Psychosocial Foundation of Nursing I Clement
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1Psychosocial Foundation of Nursing
2Psychosocial Foundation of Nursing
I Clement MA (Sociology), MA (Child Care and Education) MSc (Nursing), MPhil (Education) Principal VSS College of Nursing, Bengaluru Karnataka, India
3Published by
Jitendar P Vij
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Psychosocial Foundation of Nursing
© 2010, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author and the publisher.
This book has been published in good faith that the material provided by author is original. Every effort is made to ensure accuracy of material, but the publisher, printer and author will not be held responsible for any inadvertent error (s). In case of any dispute, all legal matters are to be settled under Delhi jurisdiction only.
First Edition: 2010
9788184489231
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4Preface
Psychosocial nursing deals with patient care, bridges the gap between the information contained at large. This book presents with basic concepts about psychology, sociology and psychosocial-related issues. This book consists of 5 chapters (1–5) of General Concepts, 17 chapters (6–22) of Psychology, 20 chapters (23–42) of Sociology and 8 chapters (43–50) of Psychosocial Issues.
Psychosocial care emphasizes interventions to assist individuals who are having difficulty in coping with the emotional aspects of illness, with life crisis that affect health and health care. In psychosocial care, the nurse focuses on the effects of stress in psychological or physiological illness and on intrapsychic and social functioning of individuals responding to stress.
Psychology is one of the very important subjects in the training of every nurse today. It will enable the nurse to understand herself/himself. This implies an understanding of motives, desires, emotions and ambitions of her/him and his/her patients.
Physical, social, cultural and psychological factors interact dynamically and have an important influence on patient care needs. There are needs common to everyone, no matter their sociocultural background, so-called human needs. These needs when they are not met create tensions and these tensions may give rise to anxiety that can hamper recovery if not relieved.
Culturally, competent nursing care is defined as being sensitive to issues related to culture, race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, and social or economic class. Cultural competence implies not only awareness of cultural differentiation but also the ability to assess and intervene appropriately and effectively.
Psychosocial Foundation of Nursing textbook will prove to be extremely useful for basic nursing students in facing their examinations and also enable them to equip themselves better for their future endeavors.
I Clement
5Acknowledgments
I am thankful to the Lord Almighty, who always strengthens me and showers blessings on me to complete my task in time.
My heartfelt thanks to Shri V Sommanna, MLA, Chairman of VSS Group of Institutions, for his constant support and encouragement.
My sincere thanks to my guide and guru BT Basavanthappa, who is a great philosopher, leader in nursing a wonderful person who showers fatherly love, who helps me to discover the world of knowledge.
I am thankful to our Board of Directors of VSS Group of Institutions, Dr BS Arun and Dr Naveen, for their support and encouragement.
I am grateful and extend my thanks to Dr Aswathnarayan, MLA, Chairman of Padmashree Group of Institutions, for his support and encouragement.
I convey my sincere thanks to my beloved wife Mrs Nisha Clement, MSc (N), for her continuous and constant support and encouragement in each step of my life, also I take this opportunity to thank my little ones Cibin and Cynthia.
It is my honor and privilege to thank my parents Mr Irudthyanathan and Arokiamary, my sisters Elizabeth Rani, Mary Saraswathi, and Glory, my brothers, Amalan and Felix for their support in the form of finance, their powerful prayers and encouraging words to complete the task.
This is the time that I should thank my best friend Mr Regi T Kurien (New York) and family, who was with me in my dark times and my hurdle days. I thank him for his love and affection and constant support. I extend sincere thanks to my seniors, classmates and co-workers.
My sincere thanks to Shri Jitendar P Vij (Chairman and Managing Director), Mr Tarun Duneja (Director-Publishing), Mr KK Raman (Production Manager), Mr Akhilesh Kumar Dubey, Mrs Uma Adhikari, Mr V Venugopal (Manager, Bengaluru Branch), Mr H Vasudev (Author coordinator, Bengaluru Branch) and all staff of M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, for bringing this excellent quality textbook.
11Abbreviations
A
ABER
Annual Blood Examination Rate
ACHAN
Asian Community Health Action Network
ADS
Antidiphtheri Serum
AFP
Acute Flaccid Paralysis
AGR
Annual Growth Rate
AIDS
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
AIWS
All India Women's Conference
ALR
Adult Literacy Rate
ANC
Antenatal Clinic/Antenatal Care
ANM
Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (FHW)
ANP
Applied Nutrition Program
APH
Antepartum Hemorrhage
API
Annual Parasite Incidence
AR
Attributable Risk/ Abortion Rate
ARC
Aids Related Complex
ARI
Acute Respiratory Infections
ASHA
Accredited Social Health Activists
American Speech and Hearing Association
ASV
Anti-snake Venom
ATS
Anti-tetanus Serum
AYUSH
Ayurveda, Yoga-naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy
AHW
Auxiliary Health Worker
AW
Auxiliary Worker
AWW
Anganwadi Worker
B
BBT
Basal Body Temperature
BCG
Bacille Calmette-Guérin
BDO
Block Development Officer/Office
BHC
Benzene Hexachloride
BHL
Bore Hole Latrine
BHS
Basic Health Services
BMI
Body Mass Index
BMR
Basal Metabolic Rate
BOR
Bed Occupancy Rate
BP
Blood Pressure
BSE
Breast Self Examination
BTU
British Thermal Unit
C
CAL
Calorte
CARE
Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere
CAT
Computer Axial Tomography
CBR
Crude Birth Rate
CCH
Central Council of Health
CCS
Case Control Study
CCV
Cell Culture Vaccine
CCU
Critical Care Unit/Cardiac Care Unit
CD
Communicable Disease
CDP
Community Development Program/Project
CDPO
Child Development Project Officer
CDR
Crude Death Rate/Child Death Rate
CGHS
Central Government Health Scheme
CHAI
Catholic Hospital Association of India
CHC
Community Health Center
CHD
Coronary Heart Disease
CHEB
Central Health Education Bureau
CHN
Community Health Nursing/Community Health Nurse
CHO
Community Health Officer
CHW
Community Health Worker
CHAI
Catholic Hospital Association of India
CNAA
Community Need Assessment Approach
CMAI
Christian Medical Association of India
CMI
Cell Medicated Immunity
CMR
Child Mortality Rate
CPA
Consumer Protection Act
CPCB
Central Pollution Control Board
CPR
Couple Protection Rate
CSS
Cross-sectional Studies
CSIR
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
CSSM
Child Survival and Safe Motherhood (Program)
CSF
Cerebrospinal Fluid
12D
dB
Decibels (Sound Intensity Unit)
DDCP
Diarrheal Disease Control Program
DDT
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
DEV
Duck Embryo Vaccine
DLF
Day Light Factor
DGHS
Director General of Health Services
DHF
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
DHS
Director of Health Services
DM
Diabetes Mellitus
DMPA
Depot Medroxy Progesterone Acetate
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNR
Doctor Nurse Ratio
DPHN
District Public Health Nurse/Nursing
DPR
Doctor Population Ratio
DPT
Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus (Vaccine)
DPTP
Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Tetanus Plus Inactivated Polio
DR
Death Rate
DSS
Dengue Shock Syndrome
DTC
District Training Center
DTO
District Tuberculosis Officer
DV
Defective Vision
DWL
Dug Well Latrine
E
EAA
Essential Amino Acids
EC
Eligible Couple
ECG
Electrocardiogram
EDD
Expected Date of Delivery
EEG
Electroencephalogram
EFA
Essential Fatty Acid
EL
Expectation of Life
ELISA
Enzyme-linked Immuno-sorbent Assay
EPI
Expanded Program of Immunization
ESI
Employee State Insurance
F
FAP
Food and Agriculture Organization
FBD
Food Both Diseases
FHA
Female Health Assistant
FHW
Female Health Worker
FLR
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology
FP
Family Planning
FPAI
Family Planning Association of India
FRU
First Referral Unit
FW
Family Welfare
FWS
Family Welfare Service
G
GD
Growth and Development
GFR
General Fertility Rate
GMFR
General Marital Fertility Rate
GRR
Gross Reproduction Rate
H
HAF
Health Assistant Female
Hb
Homoglobin
HBIG
Hepatitis B Imunoglobulin
HCH
Hexachlorocyclohexane (Lindane)
HDCV
Human Diploid Cell Vaccine
HE
Health Education/Educator
HFA
Health for All
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HT
Hypertension
HW
Health Worker
I
IBD
Insect Borne Disease
ICD
International Classification of Disease
ICDS
Integrated Children of Medical Research
ICMR
Indian Council of Medical Research
ICN
Internatioal Council of Nurses
IDD
Iodine Deficiency Disorders
IDDM
Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
IEC
Information Education Communication
IG
Immunoglobulin
ICU
Intensive Care Unit/Intensive Cardiac Unit
IDC
International Death Certificate
IHD
Ischemic Heart Disease
ILO
International Labor Organization
ILR
Ice Lined Refrigerator
IMA
Indian Medical Association
IMR
Infant Mortality Rate
INC
Indian Nursing Council
IPP
Indian Population Project
IPV
Inactivated Polio Vaccine
IQ
Intelligence Quotient
IRDP
Integrated Rural Development Program
IS
Immune Serum
IU
International Units
IUCD
Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices
IUD
Intrauterine Devices
13J
J
Joule
JE
Japanese Encephalitis
JD
Juvenile Delinquency
K
kCal
Kilocalorie
kJ
Kilo Joule
KUB
Kidney Ureters and Bladder
L
LBW
Low Birth Weight (Baby)
LEP
Leprosy Eradication Program
LFT
Liver Function Test
LGVD
Lymphogranuloma Venereal Disease
LHV
Lady Health Visitor
LR
Literacy Rate
LT
Lepromin Test
M
MBD
Mosquito Borne Disease
MBO
Management by Objectives
MC
Menstrual Cycle
MCH
Maternal and Child Health
MDMP
Mid-day Meal Program
MDRB
Multidrug Resistance Bacilli
MDSM
Mid-day School Meal
MFC
Membrane Filter Concentration (Method)
MHS
Maternal Health Services
Minilap
Minilaparotomy
MLC
Medicolegal Case
MLO
Medicolegal Office/Mosquito Larvicidal Oil
MOHFW
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
MMR
Maternal Mortality Rate
MNP
Minimum Need Program
MPW
Multipurpose Worker
MR
Mental Retardation/Morbidity Rate/Ratio
MT
Mantoux Test
MTP
Medical Termination of Pregnancy
N
NAB
National Association for the Blind
NACO
National Aids Control Organization
NEERI
National Engineering and Environmental Research Institute
NET En
Nor Ethisterone Enantate
NFCP
National Filaria Control Program
NFHS
National Family Health Survey
NIHFW
National Institute of Health and Family Welfare
NGCP
National Goiter Control Program
NGO
Non-Governmental Organization
NHP
National Health Policy
NHS
National Health Services
NID
National Immunization Day
NLEP
National Leprosy Eradication Program
NMCP
National Malaria Control Program
NMEP
National Malaria Eradication Program
NMHP
National Mental Health Program
NMR
Neonatal Mortality Rate
NPP
National Population Policy
NPR
Net Production Rate/Nurse Population Ratio
NSS
National Sample Survey
NSV
Non Scalpel Vasectomy
NTCP
National Tuberculosis Control Program
NTV
Nervous Tissue Vaccine
NVBDCP
National Vector Brone Diseases Control Program
NWSP
National Water Sanitation Program
O
OPV
Oral Polio Vaccine
ORS
Oral Rehydration Solution
ORT
Oral Rehydration Therapy
P
PBR
Population Bed Ratio
PCI
Per Capita Income
PCM
Protein Calorie Malnutrition
PEM
Protein Energy Malnutrition
PER
Protein Energy Ratio
PFA
Prevention of Food Adulteration (Act)
PHC
Primary Health Care/Primary Health Center
PHN
Public Health Nursing/Public Health Nurse
PID
Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases
PMR
Prenatal Mortality Rate/Proportional Mortality Rate
PNC
Postnatal Clinic/Care
Prenatal Clinic/Care
PNMR
Postnatal Mortality Rate
14
POP
Progestogen Only Pill
PPH
Postpartum Hemorrhage
PPP
Postpartum Period/Public Private Partnership
PPS
Postpartum Services/Scheme
PSM
Preventive and Social Medicine
PTAP
Purified Toxoid Aluminium Phosphate
PV
Per-Vaginum
R
RAHA
Raigarh Ambikapur Health Association (MP)
RBR
Rural Birth Rate
RCA
Research cum Action (Latrine)
RCH
Reproductive and Child Health
RF
Rheumatic Fever
RFWC
Rural Family Welfare Center
Rh Factor
Rhesus Factor
RHD
Rheumatic Heart Disease
RhIG
Rhesus Immune Globulin
RHS
Rural Health Scheme/Services
RIG
Rabies Immunoglobulin
RMP
Registered Medical Practitioner
RUSHA
Rural Health & Social Afairs (Vellore-TN)
S
SARS
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SAR
Secondary Attack Rate
SC
Subcenter/Subcutaneous
SDR
Specific Death Rate
SEWA
Self Employed Women's Association (Gujarat)
SFN
Small Family Norm
SFP
Supplementary Feeding Program
SHC
Secondary Health Care
SIDA
Swedish International Development Agency
SIHFW
State Institute of Health and Family Welfare
SNA
Student Nurses Association
SOS
Save Our Soul
SVV
Split Virus Vaccine
SRS
Sample Registration System
SSF
Slow Sand Filter
STD
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
STI
Sexually Transmitted Infections
T
TB
Tuberculosis
TFA
Target Free Approach
TBA
Traditional Birth Attendant
TFR
Total Fertility Rate
TIG
Tetanus Immune Globulin
TMFR
Total Marital Fertility Rate
TPP
Twenty Point Program
TT
Tetanus Toxoid
TNAI
Trained Nurses Association of India
U
UCI
Universal Child Immunization
UFWC
Urban Family Welfare Center
UIP
Unlversal Immunization Program
UNDP
United Nations Development Program
UNFPA
United Nations Fund for Population Activities
UNICEF
United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (Now United Nations Children's Fund)
UNRRA
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
USAID
United States Agency for International Development
V
VBT
Vector Borne Transmission
VD
Venereal Diseases
VDRL
Venereal Disease Research Laboratory
VGKK
Vivekananda Girtjana Kalyana Kendra (Karnataka)
VHA
Voluntary Health Association/Voluntary Health Agencies
VHAI
Voluntary Health Association of India
VHG
Village Health Guide
VHGS
Village Health Guide Scheme
VHW
Voluntary Health Worker
VVM
Vaccine Vial Monitor
VZIG
Varicella Zoster Immune Globulin
W
WBC
Well Baby Clinic
WBD
Waterborne Diseases
WC
Water Closets
WER
Weekly Epidemiological Record/Reports
WHO
World Health Organization
WHD
World Health Day
WSL
Water Seal Latrine
WWF
World Wide Fund (for Nature)