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Pharmacology for Nurses
GK Sudhakar
CHAPTER 1:
Introduction to Pharmacology
INTRODUCTION
SCOPE OF PHARMACOLOGY
DEFINITION
SOURCES OF DRUGS
Plants
Alkaloids
Glycosides
Volatile Oils
Tannins
Resins
Gums
Microbes
Animals
Minerals
Human
Synthetic
Semisynthetic
DRUG NOMENCLATURE
Chemical Name
Nonproprietary or Generic Name
Proprietary or Trade or Brand Name
Prototype Drug
Drug Categories
DRUG CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
PHARMACODYNAMICS
Types of Drug Action
Stimulation
Depression
Irritation
Replacement
Bactericidal and Cytotoxic Action
Modification of Immune Status
Site and Mechanism of Drug Action
Physical Action
Chemical Action
Altering Metabolic Processes
Through Enzymes
Through Ion Channel
Through Receptors
DRUG-RECEPTOR INTERACTION
Nonreceptor Mediated Action
Placebo Effect
ADVERSE DRUG REACTION
Side Effect
Toxic Effect
Allergy or Hypersensitivity
Idiosyncrasy
PHARMACOKINETICS
Passive Diffusion
Active Transport
ABSORPTION
Distribution
Plasma Protein Binding
Clinical Significanse of Protein Binding
Tissue Binding
METABOLISM (BIOTRANSFORMATION)
ENZYMES IN BIOTRANSFORMATION
Phase I Reactions
Oxidation
Phase II Reactions
Glucuronide Conjugation
Acetylation
Methylation
Glycine Cojugation
Factors Affecting Drug Metabolism
Age
Sex
Species
Genetic Variation
Nutrition and Diet
Diseases
Excretion
Kidney
Active Tubular Secretion
Passive Tubular Reabsorption
Biliary System
Intestine
Lungs
Breast Milk
Skin and Saliva
Drug Interaction
Beneficial Drug-Drug Interactions
Adverse Drug-Drug Interactions
Mechanism of Drug Interaction
Pharmacokinetic Interactions
Pharmacodynamic Interaction
ROUTES AND PRINCIPLES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
Topical
Advantages
Oral
Enteric Coated Tablet
Spansules
Sublingual
Transdermal
Advantages
Rectal
Evacuant Enema
Retention Enema
Vaginal
Inhalation
Advantages
Disadvantage
Parenteral Route (par–beyond, enteral–intestinal)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Intravenous
Advantages
Disadvantages
Intramuscular
Advantages
Disadvantages
Intradermal
Subcutaneous
Advantages
Disadvantages
Intrathecal
Disadvantages
PRINCIPLES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
The “Five plus Five Rights” in Drug Administration
Guidelines for Drug Administration
Dosage Forms and Routes of Drug Administration
Solid Dosage Form (Internal Use)
Granules
Effervescent Granules
Powder
Tablets
Uncoated Tablets
Soluble Tablets
Sugar Coated Tab
Film Coated Tab
Enteric Coated Tab
Retard Tablets
Chewable Tab
Buccal or Sublingual Tab
Scored/Divisible Tab
Lozenges
Implants
Solid Dosage Form (Externally Used)
Persaries
Bougies
Plasters
Semisolid/Liquid Dosage Form (Internal Use)
Elixir
Emulsions
Gels
Linctus
Mixture
Suspension
Syrups
Tinctures
Drops
SEMISOLID LIQUID DOSAGE FORM (EXTERNAL USE)
Creams
Eye Drops
Ear Drops
Nasal Drops
Enema
Gargles
Jellies
Liniment
Lotions
Mouth Washes
Ointments
Paints
Throat Paints
Pastes
Poultices
Inhalation Form
Pressurized Aerosol Inhalers
Spacers
Nebulizers
Inhalants
Sprays
INDIAN PHARMACOPOEIA—LEGAL ISSUES
Official Drugs
Dangerous Drugs
Prescription Drugs
Over the Counter Drugs
Drug Standards
Drugs Laws
Schedule G
Schedule H
Schedule X – Psychotropic drugs
Schedule E
Schedule L
Schedule C
Schedule C1
Schedule M
SCHEDULES TO THE ACT
First Schedule
Second Schedule
Schedules to the Rules
NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES ACT (1985)
The Medicinal and Toilet Preparation (Excise Duties) Act 1956
The Drugs (Price Control) Order 1995
The Poisons Act, 1919
RATIONAL USE OF DRUGS
PRINCIPLES OF THERAPEUTICS
Fixed Dose
Individualised Dose
Loading Dose
Therapeutic Index (TI)
Therapeutic Range (Therapeutic Window)
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
APPLICATION OF BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THERAPEUTICS
Patient's Problem
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Objectives
Selection of Drug Treatment
Efficacy
Safety
Suitability
Cost
Storage Conditions
Start the Treatment
Result of Treatment
CHAPTER 2:
Chemotherapy
INTRODUCTION
Mechanism of Antibacterial Action
Classification of Antimicrobials
Antibacterial Spectrum
Resistance to Antibacterials
Cross Resistance
Limitations of resistance to antimicrobials can be achieved by
PRINCIPLES OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY
SULPHONAMIDES
Adverse Effects
Uses
TRIMETHOPRIM
Adverse Effects
Uses
QUINOLONES OLDER
Fluoroquinolones
Adverse Effects
Uses
BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS
NATURAL PENICILLINS
Penicillin G (Benzyl Penicillin)
Resistance
Adverse Effects
Uses
Semisynthetic Penicillins
Acid Resistant Penicillins
Penicillinase Resistant Penicillins
Uses
Broad Spectrum Penicillins (Aminopenicillins)
Ampicillin
Bacampicillin
Adverse Effects
Uses
Amoxicillin
Uses
Extended – Spectrum Penicillins (Antipseudomonal Penicillins)
Ticarcillin
Adverse Effects
Ureidopenicillins
Azolocillin
Beta–Lactamase Inhibitors
CEPHALOSPORINS
Newer Cephalosporins
Oral Cephalosporins
Adverse Reactions
BROAD SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTICS
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacokinetics
Adverse Effects
Uses
CHLORAMPHENICOL
Mechanism of Action
Adverse Reactions
Uses
AMINOGLYCOSIDES
Common Properties of Aminoglycosides
Antibacterial Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Gentamicin
Uses
Streptomycin
Uses
Neomycin
Uses
Adverse Effects
MACROLIDES
Erythromycin
Adverse Effects
Uses
Clarithromycin
Uses
Azithromycin
Uses
ANTIAMOEBIC DRUGS
Classification
Metronidazole
Uses
Tinidazole and Secnidazole
Diloxanide Furoate
Chloroquine
Antibiotics
Paromomycin
ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS
Chloroquine
Uses
Quinine
Uses
Mefloquine
Halofantrine
Primaquine
Pyrimethamine
Uses
Chloroguanide (Proguanil)
ANTIHELMINTICS
Mebendazole
Albendazole
Thiabendazole
Pyrantel Pamoate
Piperazine
Levamisole
Nicolosamide
Diethyl Carbamazine
Praziquantel
Uses
ANTISCABIES
Benzyl Benzoate
Crotamiton
Gamma Benzene Hexachloride (Lindane)
Permethrin
ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS
Amphotericin B
Adverse Effects
Clotrimazole and Miconazole
Griseofulvin
Itraconazole
Nystatin
Candidiasis
Treatment Oral Candidiasis
Vaginal Candidiasis
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS
Antiviral Drugs
Amantadine
Acyclovir
Ganciclovir
Idoxuridine
Trifluridine
Ribavirin
Foscarnet
Interferons
ANTITUBERCULAR DRUGS
Isoniazid
Rifampicin
Adverse Effects
Uses
Rifabutin
Ethambutol
Pyrazinamide
Cycloserine
Streptomycin
Drug Regimens for the Treatment of Tuberculosis
Resistant Tuberculosis
Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics
Multi-Drug Resistance
ANTILEPROSY DRUGS
Dapsone
Rifampicin
Clofazimine
ANTICANCER AGENTS
General Adverse Effects to Anticancer Drugs
Carcino-Chemotherapeutic Drugs
Alkylating Drugs
Cyclophosphamide
Carmustine, Lumustine and Semustine
Dacarbazine
Cytotoxic Antibiotics
Doxorubicin and Daunorubicin
Epirubicin and Mitoxantrone
Mitomycin C
Bleomycin
Antimetabolites
Methotrexate
6 Mercapto Purine
5 Fluoro Uracil
Cytarabine
Vinca Alkaloids
Vinorebine
Miscellaneous
Cisplatin
Carboplatin
Procarbazine
Hormones
Gluco Corticoids
Estrogens
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL AND ETHINYLESTRADIOL
Fosfestrol
Progestogens (Progestins)
Androgens
Hormone Antagonists
Tamoxifen Citrate
Flutamide
Aromatase Inhibitors
Aminoglutethemide
Anastrozole and Letrozole
Exemestane
IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS
Classification
Cyclosporine
Adverse Effects
Uses
Autoimmune Disorders
Tacrolimus
Sirolimus
Azathioprine
Prednisolone
IMMUNOSTIMULANTS
CHAPTER 3:
Antiseptics, Disinfectants and Insecticides
INTRODUCTION
Mechanism of Action
Phenol Derivatives
Chloroxylenol
Hexachlorophene
Chlorhexidine
Halogens
Uses
Iodophores
Advantages
Povidone (Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone)
Uses
Chlorine
Chlorinated Lime (Bleaching Powder)
Eusol
Alcohols
Ethanol
Isopropyl Alcohol
INSECTICIDES
Organo Phosphorous Compounds
Malathion
Botanical Compound
Pyrethroids
CHAPTER 4:
Drugs Acting on Gastrointestinal System
EMETICS
Apomorphine
Ipecacuanha
ANTIEMETICS
Classification
Hyoscine
Promethazine
Metoclopramide
Domperidone
Ondansetron
Granisetron
Cisapride
PURGATIVES
Bulk Forming Agents
Osmotic Laxatives
Stool Softener
Liquid Paraffin
Docusate Sodium
Stimulant Purgatives
Bisacodyl
Senna
Sodium Pico Sulphate
Castor Oil
ANTACIDS
Role of Antacids
Antacids are of 2 Types
Sodium Bicarbonate
Aluminium Hydroxide
Magnesium Trisilicate
Magnesium Hydroxide
Calcium Carbonate
Uses
CHOLINERGICS
Metoclopramide
Uses
ANTICHOLINERGICS
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE THERAPY
Replacement of Fluid and Electrolytes
ANTI DIARRHEAL AGENTS
Oral Rehydration Therapy
Adsorbents
ANTI MOTILITY DRUGS
Loperamide
Diphenoxylate
Other Drugs
Anti Spasmodics
Traveller's Diarrhea
HISTAMINE RECEPTOR (H2) BLOCKERS
Uses
CHAPTER 5:
Drugs Acting on Respiratory System
ANTI ASTHMATIC AGENTS
Sympathomimetic Amines
Salbutamol and Terbutaline
Salmeterol
Theophylline
Aminophylline
Ipratropium Bromide
Sodium Cromoglycate (Cromolyn Sodium)
Ketotifen
Beclomethasone Dipropionate
Montelukast
ANTITUSSIVES
Antitussives Agents
Codeine
Pholcodeine
Noscapine
Dextromethorphan
EXPECTORANTS
Ammonium Chloride
Potassium Iodide
MUCOLYTIC AGENTS
Bromhexine
Acetyl Cysteine
Steam Inhalation
NASAL DECONGESTANTS
Pseudoephedrine
Phenylpropanolamine
Topical Nasal Decongestants
BRONCHODILATORS
BRONCHOCONSTRICTORS
ANTIHISTAMINES
CHAPTER 6:
Drugs Acting on Urinary System
DIURETICS
Edema
Diuretic Drugs
Osmotic Diuretic
Mannitol
Uses
Adverse Effects
Thiazides
Adverse Effect
Therapeutic Uses
Loop Diuretics
Adverse Effect
Therapeutic Uses
Potassium Spairing Diuretics
Uses
Spironolactone
Adverse Effects
Uses
ANTIDIURETICS
Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone ADH)
Uses
Desmopressin
Uses
URINARY ANTISEPTICS
Nitrofurantoin
Methenamine Mandelate
CHOLINERGIC DRUGS
Bethanechol Chloride
Used
ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS
Flavoxate
Oxybutynin
Tolterodine
ACIDIFYING AGENTS AND ALKALINIZERS
CHAPTER 7:
Miscellaneous Drugs
DRUGS USED IN DEADDICTION
Types of Drug Dependence
Tolerance to Drugs
Opioids
Methadone
Buprenorphine
Cocaine
Barbiturates
Hallucinogens Lysergic
Psilocybin
Mescaline
Alcohol
Effects of Alcohol
Hangovers
Chronic Alcoholism
Treatment
Delirium Tremens
Nicotine
Caffeine
DRUGS USED IN CPR AND EMERGENCY
Basic life Support
Advanced Life Support
Oxygen
ECG Monitoring
Intravenous Access
Lignocaine
Atropine
Drugs Used After Successful Resuscitation
Routes of Administration for Emergency Drugs
Intravenous
Endotracheal
Intracardiac
VITAMINS
Vitamin A
Physiological Functions
Signs and Symptoms of Deficiency
Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Nicotinic Acid (Niacin or Vitamin B3)
Vitamins B6 (Pyridoxine)
Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Uses
Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)
Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
Vitamin K (Phytomenadione)
Uses
MINERALS
Calcium
Adverse Effect
Uses
Potassium
Magnesium
Uses
Iron
Zinc
Deficiency
Uses
ANTIDOTES
Classification of Antidotes
Treatment of Poisoining
ANTIVENOM
Supportive Therapy
Anti Snake Venom
VACCINES AND SERA
Live Vaccines
Killed or Inactivated Vaccines
Combined Vaccine
Toxoids
Antiserum
DPT Vaccine (Triple Antigen)
Tetanus
Pertussis
TB (BCG Vaccine)
Typhoid Vaccine
Polysaccharide Typhoid Vaccine
Oral Typhoid Vaccine
Poliomyelitis Vaccine
MMR Vaccine
Meningococcal Vaccine
Pneumococcal Vaccine
Influenza vaccine
CHAPTER 8:
Drugs Acting on Skin and Mucous Membrane
THE SKIN
Pharmacokinetics
ACNE VULGARIS
Verruca Vulgaris (Warts)
Psoriasis
Drug Induced Dermatitis
Burns
DRUGS ACTING IN THE EYES
Eye Lotions
Eye Drops
Eye Ointment
DRUGS ACTING ON THE EAR
Otitis Externa
Otitis Media
Removal of Ear Wax
DRUGS ACTING ON THE NOSE
DRUGS ACTING ON THE BUCCAL CAVITY
Mouth Wash
Gum Paints
ANTIPRURITICS
CHAPTER 9:
Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System
GENERAL ANESTHETICS
Stages of Anesthesia
INHALATIONAL ANESTHETICS
Nitrous Oxide (N20)
Volatile Liquids
Halothane
Advantages
Disadvantage
Uses
Enflurane
Advantages
Disadvantage
INTRAVENOUS ANESTHETICS
Thiopental Sodium
Benzo Diazepines
Ketamine
Propofol
Preanesthetic Medication
Opioids
Disadvantages
Sedative Hyprotics
Antiemetic
Anticholinergic Drugs
Drugs that Reduce Acidity
LOCAL ANESTHETICS
Characteristic Features of Local Anesthetics
Mechanism of Action
Lignocaine (Lidocaine)
Systemic Actions
Pharmacokinetics
Prilocaine
Bupivacaine
Cocaine
Benzocaine
Toxicity of Local Anesthetics
Signs of Toxicity
Vasoconstrictors and Local Anesthetics
Precaution
SEDATIVES AND HYPNOTICS
Benzodiazepines (BZD)
Mechanism of Action
Acute Overdosage
Barbiturates
Action on CNS
Mechanism of Action
Uses
Newer Drugs
ETHYL ALCOHOL
Action on CNS
Phermacokinetics
Drug Interactions
Uses
Disulfiram
ANTIEPILEPTICS
Causes of Seizures
Neonatal Onset
Childhood and Adolescence
Adult
Drugs that May Cause Seizures
Types of Epilepsy
Drugs Used in the Treatment of Epilepsy
Phenobarbitone
Phenytoin
Carbamazepine
Ethosuximide
Valproic Acid
Diazepam
Newer Agents
Gabapentin
Vigabatrin
CNS STIMULANTS
Respiratory Stimulants
Doxapram
Uses
Nikethamide
Psychostimulants
Methyl Xanthines
Mechanism of Action
Action on CNS
Action on CVS
Action on Smooth Muscle
Adverse Effects
Uses
OPIOID ANALGESICS
Opioid Analgesics
Classification
Agonists
Antagonists
Mixed Agonist–Antagonists
Mechanism of Action
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
Central Nervous System
Analgesia
Sedation
Respiratory Center
Cough Center
Heat Regulation
Emetic Action
Pupils
CVS (Cardiovascular System)
GIT
Smooth Muscles
Pharmacokinetics
Adverse Effects
Tolerance
Dependence
Management of Addiction
Advantages of methadone administration are
ACUTE MORPHINE POISONING
Treatment
Precautions and Contraindications
Other Opioids
Heroin
Codeine
Uses
Fetanyl
Methadone
Uses
Dextropropoxyphene
Uses
Common Uses of Morphine
Pain Control
Mixed Agonists and Antagonists
Pentazocine
Use
Nalbuphine
Buprenorphine
Uses
Nalorphine
Cyclazocine and Butorphanol are similar to Pentazocine
Opioid Antagonists
Naloxone
Uses
Naltrexone
Uses
ANALGESIC–ANTIPYRETICS AND NON-STEROIDAL ANTI INFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAID)
Classification
Non Selective COX Inhibitors
Selecive COX2 Inhibiors celecoxib, Rofecoxib
Pharmacological Actions
Local Action
Systemic Action
Adverse Effects
Salicylism
Acute Salicylate Intoxication
Treatment
Precautions and Contraindications
Uses
Drug Interactions
OTHER NSAIDS
Paraamino Phenol Derivatives
Paracetamol (Acetaminophenol)
Adverse Effects
Uses
Pyrazolone Derivatives
Phenylbutazone
Uses
Indole Derivative
Indomethacin
Uses
Aryl Acetic Acid Derivative
Diclofenac
Uses
Propionic Acid Derivatives
Ibuprofen
Uses
Oxicam Derivatives
Piroxicam
Uses
Alkanones
Nabumetone
Selective COX2 Inhibitors
Adverse Effects
Uses
DRUGS USED IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine
Methotrexate
DRUGS FOR GOUT
Indomethacin
Colchicine
Allopurinol
MUSCLE RELAXANTS
d-Tubocurarine
Pancuronium
Atracurium
Succinyl Choline
Uses
Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants
Chlorzoxazone
Methocarbamol
Carisoprodol
Orphenadrine
Diazepam
ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS
CHLORPROMAZINE (CPZ)
Phramacological Actions
Action on CNS
Adverse Reactions
Uses
BUTYROPHENONES
Haloperidol
Droperidol
Trifluperidol
NEWER COMPOUNDS
Clozapine
Olanzepine
Advantages
Risperidone
Antianxiety Drugs (Anxiolytics)
Minor Tranquillizers
Benzodiazepines
Adverse Reactions
Azapirones
Buspirone
MISCELLANEOUS
Hydroxyzine
Beta Blockers
Meprobamate
ANTIDEPRESSANTS
Bipolar Depression
Classification
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCA)Action on CNS
Mechanism of Action
Side Effects
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)
Advantages of SSRIs over TCAs
Adverse Effects
MAOI (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors)
Atypical Antidepressants
Advantages
MOOD STABILIZERS
Adverse Effects
Uses
Other Mood Stabilizers
Carbamazepine
Sodium Valproate
ADRENERGIC DRUGS
ADRENALINE
Actions on CVS
Action on Smooth Muscles
Action on Eye
Metabolic Effects
Adverse Effects
Preparations
Precautions
Uses
Noradrenaline
Isoprenaline
Dopamine
Uses
Adrenergic Receptors
Adrenergic Blockers
Antagonists
Adrenergic Blocking Drugs
Alpha Adrenergic Blocking Agents
Actions
Alpha Blockers Include
Non selective
Selective
Uses of α Blockers
Hypertension
Congestive Cardiac Failure
Peripheral Vascular Resistance
Benign Prostatic
Pheochromocytoma
Beta Adrenergic Blockers
Actions
Adverse Reactions
Contraindications
Uses of Beta Blockers
ACETYLCHOLINE
Chemical Transmission of Nerve Impulses
The Parasympathetic System
AcetylCholine
Uses
CHAPTER 10:
Cardiovascular Drugs
HEMATINICS
Iron
Distribution of Iron in the Body
Daily Requirement of Iron
Dietary Sources of Iron
Absorption
Transport and Distribution
Excretion
Deficiency Symptoms
Oral Iron Therapy
Adverse Effects
Parenteral Iron Therapy
Uses
Vitamin B12
Functions
Deficiency
Preparations
Uses
Folic Acid
Functions
Deficiency
Uses
CARDIOTONICS
Consequences of Cardiac Failure
The Cardiac Output
Cardiac Glycosides
Mechanism of Action
Digitalization
Adverse Effects
Treatment of Toxicity
Uses
Other Positive Inotropic Drugs Used in CCF
Amrinone
Milrinone
Uses
ANTIANGINAL DRUGS
Stable Angina
Variant Angina
Unable Angina
Nitrates
Pharmacokinetics
Adverse Effects
Uses
Calcium Channel Blockers
Beta Blockers
Nicorandil
Aspirin
ANTIHYPERTENSIVES AND VASODILATORS
Antihypertensive drugs are
Side Effects
Contraindication
Clonidine
Adverse Effects
Uses
Methyl Dopa
Adverse Effects
Uses
Prazosin
Adverse Effects
Uses
Propranolol
Side Effects
Contraindication
Uses
Atenolol
Side Effects
Use
Labetalol
Use
Vasodilators
Hydralazine
Adverse Effects
Uses
Minoxidil
Uses
Diazoxide
Uses
Sodium Nitroprusside
Adverse Effects
Uses
Calcium Channel Blockers
Nifedipine
Adverse Effects
Uses
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
Uses
Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist
Adverse Effects
Use
ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS
Quinidine
Side Effect
Contraindication
Uses
Procainamide
Lignocaine
Phenytoin
Use
Side Effects
Beta Blockers
Use
Side Effects
Amoidarone
Adverse Effects
Uses
Verapamil
Side Effects
Contraindication
Uses
PLASMA EXPANDERS
Dextrans
Gelatin Polymer
Hydroxyethyl Starch
Human Albumin
Contraindications
Uses of Plasma Expanders
COAGULANTS
Coagulants Used Systemically
Adverse Effects
Other Coagulants
ANTICOAGULANTS
Parenteral Anticoagulant
Heparin
Action
Contraindications
Uses
ANTIPLATELET DRUGS
Pharmacokinetics
Heparin Overdosage
Uses
ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS
Aspirin
Thrombolytics
Uses
HYPOLIPIDEMIC DRUGS
Hypolipidemics
Bile Acid Binding Resins
CHAPTER 11:
Hormones
INSULIN AND ORAL HYPOGLYCEMICS
Types of Diabetes Mellitus
Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Later Complications of Both Type I and Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Insulin
Chemistry
Actions of Insulin
SITE of Administration
Adverse Reactions of Insulin
Treatment
Uses
Preparations of Insulin
Disadvantages of Conventional Insulins
Highly Purified Insulins
Advantages
Human Insulins
Insulin Analogs
Advantages
Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs
Classification
Sulphonylureas
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Metformin
Mechanism of Action
Other Effects
Use
Adverse Effects and Contraindications
Meglitinides
Thiazolidinediones
Adverse Effects
Contraindication
Acarbose
THYROID HORMONES AND ANTI THYROID DRUGS
Actions of Thyroid Hormone
Abnormalities of Thyroid Function
Hypothyroidism
Cretinism
The various preparations used are:
Therapeutic Uses
Myxoedema Coma
Nontoxic goiter
Adverse Effects
Antithyroid Drugs
Types of Hyperthyroidism
Grave's Disease
Toxic Nodular Goitre
Drugs Used in Hyperthyroidism
Thioureylenes
Adverse Effects
Uses
Adverse Effects
Radioactive Iodine—I131
Uses
Adverse Reactions
ANDROGENS AND ANABOLIC STEROIDS
Anabolic Steroids
Adverse Effects
Uses
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
Combined Pill
Phased Pills
Mini Pill
Estrogen Pill (Postcoital or Morning after Pill)
Mechanism of Action
Adverse Effects
Severe Side Effects
ESTROGEN AND PROGESTIN
Female Sex Hormones
Estrogens
Actions of Estrogens
Pharmacokinetics
Adverse Effects
Therapentic Uses
Antiestrogens
Clomiphene Citrate
Tamoxifen
Progestins
Adverse Effects
Uses
Progestin Preparations
CORTICOTROPHIN AND GONADOTROPHIN
Corticotrophin
Gonadotrophins
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Uses
ADRENALINE
PROSTAGLANDINS
Pharmacological Actions and Uses
GI Tract
CVS and Blood Vessels
Uterus
Adverse Effects
CALCITONIN
Preparations of Calcitonin
Uses
CALCIUM REGULATORS
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Actions of Parathyroid Hormone
Vitamin D
Glucocorticoids
Estrogens
CALCIUM SALTS
Functions of Calcium
Absorption
Adverse Effects
Preparations of Calcium
Oral
Parenteral
Therapeutic uses of Calcium Salts
UTERINE STIMULANTS AND RELAXANTS
Uterine Stimulants
Oxytocin
Action
Adverse Effects
Uses
Ergometrine
Uses
Prostaglandins
Uses
Uterine Relaxants (Tocolytics)
Magnesium Sulphate
Uses of Tocolytics
CHAPTER 12:
Alternative Systems of Medicine
HERBAL MEDICINE
History of Herbal Medicine
Safety and Efficacy
Use of Some Common Herbal Remedies
Ginseng
Garlic
St. John's Wort
HOMEOPATHY
History and Philosophy of Homeopathy
Features of Homeopathy
Safety
UNANI MEDICINE
Prevention of Disease
Therapeutics
AYURVEDA
SIDDHA
System of Medicine
Siddha Materia Medica
INDEX
TOC
Index
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