF LUNG LESIONS
- VASCULAR INTERVENTIONS
- CONCLUSION
CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING: CARDIAC IMAGING
20:Chest X-ray Evaluation in Cardiac Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- CARDIAC SILHOUETTE
- PULMONARY VASCULATURE
21:Imaging in Ischemic Heart Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS
  - Appropriateness Criteria for use of Cardiac MDCT and CMR in the Investigation of IHD
- CONCLUSION
22:Imaging Approach in Children with Congenital Heart Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- RADIOLOGICAL APPROACH
- MULTISLICE CARDIAC CT
- CARDIAC MRI
  - Analyzing CT or MRI Images
  - Anatomy
- CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION
23:Imaging in Cardiomyopathies
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES
- DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY (DCM)
  - Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
  - Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (RCM)
- CONCLUSION
24:Imaging Evaluation of Cardiac Masses
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- NEOPLASTIC LESIONS OF THE HEART
- NON-NEOPLASTIC LESIONS
- VARIANT AND NORMAL ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES SIMULATING A CARDIAC MASS
- CONCLUSION
25:Imaging Diagnosis of Valvular Heart Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- AORTIC VALVULAR DISEASE
- MITRAL VALVULAR DISEASE
- TRICUSPID VALVULAR DISEASE
- HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS ON PULMONARY VASCULATURE
- ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
- CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE (CMRI)
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
- ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY
- CONCLUSION
26:Imaging of the Pericardium
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY
- PHYSIOLOGY
- CONGENITAL PERICARDIAL ANOMALIES
  - Pericardial Cysts
- CONGENITAL ABSENCE OF THE PERICARDIUM
- PERICARDIAL EFFUSION
- PERICARDIAL TUMORS
  - Metastases
  - Primary Pericardial Tumors
- CONCLUSION
NUCLEAR MEDICINE
27:Nuclear Medicine in CVS and Chest
- NUCLEAR MEDICINE IN CVS AND CHEST
- MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING
- RADIONUCLIDE VENTRICULOGRAPHY
- CARDIAC POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
  - Clinical Application of Cardiac PET
    - Diagnosis of CAD
    - Assessment of Myocardial Viability
- NEW DIRECTIONS IN NUCLEAR CARDIOLOGY
- LUNG VENTILATION: PERFUSION IMAGING
- POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY IN LUNG CANCER
VASCULAR IMAGING
28:Imaging of Aorta
- INTRODUCTION
- ANGIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- CONGENITAL AORTIC ANOMALIES
- ACQUIRED AORTIC DISEASES
- AORTIC DISSECTION
  - Classification
  - Imaging
- TAKAYASU'S ARTERITIS
  - Types31
  - Imaging Findings
- AORTIC TRAUMA
  - Grading of Aortic Injuries37
  - Imaging
    - CT
    - MRI
- ATHEROSCLEROSIS
- CONCLUSION
29:Imaging of Peripheral Vascular Disease
- EVALUATION OF THE PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL SYSTEM
  - Imaging Modalities
- PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE (PAOD)
- LOWER LIMB ARTERIOGRAPHY9
- EVALUATION OF THE PERIPHERAL VEINS
- OTHER DISORDERS
  - Venous Aneurysms30,31
- CONCLUSION

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes