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Neurology
Rajendra B Kenkre
1:
Peripheral Neuropathy
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Peripheral Nervous System
Blood Supply of the Peripheral Nerves
CLASSIFICATION OF PERIPHERAL NERVE FIBERS
GENERAL SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASE
Topographic and Clinical Patterns of Neuropathy
Impairment of Motor Function
Sensory Loss
Small Fiber neuropathies
Tendon Reflexes
Paresthesias, Pain and Dysthesias
Sensory Ataxia and Tremor
Deformity and Trophic Changes
Autonomic Changes
Fasciculation, Cramps, Spasms
SMALL FIBER NEUROPATHIES
Diabetes
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Diabetic Amyotrophy
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Mononeuritis Multiplex
Intercostal Neuropathy
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Compression Neuropathy in Diabetics
NEUROPATHY DUE TO HEAVY METALS
Lead Exposure
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Arsenic
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Mercury
Organophosphates
Clinical Features
Thallium
Clinical features
Diagnosis
DRUG INDUCED NEUROPATHIES
Antituberculous Drugs
Isoniazid
Ethambutol
Ethionamide
Antibiotics and Antimicrobials
Chloramphenicol
Dapsone
Metronidazole (Flagyl)
Nitrofurantoin
Thalidomide
Cardiovascular drugs
Amiodarone
Hydralazine
Enalapril
Streptokinase
Lipid Lowering Drugs
Lovastatin
Simvastatin
Antineoplastic Drugs
Paclitaxel (Taxol)
Vincristine
Antirheumatic Drugs
Gold
Indomethacin
Other Drugs
Allopurinol
Cyclosporine A
Interferon Alpha
Pyridoxine (B6)
Chloroquine
NEUROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH ANTIPSYCHIATRIC AND ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS
Amitriptyline
Lithium
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Phenytoin
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Acetazolamide
Clinical Presentation
Antiretroviral Agents
Clinical Presentation
Alcoholic Neuropathy
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
NUTRITIONAL ASSOCIATED NEUROPATHIES
B1 (Thiamine) Deficiency
Clinical presentation
B12 Deficiency
Clinical presentation
Diagnosis
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Clinical Presentation
Pellagra (Niacin Deficiency)
Clinical Presentation
Vitamin E Deficiency
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
METABOLIC NEUROPATHIES
Amyloid Neuropathy
Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Nonfamilial Amyloid Polyneuropathy
Porphyria
Clinical presentation
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Lipoprotein disorders and peripheral neuropathy
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Krabbe's disease
Genetics
Diagnosis
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Adrenomyeloneuropathy
Abetalipoproteinemia (Bassen-Kornzweig Disease)
Genetics
Clinical presentation
Andersen's Disease
Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis
Genetics
Clinical features
Diagnosis
NEUROPATHY DUE TO STORAGE DISORDERS
Niemann-pick disease (sphingomyelin lipidosis)
Clinical features
Tangier Disease
Clinical Features
Refsum's Disease
Fabry's Disease
Clinical features
NEUROPATHIES DUE TO DEFECTIVE DNA REPAIR
Ataxia Telangiectasias
Clinical presentation
Cockayne syndrome
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
IMMUNE MEDIATED NEUROPATHIES
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Clinical presentation
Sensory symptoms
Unusual features
Diagnosis
Variant of GBS: Miller Fisher Type
Diagnosis
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP)
Clinical presentation
Diagnosis
NEUROPATHIES ASSOCIATED WITH GENERAL MEDICAL CONDITIONS
Hypothyroidism
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Acromegaly
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Hyperthyroid Neuropathy
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Hypoglycemia
Clinical Presentation
Hepatic Disease
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Pathology
Viral hepatitis
Diagnosis
Tropical Sprue
Clinical presentation
Sarcoidosis
Clinical presentation
Mononeuritis Multiplex
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Adults Celiac Diseases (Gluten enteropathy)
Diagnosis
CRITICAL ILLNESS POLYNEUROPATHY
Uremic Neuropathy
Clinical features
Diagnosis
INFECTIVE NEUROPATHY OR NEUROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH INFECTION
Leprosy
Lepromatous form
Clinical presentation
Diagnosis
Tuberculoid form
Clinical features
Borderline Form
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Skin Biopsy
Diphtheria
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Herpes Zoster
Clinical presentation
Diagnosis
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C
Clinical features
Human immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1)
Clinical features
Diagnosis
NEUROPATHY DUE TO TRAUMA AND COMPRESSION
Classification
Sunderland Classification of peripheral nerve injury
ENTRAPMENT NEUROPATHY AT UPPER LIMB
Suprascapular Nerve
General features
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Axillary Nerve
General features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Musculocutaneous Nerve injury
General features
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Clinical presentation
Diagnosis
Ulnar Nerve Lesion
General features
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Radial Nerve Entrapment
General features
Diagnosis
Clinical presentation
Differential Diagnosis of Radial Neuropathy
ENTRAPMENT NEUROPATHY OF LOWER EXTREMITY
Sciatic Nerve
Sciatic injury at the hip
Clinical features
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Peroneal Nerve Lesion
Pathogenesis
Tibial Nerve Lesions
Tarsal tunnel syndrome
Meralgia Paresthetica
2:
Radiculopathy
UPPER EXTREMITIES
Differentiation of Sensory Symptoms Root/peripheral Nerves
Evaluation of Motor Function in the Arm
Clinical Syndrome
Erb-Duchenne Type Paralysis
Klumpke's paralysis
Acute Cervical Disk Lesion
Brachial Neuritis
Cervical Rib Syndrome
Symptoms
Vascular Syndrome
Investigations
NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL AIDS
Reinnervation
Fibrillation potentials
Nerve Conduction Studies
3:
Disease of Muscle and the Muscle Endplate
MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT EMBRYOLOGY ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
General clinical features of muscular dystrophy
Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
Clinical presentation
Investigations
Genetics
Prognosis
Becker's muscular dystrophy
Cause of Death
Limb Girdle Dystrophy
Fascioscapular Humeral dystrophy
Clinical Presentation
Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy
Differential Diagnosis
Kearns Sayre Syndrome
Myotonia Congenita (Thomsen's Disease)
Clinical features
Diagnosis
CONGENITAL MYOPATHIES
Central Core Disease
Nemaline—Rod Myopathy
Clinical Features
Differential diagnosis
Laboratory Features
Myotubular Myopathy
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
PERIODIC PARALYSIS
Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
General features
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Hypokalemic Periodic paralysis
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Salient Features in Differential Diagnosis
Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis
Genetics
Disorders with Continuous Motor Unit Activity
Origin
EMG
Malignant hyperthermia
Genetics
Clinical features
Inclusion Body Myositis
METABOLIC MUSCLE DISEASE
Acid Maltase Deficiency of Childhood and Adulthood
Childhood
Adulthood
Lipid storage myopathy: Carnitine deficiency (Secondary to inborn Error of metabolism)
General features
Diagnosis
EMG Myopathic
ABNORMAL GLYCOGEN METABOLISM
Pompe's Disease
Clinical features
Diagnosis
INFLAMMATORY MYOPATHY
Polymyositis
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Dermatomyositis
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Toxic Myopathy
Clinical Presentation
Myopathy due to Nutritional Deficiency (Vitamin E Deficiency)
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Osteomalacic Myopathy
Causes
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Fungal myositis
Sarcoid and Tuberculous Myositis
Diagnosis
Cysticercosis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Endocrine Myopathy
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Myopathy of Addison's Disease
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Myopathy of thyroid disease
Diagnosis
Hypothyroid Myopathy
General features
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Acromegalic Myopathy
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Hypopituitarism
Etiology
Clinical Presentation
Hyperparathyroidism
Diagnosis
Hypoparathyroidism
Clinical presentation
Diagnosis
Electrolyte Disorders
Diagnosis
DISEASES OF MUSCLE AND THE MUSCLE ENDPLATE
Myasthenia gravis
General features
Clinical Presentation
Clinical examination
Diagnosis
Clinical features
Myasthenia Gravis due to decreased response to acetylcholine
Fast channel syndromes
slow channel syndrome
LAMBERT-EATON myasthenic sYNDROME (LEMS)
Drugs Affecting the Neuromuscular Junction
Antibiotics Aminoglycosides
Anticonvulsants
Botulinum Toxin
Snake Venoms
Tetanus
Clostridium tetani
Clinical Features
Cephalic Tetanus
Neonatal Tetanus
EMG
4:
Diseases of Anterior Horn Cell
INHERITED ANTERIOR HORN CELL DISEASE
Werdnig-Hoffmann Disease (Infantile Spinal Muscular Atrophy)
Kugelberg-Welander Syndrome (Juvenile Spinal Muscular Atrophy)
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES NOT LINKED TO CHROMOSOME 5Q
Late Onset Tay-Sachs Disease
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Monomelic Amyotrophy (Hirayama's Disease)
Clinical features
Diagnosis
INFECTIVE VENTRAL HORN DISEASE
Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
TOXIC ANTERIOR HORN CELL DISEASE
Electrical Injury
Clinical Features
Postradiation Motor Neuron Syndrome
Motor Neuron Disease
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
General Features
Clinical Features
Primary Lateral Sclerosis
Progressive Muscular Atrophy
Gum Parkinsonian ALS Dementia Complex
5:
Spinal Cord
EMBRYOLOGY
Development of the Brain
BLOOD SUPPLY OF SPINAL CORD
Ascending paths in the brainstem, motor projections from the cortex and brainstem to the spinal motor neuron:
Ascending Paths in the Brainstem
Spinothalamic Tract
Cranial Nerves
Motor Projections from the Cortex and Brainstem to the Spinal Motor Neurons
SPINAL CORD TRAUMA
The Mechanisms of Injuries
Parenchymatous Cord Trauma Cases
General Considerations
Patterns of Parenchymatous Spinal Cord Damage
Associated Injuries
Spinal Concussion
Spinal Shock
Brown-Séquard's Syndrome
Central Cord Syndrome
Cauda Equina Lesion
Clinical Features
Post-traumatic Syringomyelia
Thoracolumbar Injuries
Bladder: Micturition Disturbances
Physiology
NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AFFECTING BLADDER FUNCTION
Uninhibited Bladder
Spinal Bladder
Clinical Presentation
Autonomous Bladder (Subsacral Lesions)
Clinical Presentation
Sensory Bladder
Clinical Presentation
Investigations for Bladder Dysfunction
Treatment for Bladder Dysfunction
DISORDERS OF POTENCY
Spinal Cord Lesions
Cauda Equina Lesions
Clinical Presentation
Autonomic Nerve Lesions
INFECTIVE LESIONS OF SPINAL CORD
Bacterial Infections
General Considerations
Clinical Features
Laboratory Evaluation
Viral Infections with Myelitis
Herpes Virus
General Features
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Varicella Zoster
General Features
Clinical Features
Rabies
General Features
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Polio Viruses
General Features
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Retrovirus Infection
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Spirochetes
Clinical Features
Other Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Actinomycosis
General Features
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF SPINAL CORD
Craniorachisis
Clinical Features
Myelomeningocele
General Features
Clinical Features
Meningocele
General Features
Clinical Features
Spina Bifida Occulta
Clinical Features
Syringomyelia
Clinical Features
Lumbar Syrinx
Tethered Cord
General Features
Clinical Features
Chiari Malformation
General Features
Clinical Features
Neurogenic Cysts
Tethered Cord
General Features
Clinical Features
Vertebral Column - Bony Disease
General Features
Occipitalization of the Atlas
Clinical Features
Platybasia
General Features
Clinical Features
TUMORS OF THE SPINAL CORD
Meningioma
General Features
Diagnosis
Neurofibroma
General Features
Clinical Features
Investigations
Epidural Tumors
General Features
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Intraparenchymal Tumors
DEMYELINATING SPINAL CORD DISEASE
Multiple Sclerosis
Neuropathic Type
Subacute Cord Compression
Acute Transverse Myelitis
Clinical Features
Devic's Disease
SPINAL CORD VASCULAR DISEASES
Ischemia of Spinal Cord
Venous Infarction of the Cord
Primary Hemorrhagic Diseases of Spinal Cord
Clinical Features
Transverse Myelitis - Acute Onset
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Spinal Cord Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Spastic Paraplegias
Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias
Autosomal Dominant Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias
Clinical Features
Machado-Joseph Disease
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Spastic Paraparesis
Pathology
Acquired Spastic Paraplegias
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Radiation Myelopathy
Clinical Features
SPINAL CORD METABOLIC AND NUTRITIONAL
Subacute Combined Degeneration of the Spinal Cord
Clinical Features
6:
Cerebellum
ANATOMY
Internal Structure of the Cerebellum
Intracerebellar Nuclei
Blood Supply
Clinical Signs of Cerebellar Disease
Ataxia
Limb Ataxia
Rebound Phenomenon
Rapid Alternating Movements: Dysdiadochokinesis
Tremors
Truncal Tremor
Tone
Reflexes
Nystagmus
Dysarthria
Other Symptoms
DISEASES OF CEREBELLUM
Vascular
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Infarction
Clinical Features
Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Infarction
Clinical Features
Superior Cerebellar Artery Infarction
AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE HEREDITARY ATAXIAS
Friedreich's Ataxia
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Ataxia Telangiectasis
Clinical Features
Ataxia with Vitamin E Deficiency
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Ramsay Hunt Syndrome
Autosomal Dominant Ataxia
Clinical Features
Congenital Defects of Cerebellum
General Characteristics
Clinical Features
DANDY-WALKER SYNDROME
ARNOLD-CHIARI MALFORMATION
METABOLIC ATAXIAS
Hartnup Disease
Clinical Features
TUMORS OF THE CEREBELLUM
Metabolic Disorders
Autoimmune Diseases
Demyelinating Diseases
7:
The Extrapyramidal System
CONNECTIONS OF THE CORPUS STRIATUM
Afferent Connections
Efferent Connections
Functions of the Corpus Callosum
Clinical Features of Diseases of Extrapyramidal System
Tremor
Hemiballismus
Chorea
Athetosis
Dystonia
Myoclonus
Tics
DISEASES AFFECTING THE EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM
Parkinson's Disease
Genetic Aspects
Clinical Features
Familial Parkinsonism
Genetics
Clinical Variants
Pallido Ponto Nigral Degeneration
Trinucleotide — Repeat Disorders
Parkinsonism in Juvenile Variant of Huntington's Disease
Parkinsonism Features of Wilson's Disease
Laboratory Evaluation
Parkinsonism Features of Huntington's Disease
Clinical Features
Genetics
Treatment
Idiopathic Parkinsonism
General Characteristics
Cardinal Signs
Striato Nigral Degeneration
Corticobasal Degeneration
Clinical Features
Lewy Body Dementia
Clinical Features
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
MRI/CT Evaluation
Drug Induced Parkinsonism (MPTP)
Reversible Drug Induced Parkinsonism
Toxic Causes
Clinical Features
Post Hypoxic
Methanol
Mercury
Tremor
Differential Diagnosis
Pathologic Tremor
Benign Essential Tremor
Clinical Features
Clinical Variants
Wilson's Disease
General Features
Associated Neurologic Signs
Pathology
Dystonic Tremor
Action Tremor
Clinical Features
Drugs Causing Tremor
Metabolic Causes of Tremor
Chorea
Causes
General Features
Clinical Onset
Diagnosis
Other Hereditary Causes of Chorea
Infectious Causes of Chorea
Drug Induced
Metabolic/Toxins
Hemichorea
Sydenham's Chorea
Tardive Dyskinesia
Clinical Features
Akathisia
Clinical Features
Athetosis
Definition
Writers Cramp
Other Forms of Focal Dystonias
Idiopathic Torsion Dystonia
Spasmodic Torticollis
Blepharospasm
Myoclonus
Physiologic Myoclonus
Sleep Myoclonus
Nocturnal Myoclonus
Epileptic Myoclonus
Childhood Myoclonus
Specific Diseases
Lafora Body Diseases
Tay-Sachs GM2 Gangliosidosis
Palatal Myoclonus
Asterixis
Tic Disorders
Differential Diagnosis
Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome
Restless Leg Syndrome
Associated Medical Conditions
Autosomal Dominant Ataxia
Clinical Features
ABNORMAL MOVEMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH CEREBELLAR DISORDERS
8:
The Cerebral Hemispheres
VENTRICULAR SYSTEM AND CSF IN CNS
General
FRONTAL LOBES
Left Frontal Lobe
Aphasias
The Right Frontal Lobe
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Supplementary Motor Cortex
Orbitofrontal Cortex Damage
THE PARIETAL LOBE
General Sensory Functions of Parietal Lobe
Posterior Superior Parietal Cortex
Inferior parietal lobe
Right parietal Lobe
Left Parietal Lobe Function
Gerstmann Syndrome
Parieto-Occipital Junction — Balint's Syndrome
The Temporal Lobe
Function
Left Temporal Lobe
Right Temporal Lobe
Bitemporal Lobe Diseases
Amygdala
Cingulate Gyrus
Clinical Features in Lesions of Cingulate Gyrus
Occipital Lobe
Disorders of Complex Visual Processing
Cortical Blindness
Alexia
Disorders of Color Perception
Color Naming
Disorders of Spatial Analysis
Visual Disorientation
Disorders of Arousal
Causes
THE BASILAR SYNDROME
Other Causes
Akinetic Mutism
Chronic Vegetative State
General Features
Causes
MEMORY
Korsakoff's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Dorsal Medial Nuclei of Thalamus
Transient Global Amnesia
Causes
Confusional State
Clinical Features
Causes
Focal Brain Lesion
Lacunar Infarction
Aphasia and Apraxia
Broca's Aphasia
Wernicke's Aphasia
Conduction Aphasia
Transcortical Motor Aphasia
Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
Global Aphasia
Dysarthria
General Features
Pure Word Deafness
Alexia without Agraphia
Clinical Features
Paralexia
Agraphia
Types of Agraphia
Semantic Anomia
APRAXIAS
Ideational Apraxia
Constructional Apraxia
Dressing Apraxia
Callosal Apraxia
Gait Apraxia
9:
Cranial Nerves
OLFACTORY NERVE
Important Features
Anosmia
Olfactory allucinations
OPTIC NERVE
Optic Nerve and Optic Chiasm
The Optic Radiations
Vascular supply of the visual pathways
Vascular Disease of the Optic Nerve
Hereditary Disease of the Optic Nerve
Immune Mediated Optic Atrophy
Tumor
Orbital Complications of Sinus Disease
Optic Nerve Disease due to Vitamin Deficiency and Toxins
Optic Nerve Disease due to Drugs and Toxins
Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
Clinical signs
Empty Sella Syndrome
Clinical Features of Importance
CRANIAL NERVES III, IV, VI (OCULOMOTOR, TROCHLEAR, ABDUCENS)
Oculomotor nerve
Causes of 3rd Nerve Damage
Trauma
Neoplasms
Muscle Disease Affecting Third Nerve
Neuromuscular Disease
Infections
Systemic Disease
Other Causes
IVth NERVE: TROCHLEAR NERVE
Lesions of Trochlear Nerve
VITH NERVE: ABDUCENS NERVE
Lesions of Abducens Nerve
Infective Lesion
Other Infections
CRANIAL NERVE-V: TRIGEMINAL NERVE
The ophthalmic nerve
The Maxillary Nerve
The Mandibular Nerve
Testing for Corneal Reflex
Lesions of trigeminal nerve
Trauma
Tumors
Vascular Syndromes
Systemic Disease
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Infections
Migraine Variants
VIITH NERVE: FACIAL NERVE
Nucleus Pons
Bell's Palsy
Herpes zoster syndrome
Clinical features
Upper Motor Neuron - Facial Weakness
CRANIAL NERVE-VIII: COCHLEAR AND VESTIBULAR NERVE
Bickerstaff's Migraine
Hereditary Hearing Loss
IXTH AND XTH CRANIAL NERVES: GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL AND VAGUS NERVES
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Nucleus
Clinical features of IXth and Xth nerve lesions
Causes of lesions to the IXth and Xth nerve
Vagus nerve
The nuclei
Causes of Lesions of Xth Nerve
CRANIAL NERVE-XI
CRANIAL NERVE-XII: HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE
10:
The Autonomic Nervous System
NUCLEUS SOLITARIUS
DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Systemic Disease
GENETIC CAUSES OF DYSAUTONOMIA
Riley-Day Syndrome
General features
Clinical Signs
Fabry's disease
General features
Other Clinical Features
REM AND NON REM SLEEP
Autonomic changes
11:
Cerebrovascular Diseases
THE ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY
THE MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY
THE POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY
RISK FACTORS FOR ISCHEMIC STROKE
Primary
Secondary
RISK FACTORS FOR EMBOLIC STROKE
Hypertension
Diabetes
Smoking
Hyperlipidemia
Effect of Cholesterol Reduction with Statin Drugs
Oral Contraceptives
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Silent Cerebral Infarction Associated with Coronary Artery Disease
Alcohol
Infections
Syphilis
Atrial Fibrillation
Myocardial Infarction
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Risk of Stroke Associated with Cardiac Surgery
TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACKS (TIA)
Embolic TIAs
Source
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
MAJOR VESSEL STROKE
Carotid Occlusion
Acute Carotid Occlusion
Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion
The Anterior Choroidal Artery Syndrome
Clinical Presentation
Anterior Cerebral Artery Infarction
Symptoms
Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion
Features
Posterior Circulation Infarction
Subclavian Artery Stenosis
Vertebrobasilar Infarction
Clinical Features
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Infarction
Clinical Signs
Other Symptoms
Pontine Infarction
Basilar Artery Infarction
Infarction due to Thrombosis
Midbrain Infarction
Weber's Syndrome
Claude's Syndrome
Benedict's Syndrome
Superior Cerebellar Artery Infarction
Median or Paramedian Infarction of the Upper Midbrain
MAJOR ARTERY STROKES IN POSTERIOR CIRCULATION
Superior Cerebellar Artery Infarcts
Clnical Features
Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA) Infarction
General Features
Clinical Features
Posterior Cerebral Artery Infarction
General Features
Clinical Features
Pathogenesis
Bilateral PCA Infarction
Clinical Features
Pathogenesis
LACUNAR INFARCTIONS
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
STROKE IN YOUNG PATIENTS
General Features
Pathogenesis
CADASIL (Cerebral Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy)
CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE
Hypertensive Hemorrhage
Sites
Clinical Features
Non-hypertensive Causes of Intracranial Hemorrhage
Parenchymal and Subarachonoid Hemorrhage
Clinical Features
Risk Factors
Symptoms
Chronic Symptoms
Specific Clinical Features in an Aneurysm
Posterior Communicating Artery
Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm
Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysm
Medical Complications of Aneurysmal SAH
Miscellaneous Causes of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Trauma
Mycotic Aneurysm
Drug Abuse
Primary Tumors that Hemorrhage
Bleeding Diathesis
VENOUS STROKES
Clinical Features
ANTI-IMMUNE DISEASE AND STROKE
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Clinical Features
Other Autoimmune Causes that Cause Stroke
Infections that Cause Stroke
Immunologically Compromised Host and Stroke
Virus Infections and Stroke
Fungal Infection and Stroke
Cystecercosis
12:
Epilepsy
GENERALIZED SEIZURES
Clinical Features
Prodromal Phase
Pretonic/Clonic Phase
Tonic Phase
Clonic Phase
Postictal Phase
Laboratory Features
Complications of a Seizure
Etiology
Genetic Abnormality
Metabolic Diseases Causing GTCS
Hypoglycemia
Hypocalcemia
Infections Causing GTCS
Tumors Causing GTCS
Other Causes of GTCS
ABSENCE SEIZURES
Simple Typical Absence
Features
Complex Typical Absence
Automatisms
Absence Syndromes
Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
Childhood Absence
Absence Status Epilepticus
MYOCLONIC EPILEPSY
Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy
Causes
Myoclonic Syndrome
Clinical Features
Genetic Abnormality
MERF (Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy with Ragged Fibers)
PARTIAL SEIZURES
Simple Sensory Partial Seizures and Motor Seizures
Jacksonian March
TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY
Clinical Features
Localizing Features of Importance in TLE
Causes
Hippocampal Sclerosis
Laboratory Findings
Parietal Lobe Lesions and Seizures
Clinical Features
FEBRILE CONVULSIONS
General Features
Complex Febrile Seizure
Risk of Epilepsy
Status Epilepticus
Types
Causes of Status Epilepticus
Epilepsia Partialis Continua
GENETICS AND EPILEPSY
Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy
Genetics
Clinical Features
Seizures during Pregnancy
Differential Diagnosis of Seizure vs Syncope
Syncope
SUMMARY
13:
Headache
CLASSIFICATION OF MIGRAINE
MIGRAINE
Site of the Headache
Type of Pain
Associated Symptoms
Classification of Migraine
Migraine without Aura
Migraine with Aura
Childhood Migraine
General Features of Aura
Basilar-type Migraine
Familial Hemiplegic Migraine
Childhood Migraine
Abdominal Migraine
Benign Paroxysmal Vertigo
Retinal Migraine
Menstrual Migraine
Complication of Migraine
Tension Headache
Headache due to Temporal Arteritis
Post-traumatic Headache
Headache due to Raised Intracranial Tension
14:
Dementia
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND DEMENTIA WITH LEWY BODIES
Risk Factors
Pathology
Dementia with Lewy Bodies
Clinical Features
Hereditary form of Prion Disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
EEG Findings
MRI
Pathology
HEREDITARY DEMENTIAS
Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy
General Features
Pathology
MRI
Machado-Joseph Disease
Clinical Features
Varying Features
General Features
Clinical Features
Pathology
DEMENTIA DUE TO VASCULAR DISEASE
Middle Cerebral Artery
Anterior Cerebral Artery
Posterior Cerebral Artery
Multi-infarct Dementia
MRI Evaluation
Binswanger Disease
Clinical Features
Pathology
METABOLIC AND OTHER CAUSES OF DEMENTIA
Renal Failure
Uremic Encephalopathy
General Features
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Liver Failure with Dementia
Clinical Features
Pathology
Thyroid and Dementia
Clinical Features
Laboratory Findings
Addison's Disease
Clinical Features
Vitamin B12 / Folic Acid Deficiency
Folic Acid Deficiency
Chronic Hypoglycemia
Neuropathology
Disorders of Calcium Metabolism
Hypercalcemia
Clinical Features
Hypocalcemia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Cushing's Syndrome
Etiology
Clinical Features
DEMENTIA IN ASSOCIATION WITH TOXIC DISORDERS
Aluminum
Alcohol
Clinical Features
Lesions Seen in
Marchiafava-Bignami Disease
Clinical Features
Central Pontine Myelinolysis
Clinical Features
Pathology
Manganese
Clinical Features
Pathology
MRI Evaluation
Mercury
Clinical Features
TUMORS CAUSING DEMENTIA
Colloid Cyst
Pinealoma
Pituitary Tumors
Thalamic Tumor
Lymphoma
Glioblastoma Multiform
Paraneoplastic Syndrome
Clinical Features
Pathology
HIV AND DEMENTIA
Neurosyphilis
CSF
Cysticercosis
Clinical Features
Pathology
LYSOSOMAL DISORDERS WITH DEMENTIA
Other: Gangliosidosis
Niemann-Pick Disease
Clinical Features
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
General Features
Clinical Features
Pathology
Peripheral Nerves
DEMENTIA RESULTING FROM HEAD TRAUMA
Clinical Features
Neuropathology
Dementia Following Repeated Head Trauma
Subcortical Dementia
Clinical Features
Pathology
MRI Evaluation
DEMENTIA DUE TO DISORDERS OF BLOOD VESSELS
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Clinical Features
Laboratory Tests
Pathology: Vasculitis
Primary Granulomatous Angiitis
Clinical Features
Laboratory
Giant Cell Arteritis
Clinical Features
Pathology
15:
The Brainstem
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
Features of the Posterior (dorsal) Aspect of Medulla
Blood Supply of the Medulla
PONS
Blood Supply
Structural Format
MIDBRAIN
Red Nucleus
Afferent Fibers
Efferent Fibers
White Matter
Reticular Formation
Blood Supply
Clinical Aspects of Brainstem Disease
Vascular Syndromes
Dorsolateral Infarction
Paramedian Infarction
Perinaud's Syndrome
Basal Infarction
Pontine Vascular Lesions
Dorsolateral Infarction
Paramedian Infarction
Basal Infarction
Medullary Vascular Lesions
Dorsolateral Infarction
Transient Ischemic Episodes
Brainstem Hemorrhage
Pontine Hemorrhage
Multiple Sclerosis and Brainstem
Tumors of the Brainstem
Posterior Fossa Tumors
Infections giving rise to Brainstem Signs
Brainstem Dysfunction as a Result of Metabolic/Toxic Causes
INDEX
TOC
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