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Orthopedics Ready Reckoner
RM Shenoy, Deepak Pinto, Vivek Mahajan
SECTION 1:
Trauma in General and Injuries of the Lower Limb
1.1. Examination of Bone and Joint Injuries
HISTORY
Age
Mechanism of Injury
Pain
Loss of Function
Deformity and Swelling
GENERAL EXAMINATION
LOCAL EXAMINATION
Inspection
Palpation
Measurement
Movements
Neurovascular Examination
COMPLICATIONS
1.2. Open Fractures
CLASSIFICATION
Based on Gustilo and Anderson Classification (Figures 1.2.1 and 1.2.2)
MANAGEMENT OF OPEN FRACTURES
Initial Management
Antibiotics: What, When and for How Long?
Infection Control
Debridement: When and By Whom?
Fracture Stabilization
It is a Team Work
1.3. Fractures of the Pelvis
CLASSIFICATION
Based on Tile Classification (Figures 1.3.1 and 1.3.2)
Based on Tile‧s Fracture Types following Stabilization Options can be Considered
Based on Young and Burgess Classification (Figure 1.3.3)
1.4. Hip Dislocations
RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION
CLASSIFICATION
Posterior Dislocation
Anterior Dislocation (Figure 1.4.2)
Central Dislocation (Figure 1.4.2)
MANAGEMENT
Indications for Open Reduction of the Dislocated Hip
1.5. Fractures of the Femoral Neck
CLASSIFICATION
Based on Garden‧s Classification (Figure 1.5.1)
Based on Anatomical Classification (Figure 1.5.2)
1.6. Intertrochanteric Femoral Fractures
CLASSIFICATION
Based on Boyd and Griffin Classification (Figure 1.6.1)
Based on Evans Classification (Figure 1.6.2)
1.7. Subtrochanteric Femoral Fractures
CLASSIFICATION
Based on Fielding‧s Classification
Based on Seinsheimer Classification (Figures 1.7.1 and 1.7.2)
Based on Russell and Taylor Classification (Figure 1.7.3)
1.8. Fractures of Patella
CLASSIFICATION (FIGURE 1.8.1)
INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY
1.9. Tibial Plateau Fractures
1.10. Ankle Injuries
RADIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT
On AP View
On Lateral View
On Mortise View (Foot in 15-20° of Internal Rotation)
CLASSIFICATION
Based on Danis-Weber Classification (Figure 1.10.2)
Based on Lauge-Hansen‧s Classification
MANAGEMENT
1.11. Tibial Pilon Fractures
MECHANISM OF INJURY
RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION
CLASSIFICATION
Based on Reudi and Allgower Classification
MANAGEMENT
1.12. Talar Neck Fractures
CLASSIFICATION
Based on Hawkins Classification
1.13. Calcaneal Fractures
CLASSIFICATION
Extra-articular Calcaneal Fractures
Intra-articular Calcaneal Fractures
MANAGEMENT
Extra-articular Calcaneal Fractures
Intra-articular Calcaneal Fractures
1.14. Tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) Fracture Dislocation
RADIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
CLINICAL EVALUATION AND CLASSIFICATION
MANAGEMENT
1.15. Jones Fracture
MANAGEMENT
Zone I Avulsion Fractures
Zone II Jones Fractures
Zone III Stress Fractures
1.16. Nonunion
RADIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
CLASSIFICATION
Hypervascular Nonunions (True Delayed Unions) (Figure 1.16.1)
Avascular Nonunions (True Nonunions) (Figure 1.16.2)
CAUSES OF NONUNION
MANAGEMENT
Basic Factors Influencing Healing of Nonunion and Treatment
SECTION 2:
Injuries of the Upper Limb
2.1. Fractures of the Clavicle
CLASSIFICATION
Based on Allman Classification (Figure 2.1.1)
2.2. Shoulder Dislocations
ANTERIOR DISLOCATION
Mechanism of Injury
Clinical Evaluation
Radiological Evaluation (Figure 2.2.1)
Management
POSTERIOR DISLOCATION
Mechanism of Injury
Clinical Evaluation
Radiological Evaluation (Figure 2.2.2)
Management
INFERIOR GLENOHUMERAL DISLOCATION
Mechanism of Injury
Clinical Evaluation
Radiological Evaluation (Figure 2.2.3)
Management
2.3. Proximal Humeral Fractures
CLASSIFICATION
Based on Neer Classification (Figure 2.3.1)
Steps in Decision Making
2.4. Supracondylar Fractures of the Humerus
RADIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
On AP View
On Lateral View
CLASSIFICATION
MANAGEMENT
Attention!!
2.5. Fractures of the Lateral Condyle
EVALUATION
CLASSIFICATION
Based on Milch Classification
Other Classification
MANAGEMENT
2.6. Elbow Dislocations
CLASSIFICATION (FIGURE 2.6.1)
MECHANISM OF INJURY
RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION
MANAGEMENT
“Terrible Triad of Elbow”
2.7. Monteggia Fracture-Dislocation
RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION
Radio-capitular Line
CLASSIFICATION
Based on Bado's Classification
Monteggia Fracture Equivalents
MANAGEMENT
2.8. Essex-Lopresti Fracture-Dislocation
MECHANISM
DIAGNOSIS (FIGURE 2.8.1)
MANAGEMENT
2.9. Galeazzi Fracture-Dislocation
RADIOLOGICAL EVALUATION (FIGURE 2.9.1)
MANAGEMENT
2.10. Distal Radius Fractures
RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION
CLASSIFICATION
Based on Frykman Classification (1967)
Based on Fernandez Classification
Based on Melone's Classification (1984)
2.11. Scaphoid Fractures
MECHANISM OF INJURY
DIAGNOSIS
RADIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
CLASSIFICATION
Russe Classification (Based on the Fracture Pattern) (Figure 2.11.1)
Based on Herbert's Classification (Figures 2.11.2 and 2.11.3)
MANAGEMENT
Aim of treatment
Indications for Nonoperative Treatment
Indications for Operative Treatment
Operative Treatment
Management of Suspected Scaphoid Fractures
2.12. Bennett and Rolando Fractures
BENNETT FRACTURE
Radiographic Evaluation (Figure 2.12.1)
Management
ROLANDO FRACTURE
2.13. Physeal Injuries
BLOUNT'S LAWS
CLASSIFICATION
Based on Salter and Harris Classification (Figures 2.13.1 and 2.13.2)
MANAGEMENT
Indications for Operative Intervention
SECTION 3:
Spine
3.1. Spine: General Considerations
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ANATOMY
MECHANISM OF INJURY
Primary
Secondary
CLINICAL EVALUATION
Spinal Shock
Neurogenic Shock
Bulbocavernosus Reflex
RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION
CLASSIFICATION
GRADING OF NEUROLOGIC INJURY
Spinal Cord Injury: Complete
Spinal Cord Injury: Incomplete
NERVE ROOT LESIONS
CAUDA EQUINA SYNDROME
GRADING SYSTEMS FOR SPINAL CORD INJURY
Frankel Classification
TREATMENT
Immobilization
Medical Management of Acute Spinal Cord Injury
COMPLICATIONS
CLEARING THE SPINE
3.2. Examination of Spinal Injuries
HISTORY
Mode of Injury
Neurological Deficit
EXAMINATION FOR SPINAL CORD INJURIES
UPPER LIMBS
Reflexes of Upper Extremity
LOWER LIMBS
SIGNS OF GRAVE PROGNOSIS
Bulbocavernous Reflex (Ref. Figure 3.1.1)
Anal Wink
Interpretation
Reflexes of Lower Extremity
EXAMINATION OF THE SPINAL COLUMN
GENERAL EXAMINATION
SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS OF SPECIFIC TYPES OF SPINAL INJURIES
3.3. Spinal Injuries, Classificationn and Management
CERVICAL SPINE INJURIES
Injuries to Upper Cervical Spine (Occiput to C2)
Injuries to Lower Cervical Spine (C3-7)
Thoracic and Lumbosacral Injuries
Sacral Fractures (Figure 3.3.18)
Lumbosacral Dislocation
Spinal Injuries Peculiar to Children
SECTION 4:
Clinical Diagnosis of Peripheral Nerve and Brachial Plexus Injuries
4.1. Clinical Diagnosis of Peripheral Nerve and Brachial Plexus Injuries
CLASSIFICATION OF NERVE INJURY
DIAGNOSIS
Autonomic and Sensory Changes
Sensory Zones of a Peripheral Nerve
Motor Changes
Special Tests
(A) Median Nerve
(B) Ulnar Nerve
Diagnostic Tests
DIAGNOSIS OF BRACHIAL PLEXUS INJURIES
Upper Plexus Injury Erb‧s Paralysis (Figure 4.1.14)
Erb‧s Points
Lower Plexus Injury, Klumpke‧s Paralysis
Whole Plexus Injury
SECTION 5:
Examination of a Case of Bone Tumor
5.1. Examination of a Case of Bone Tumor
SECTION 6:
Important Clinical Tests and Radiological Signs in Different Bone and Joint Pathologies
6.1. Important Clinical Tests and Radiological Signs in Different Bone and Joint Pathologies
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
DDH
CTEV
Congenital Vertical Talus and Congenital Oblique Talus
CLINICAL TESTS AND SIGNS IN HIP PATHOLOGIES
TRENDELENBURG GAIT (FIGURE 6.1.19)
Pathomechanics of Trendelenburg Gait
KNEE JOINT PATHOLOGIES
Tests for Ligament Injuries
Tests for Collateral Ligaments
Tests for Cruciate Ligaments
Tests for Meniscus
SHOULDER JOINT PATHOLOGIES
Tests for anterior dislocation shoulder
ELBOW JOINT PATHOLOGIES
Carrying Angle
Baumann's Angle
The Three Bony Points
SECTION 7:
Multiple Trauma
Multiple Trauma
BASIC CONCEPTS OF DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF POLYTRAUMA
FIELD TRIAGE
Trauma Deaths
Maintenance of Airway and Breathing
Maintenance of Circulation
Differential Diagnosis of Hypotension in Trauma
Classification of Hemorrhage and Management
Exposure
INDEX
TOC
Index
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