Index

Short Textbook of Surgery: With Focus on Clinical Skills Himansu Roy

PART I: GENERAL SURGERY
SECTION 1:PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF SURGERY
- DEFINITION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- CLASSIFICATION OF SHOCK: (SEE TABLE 1.1)
- STAGES OF SHOCK
- PATHOGENESIS
- ORGAN CHANGES IN SHOCK
- INVESTIGATIONS AND ASSESSMENT
- TREATMENT
CHAPTER 2:Wound Healing
- INTRODUCTION
  - Regeneration
- WOUND HEALING
  - The Phases of Wound Healing
- INFLAMMATION (2-3 DAYS)
  - Vascular Response
  - Cellular Response
- FORMATION OF GRANULATION TISSUE (ORGANIZATION) (DAY 3-14)
- COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS
- THE HEALING SEQUENCE
- REGULATION OF WOUND HEALING BY GROWTH FACTORS
  - How the Cytokines Act?
  - Mechanism of Action
- FACTORS INFLUENCING WOUND HEALING
- DISORDERS OF SCARRING
  - Hypertrophic Scar
    - Treatment
  - Keloids
    - Treatment
- HEALING OF SPECIALIZED TISSUES
- CLASSIFICATION OF WOUNDS
  - Wound Excision
- TYPES OF WOUND
CHAPTER 3:Hemorrhage and Blood Transfusion
- HEMORRHAGE
- ESTIMATION OF THE AMOUNT OF BLOOD LOSS
  - Treatment
- BLOOD TRANSFUSION
- MASSIVE TRANSFUSION
  - Complications
- PLASMA AND BLOOD SUBSTITUTES
  - Plasma Substitutes
  - Red Cell/Blood Substitutes
    - Hemoglobin Solutions
    - Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
- PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF BLOOD
- PREPARATION FORBLOOD TRANSFUSION–BLOOD GROUPING, ANTIBODY SCREENINGAND CROSS-MATCHING
- HAZARDS OR COMPLICATIONS OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION
- AUTOLOGOUS TRANSFUSION
CHAPTER 4:Hemostasis and Coagulation
- PHASES OF HEMOSTASIS
- INHIBITORS OF COAGULATION
- GENERAL MECHANISM (FIG 4.2)
- FIBRINOLYSIS (FIG. 4.3)
  - Clot Retraction
- LABORATORY TESTS FOR HEMOSTASIS
- ACQUIRED DISORDERS OF COAGULATION
- CONGENITAL DISORDERS OF COAGULATION
- PLATELET DISORDERS
- INVESTIGATION OF A PATIENT WITH BLEEDING DISORDERS
- HYPERCOAGULABLE STATES AND THROMBOTIC DISEASE OR THROMBOPHILIA
CHAPTER 5:Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
- INTRODUCTION
- FLUID COMPARTMENTS
- INTERPRETATION OF FLUID BALANCE
  - The Capillary Membrane
    - Starling Hypothesis
    - Starling's Equation
  - The Cell Membrane
- WHICH FLUIDS GO WHERE?
  - Movement of Water Between Compartments
  - Relative Fluid Deficit
- NORMAL WATER AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
- DISORDERS OF FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
- FLUID THERAPY
- FLUID REPLACEMENT
- THE FLUID RULE
CHAPTER 6:Acid-base Balance
- INTRODUCTION
  - Blood Hydrogen Ion Concentration: (H+)
  - Regulation of pH
- BODY FLUID BUFFER SYSTEMS
- ROLE OF THE LUNGS
- ROLE OF THE KIDNEYS
  - Addition of New Bicarbonate
    - Phosphate Buffer System
    - Ammonia Buffer System
- DEFINITION OF ACID-BASE TERMS
- METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
- METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
- RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
- RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
CHAPTER 7:Nutrition in Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS
  - Nutritional Status Parameters
- INDICATIONS OF NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT
- NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
- NUTRIENT MIXING
  - Micronutrients
- ROUTES FOR NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT – ENTERAL OR PARENTERAL NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT
- ENTERAL NUTRITION
- TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION (TPN)
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Related to Feeding Catheter
  - Related to Feeding Regimen (Metabolic Complications)
CHAPTER 8:Endocrine and Metabolic Response to Injury
- INTRODUCTION
  - Initiation of the Response
- SYSTEMS CONTROLLING THE RESPONSE
- METABOLISM AFTER INJURY
- FACTORS DETERMINING THE MAGNITUDE OF METABOLIC RESPONSE
- FACTORS REDUCING THE METABOLIC RESPONSE AND QUICK RECOVERY
SECTION 2:SURGICAL INFECTION AND BURN
- DEFINITION
- DETERMINANTS OF INFECTION
  - Microbial Pathogenicity
    - Conventional Pathogens
  - Host Defences
    - Local Host Defences
    - Systemic Host Defences
  - Local Environment
  - Surgical Technique
- SOURCE OF INFECTION
  - Endogenous Infection
    - Prevention of Endogenous Infection
  - Exogenous Infection
    - Human Sources
    - Types of Surgical Infection
- FOLLICULITIS, FURUNCLE, CARBUNCLE
  - Folliculitis and Furuncle
  - Carbuncle
- HYDRADENITIS SUPPURATIVA
- ABSCESS
  - Types
  - Bacteremia
  - Septicemia
  - Toxemia
  - Pyemia
    - Pyogenic Abscess
  - Pathology
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
  - Procedure
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
    - Breast Abscess
- CELLULITIS
  - Pathology
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
    - Cellulitis at Special Sites
- LYMPHANGITIS AND LYMPHADENITIS
- ERYSEPELAS
- DOG AND CAT BITE WOUNDS
- DRUG INJECTION ABSCESS
- NECROTIZING FASCITIS
- GAS GANGRENE
- TETANUS
  - Tetanus Prophylaxis
- INFECTIONS OF HAND AND FOOT
  - Hand Infections
    - Types
  - Paronychia
    - Acute Paronychia
    - Chronic Paronychia
  - Cuticular and Subcutaneous Infection
    - Treatment
  - Terminal Pulp Space Infection
    - Clinical Features
    - Treatment
  - Deep Space Infections (Fig. 9.1)
  - Web Space Infection
    - Web Space
  - Suppurative Tenosynovitis
    - Surgical Anatomy of Flexor Tendon Sheath Arrangements
- FIBROUS FLEXOR SHEATHS (FIGS 9.2A AND B)
  - Etiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
  - Complications
- FOOT INFECTIONS
  - Introduction
    - Treatment
  - Ingrowing Toe Nails
    - Treatment
  - Diabetic Foot
    - Diabetes
  - Pathogenesis and Pathology
  - Vasculopathy
  - Peripheral Neuropathies
    - Treatment
- FUNGAL INFECTIONS
  - Madura Foot (Syn. Mycetoma)
    - Treatment
- HOSPITAL ACQUIRED (NOSOCOMIAL) INFECTIONS
  - Definition
  - Postoperative Wound Infection
    - Subclassification
    - Factors Influencing SSI (surgical site infection)
  - Incisional SSI
    - Clinical Features
    - Treatment
  - Organ/Space SSI: Intra-abdominal Infections
  - Urinary Tract Infection
    - Treatment
  - Respiratory Tract Infection
    - Treatment
  - Infection of Intravenous Access Site
  - Enteric Infections
    - Treatment
- SURGICAL INFECTIONS OF ABDOMEN
  - Biliary Infections
  - Hepatic Infections – Liver Abscess
    - Liver Abscess
    - Diagnosis
  - Acute Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Abscess
  - Acute Appendicitis
  - Diverticulitis
  - Peritonitis
- SURGICAL INFECTIONS OF THORAX
  - Lung Abscess and Empyema
    - Clinical Features
  - Mediastinitis
- PATHOGENS IN SURGICAL INFECTION
  - Gram+ve Cocci
  - Gram –ve Cocci
    - Aerobic and facultative anerobic Gram Negative Bacilli
    - Anaerobic Bacilli
- ANTIBIOTICS
  - Mode of Action
  - Penicillin
  - Carbapenems
  - Cephalosporins
  - Aminoglycosides
  - Quinolones
  - Tetracyclines
  - Macrolides
  - Oxazolidinediones
  - Nitroimidazoles
- ANTIBIOTIC POLICY
  - Prophylactic Use of Antibiotics
    - Indications
CHAPTER 10:Burns
- DEFINITION
- CLASSIFICATION OF BURNS
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  - Burn Shock
- SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF BURN
- TREATMENT
- OTHER TYPES OF BURN INJURY
- COMPLICATIONS OF BURN INJURY
  - Early Complications
  - Late Complications
- POSTBURN CONTRACTURE
  - Prevention
  - Treatment
SECTION 3:SKIN AND CYSTS
- HYPERTROPHIC SCAR
- KELOID
CHAPTER 12:Tumors of the Skin
- CLASSIFICATION
- PAPILLOMA
  - Papilloma of The Skin
    - Squamous Cell Papilloma
    - Basal Cell Papilloma
  - Treatment
- BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
- SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA (FIG. 12.3)
- MELANOMA
- MARJOLIN's ULCER
  - Definition
  - Treatment
- HEMANGIOMA
- LIPOMA
  - Types
  - Complications
- NEUROFIBROMA
- VON RECKLINGHAUSEN'S DISEASE (FIG. 12.8)
  - Diagnosis
- PLEXIFORM NEUROFIBROMATOSIS (FIG. 12.9)
- CUTANEOUS NEUROFIBROMATOSIS
CHAPTER 13:Skin Grafting
- TYPES OF SKIN GRAFT
  - Autograft
  - Graft Survival
- PROCEDURE OF PARTIAL THICKNESS GRAFT
CHAPTER 14:Cysts
- CYST
- DERMOID CYST
  - Diagnosis
  - Types of Dermoid
- SEBACEOUS CYST (SYN. EPIDERMOID CYST)
- MESENTERIC CYSTS
SECTION 4:SPECIALTIES RELATED TO SURGERY
- PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND PREMEDICATION
- TECHNIQUES OF ANESTHESIA
- GENERAL ANESTHESIA
- MONITORING DURING ANESTHESIA
  - Clinical Monitoring
- RECOVERY FROM GENERAL ANESTHESIA
- REGIONAL ANESTHESIA
- LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENTS – PHARMACOLOGY
- TYPES OF REGIONAL ANESTHESIA
- SPINAL ANESTHESIA
- EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA
- EXTRADURAL SACRAL BLOCK OR CAUDAL BLOCK
  - Combined General and Regional Anesthesia
- SOME COMMON POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 16:Clinical Oncology
- NEOPLASM
  - Definition
  - Classification
    - Benign Neoplasm
    - Malignant Neoplasm
- SARCOMA
- CARCINOMA
- DISORDERS OF GROWTH
- ETIOLOGY OF CANCER
- GROWTH AND SPREAD OF MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS
  - Grading and Staging of Tumors
    - Grading
    - Staging
- TREATMENT OF CANCER
CHAPTER 17:Imaging in Surgery
- PLAIN RADIOGRAPH
  - Indications
- MAMMOGRAPHY
- SPECIAL RADIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES USING CONTRAST MEDIA
- ULTRASONOGRAPHY
- CT SCAN AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)
- RADIOISOTOPE SCAN
  - Principle
  - Applications
PART II: SYSTEMIC SURGERY INCLUDING ORTHOPEDICS
SECTION 5:HEAD AND NECK
- SURGICAL ANATOMY
- PAROTID SWELLINGS
- PAROTID FISTULA
- SUBMANDIBULAR CALCULI
- CARCINOMA OF SUBMANDIBULAR SALIVARY GLAND
CHAPTER 19:The Gums and Jaws
- JAW TUMORS
  - Classification
- EPULIS
- ODONTOMES
- DENTAL CYST
- DENTIGEROUS CYST
- ADAMANTINOMA
- TUMORS OF THE JAW BONES
  - Classification
CHAPTER 20:Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate
- EMBRYOLOGY
  - Changes in the Frontonasal Process and Development of Lips
  - Development of Palate
- CLEFT LIP (FIG. 20.2)
- CLEFT PALATE (FIG. 20.3)
CHAPTER 21:The Tongue and Lip
- SURGICAL ANATOMY
- ULCERS OF TONGUE
  - Classification
- GLOSSITIS
  - Chronic Superficial Glossitis (Leukoplakia)
- TUMORS OF TONGUE
  - Carcinoma of Tongue
  - Investigations
    - Treatment
    - Prognosis
- LIP
  - Neoplasm of Lip
    - Classification
  - Carcinoma Lip
CHAPTER 22:Neck Swellings
- SURGICAL ANATOMY
  - Triangles of the Neck (Fig. 22.1)
- CLASSIFICATION
- RANULA
- SUBLINGUAL AND CERVICAL DERMOID
- BRANCHIAL CYST
- BRANCHIAL FISTULA
- CYSTIC HYGROMA
- COLD ABSCESS
- CERVICAL LYMPHADENOPATHY
- CAROTID BODY TUMOR
- STERNOMASTOID TUMOR
- PHARYNGEAL POUCH
SECTION 6:ENDOCRINE SURGERY
- SURGICAL ANATOMY
- PHYSIOLOGY
- INVESTIGATIONS—TESTS OF THYROID FUNCTION
- CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
  - Lingual Thyroid
    - Treatment
  - Thyroglossal Cyst (Fig. 23.6)
    - Treatment
- GOITER
  - Classification of Goiters
- NON-TOXIC GOITER
- TOXIC GOITER (THYROTOXICOSIS)
- SOLITARY THYROID NODULE
- NEOPLASTIC GOITER
  - Benign Tumors
- AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS (HASHIMOTO'S DISEASE)
- SUBACUTE THYROIDITIS
- RIEDEL's THYROIDITIS
  - Treatment
  - Inflammatory Goiter
CHAPTER 24:Parathyroids
- ANATOMY
- PHYSIOLOGY
  - Regulation of PTH Secretion
  - Calcitonin
- HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
- HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
CHAPTER 25:The Adrenal Glands
- DEVELOPMENT
- ANATOMY
- HISTOLOGY
- TUMORS OF ADRENAL MEDULLA
- THE ADRENAL CORTEX
- ADRENAL INCIDENTALOMA
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
- ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY
SECTION 7:VASCULAR SURGERY
- ARTERIAL OCCLUSION
  - Classification
    - Acute
    - Chronic
- INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION (ISCHEMIC MUSCLE PAIN)
  - Gradations of Claudication
  - Rest Pain
- ATHEROSCLEROSIS
  - Prevention of Atherosclerosis
  - Treatment
    - Atherosclerosis of Aortoiliac Segment
    - Atherosclerosis of Femoropopliteal Segment
- CRITICAL LIMB ISCHEMIA (CLI)
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
- ARTERIAL DILATATION ANEURYSM
- ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM
- GANGRENE
- PRESSURE SORES
- RAYNAUD's SYNDROME
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME (TOS)
- BUERGER'S DISEASE
CHAPTER 27:Varicose Vein, DVT, Pulmonary Embolism
- VARICOSE VEIN
- DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS
- PULMONARY EMBOLISM
CHAPTER 28:Lymphatics and Lymph Nodes
- DISEASES OF THE LYMPHATICS
- DISEASES OF THE LYMPH NODES
SECTION 8:GASTROINTESTINAL SURGERY
- ESOPHAGUS
- DYSPHAGIA
- ACHALASIA OF THE CARDIA (CARDIOSPASM)
- PLUMMER–VINSON SYNDROME (Paterson and Kelly Syndrome)
  - Treatment
- TUMORS OF THE ESOPHAGUS
- CARCINOMA OF ESOPHAGUS
- DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA
  - Classification
- CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA
- EVENTRATION OF DIAPHRAGM
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- ACQUIRED DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA
  - Traumatic Diaphragmatic Hernia
  - Esophageal Hiatal Hernia
CHAPTER 30:Stomach and Duodenum
- ANATOMY
- CONGENITAL HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS
- GASTRITIS
  - Acute Gastritis
  - Chronic Gastritis
    - Types
- PEPTIC ULCERS
- DUODENAL ULCER
- PERFORATED GASTRIC ORDUODENAL ULCER
- PEPTIC ULCER HEMORRHAGE
- PYLORIC STENOSIS
- GASTRIC ULCER
- GASTRIC CARCINOMA
- ZOLLINGER–ELLISON SYNDROME
CHAPTER 31:Small Intestine
- SMALL INTESTINE
- INTESTINAL TUBERCULOSIS
  - Types
- ULCERATIVE TUBERCULOSIS
- HYPERPLASTIC ILEOCECAL TUBERCULOSIS
- CROHN'S DISEASE
- DIVERTICULAR DISORDERS
  - Types
  - Meckel's Diverticulum
- SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- TYPHOID ENTERITIS
- NEOPLASMS
  - Types
    - Peutz–Jeghers Syndrome
    - Carcinoid
- ENTEROCUTANEOUS FISTULA
CHAPTER 32:Large Intestine
- ANATOMY
- BLOOD SUPPLY (FIG. 32.1)
- LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
- NERVE SUPPLY
- HIRSCHSPRUNG'S DISEASE
- ULCERATIVE COLITIS
CHAPTER 33:The Appendix
- SURGICAL ANATOMY
- ANATOMICAL POSITIONS (FIG. 33.1)
- BLOOD SUPPLY (FIG. 33.2)
- APPENDICITIS
- LAPAROSCOPIC APPENDICECTOMY
- NEOPLASMS OF THE APPENDIX
- CARCINOID TUMOR
  - Treatment
- ADENOCARCINOMA
- MALIGNANT MUCOCELE
CHAPTER 34:Intestinal Obstruction
- INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
- PARALYTIC ILEUS
- NEONATAL INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
- INTUSSUSCEPTION
- VOLVULUS
CHAPTER 35:Rectum and Anal Canal
- RECTUM
- ANAL CANAL
- PROLAPSE OF RECTUM
- COLORECTAL CARCINOMA
- ANORECTAL ANOMALIES
- HEMORRHOIDS (PILES)
- ANORECTAL ABSCESS
  - Causative Organisms
  - Classification
- FISTULA IN ANO
- ANAL FISSURE (FISSURE IN ANO)
SECTION 9:HEPATOBILIARY, PANCREAS AND SPLEEN
- SURGICAL ANATOMY
- FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY: HEPATIC SEGMENTS (FIGS 36.2A AND B)
  - Blood Supply
- MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
- FUNCTIONS OF LIVER
- AMEBIC LIVER ABSCESS
- PYOGENIC LIVER ABSCESS
- HYDATID CYST OF LIVER
- LIVER NEOPLASMS
  - Benign (Rare)
  - Malignant
- PORTAL HYPERTENSION
- BUDD-CHIARI's SYNDROME
CHAPTER 37:Gallbladder
- SURGICAL ANATOMY (FIG. 37.1)
- CONGENITAL DISORDERS OF GALLBLADDER
- GALLSTONE
- CHOLECYSTITIS
- STONES IN THE COMMON BILE DUCT
- WHITE BILE
  - Hydrohepatosis
  - Clinical Features
- COURVOISIER's LAW
- SURGICAL JAUNDICE (OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE)
- CARCINOMA GALLBLADDER
CHAPTER 38:Pancreas
- SURGICAL ANATOMY
- PHYSIOLOGY
  - Exocrine Function
  - Endocrine Function
    - Annular Pancreas
    - Ectopic Pancreas
- PANCREATITIS
- SURGERY
  - Indications
- PANCREATIC CYSTS
  - Classification
- PSEUDOPANCREATIC CYST
- TUMORS OF THE PANCREAS
  - Classification
  - Carcinoma of the Pancreas
CHAPTER 39:Spleen
- SURGICAL ANATOMY
  - Structure
- BLOOD SUPPLY
  - Development
  - Splenunculi or Accessory Spleen
- FUNCTIONS
- SPLENOMEGALY
  - Common Causes of Enlargement of Spleen
- SPLENECTOMY
  - Indications
- SPLENIC INJURY (RUPTURE SPLEEN)
SECTION 10:UMBILICUS, ABDOMINAL WALL, PERITONEUM AND HERNIAE
- EMBRYOLOGY
- ANOMALIES OF DEVELOPMENT
  - The Vitellointestinal Duct
  - Allantois
- DISEASES OF THE UMBILICUS
- ABDOMINAL WALL
CHAPTER 41:The Peritoneum
- SURGICAL ANATOMY
- PERITONEAL CAVITY
- PERITONITIS
- SUBPHRENIC ABSCESS
- PELVIC ABSCESS
- SPECIAL TYPES OF PERITONITIS
CHAPTER 42:Hernia
- DEFINITION
- INGUINAL HERNIA
- NYHUS CLASSIFICATION FOR GROIN HERNIA
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF GROIN SWELLINGS
- SPECIAL VARIETIES OF INGUINAL HERNIA
- RECURRENT INGUINAL HERNIA
- STRANGULATED INGUINAL HERNIA
- LAPAROSCOPIC INGUINAL HERNIA REPAIR
- FEMORAL HERNIA
  - Definition
  - Surgical Anatomy − Femoral Canal and Femoral Ring
    - Femoral Canal (Fig. 42.2)
    - Femoral Ring: Boundary
- FEMORAL SHEATH
- EPIGASTRIC HERNIA
- UMBILICAL HERNIA
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- ADULT UMBILICAL HERNIA
- INCISIONAL HERNIA (FIG. 42.5)
- SOME RARE EXTERNAL HERNIAE
SECTION 11:BREAST SURGERY
- SURGICAL ANATOMY OF THE BREAST
- BENIGN BREAST DISEASE
  - Presentation
  - Classification
    - Congenital Abnormalities
    - Development Abnormalities
- ABERRATIONS OF NORMAL DEVELOPMENT AND INVOLUTION (ANDI)
- INFECTIVE DISORDERS
- MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS
- PRESENTATION OF BREAST DISEASE
CHAPTER 44:Malignant Disease of the Breast
- CARCINOMA OF THE FEMALE BREAST
- TREATMENT OF BREAST CANCER
  - Early Breast Cancer
SECTION 12:UROLOGY
- SYMPTOMS
- NONSPECIFIC SYMPTOMS
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF THE GENITOURINARY SYSTEM
  - Examination of Abdomen
- INVESTIGATIONS OF THE URINARY TRACT
CHAPTER 46:Kidney and Ureter
- EMBRYOLOGY
- SURGICAL ANATOMY (FIGS 46.2A AND B)
- RELATIONS
- CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF KIDNEYS AND URETERS
  - Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney
  - Congenital Anomalies of Ureters
- HORSESHOE KIDNEY
  - Pathology
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY
  - Pathology
  - Clinical Features
  - Special Investigations
  - Treatment
  - Prognosis
  - Infantile Polycystic Disease
- SOLITARY RENAL CYST (Syn–Simple Cyst)
- HYDRONEPHROSIS
  - Definition
  - Causes
    - Unilateral Hydronephrosis
    - Bilateral Hydronephrosis
  - Pathology
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
    - Laboratory Findings
  - Treatment
  - Surgery
  - Complications
- RENAL STONE
  - Incidence
  - Etiology
  - Types of Stones
  - Clinical Features
  - Complications
  - Investigations
  - Special Investigations
  - Treatment
    - Conservative or Nonoperative Treatment
    - Operative Treatment
  - Bilateral Kidney Stones
  - Prevention of Recurrence
    - General Measures
    - Specific Measures
- URETERIC STONE
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
  - Ureteroscopic Stone Removal
  - Open Surgery
    - Ureterolithotomy
- RENAL INFECTION
  - Renal Tuberculosis
  - Pathology (Fig. 46.7)
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
  - Cystoscopy
  - Treatment
  - Operative Treatment
- ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS
  - Pathology
  - Clinical Features
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Treatment
  - Complications
- PYONEPHROSIS
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- PERINEPHRIC ABSCESS
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
- RENAL CARBUNCLE
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- CHRONIC PYELONEPHRITIS
  - Pathology
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
- RENAL NEOPLASMS
  - Classification
    - Tumors of the Kidney Itself
    - Tumors of the Renal Pelvis
- NEPHROBLASTOMA (WILMS’ TUMOR OR EMBRYOMA OF THE KIDNEY)
  - Pathology
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
  - Prognosis
- ADENOCARCINOMA (HYPERNEPHROMA)
  - Etiology
  - Pathology
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
  - Management
  - Prognosis
- TUMORS OF RENAL PELVIS AND URETER
  - Incidence
  - Etiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
- SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF RENAL PELVIS
CHAPTER 47:Urinary Bladder
- EMBRYOLOGY
- SURGICAL ANATOMY
- COMMON CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF URINARY BLADDER
- CYSTITIS
- SCHISTOSOMIASIS OF THE BLADDER (SYN—ENDEMIC HEMATURIA, URINARY BILHARZIASIS)
- THIMBLE BLADDER (SYN— S YSTOLIC BLADDER)
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
- TUMORS OF THE BLADDER
  - Classifications
- CARCINOMA OF THE BLADDER
- URINARY INCONTINENCE
- RETENTION OF URINE
- VESICAL FISTULA
- URINARY DIVERSION
- ILEAL LOOP CONDUIT
  - Continent Urinary Diversion
- NEUROGENIC BLADDER
CHAPTER 48:Renal Failure and Transplantation
- ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
- CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
- RENAL TRANSPLANTATION
CHAPTER 49:Urethra and Penis
- URETHRA
- PHIMOSIS
- PARAPHIMOSIS
  - Treatment
- CARCINOMA PENIS
- PEYRONIE'S DISEASE
CHAPTER 50:Prostate
- SURGICAL ANATOMY (FIGS 50.1A to C)
  - The Prostatic Capsules
  - Lobes
- HISTOLOGY
- RELATIONS
- BLOOD SUPPLY
- PHYSIOLOGY
- DEVELOPMENT
- BENIGN ENLARGEMENT OF PROSTATE (BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY)
- CARCINOMA PROSTATE
CHAPTER 51:Testis and Scrotum
- EMBRYOLOGY (FIG. 51.1)
- DESCENT OF TESTIS
- TESTES
- UNDESCENDED TESTIS (SYN—I NCOMPLETE DESCENT OF TESTIS)
- TESTICULAR TORSION (SYN— TORSION OF THE SPERMATIC CORD)
- TESTICULAR TUMOR
- HYDROCELE
- VARICOCELE
- EPIDIDYMAL CYST
- SPERMATOCELE
  - Treatment
- DEGENERATION CYSTS
  - Multiple Cysts
    - Origin
  - Solitary Cysts
    - Origin
    - Features
- EPIDIDYMO-ORCHITIS
- ELEPHANTIASIS OF SCROTUM
- IDIOPATHIC (FOURNIER'S) GANGRENE OF SCROTUM
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
SECTION 13:TRAUMA
- INJURY CONTROL
CHAPTER 53:Head Injury
- CLASSIFICATION
- PATHOLOGY
  - Primary Brain Injury
    - Cerebral Contusion
    - Cerebral Laceration
  - Secondary Brain Injury
- MANAGEMENT
- INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE
- FRACTURE OF SKULL BONE
CHAPTER 54:Thoracic Trauma
- TYPES
  - Penetrating Injuries
  - Blunt Injuries
- MANAGEMENT
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - Definitive Care
- SPECIFIC INJURIES
- TRAUMATIC HEMOTHORAX
- PULMONARY CONTUSION (CONTUSION – BRUISE)(LUNG INJURY)
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- TRACHEAL AND BRONCHIAL INJURY
- CARDIOVASCULAR INJURY
  - Pericardial Tamponade
    - Diagnosis
    - Treatment
- CARDIAC CONTUSION AND RUPTURE
  - Injury to Aorta
- DIAPHRAGMATIC INJURY
- ESOPHAGEAL INJURY
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
CHAPTER 55:Abdominal Trauma
- CLASSIFICATION
- MANAGEMENT
- LAPAROTOMY
- SPECIFIC INJURIES
- RETROPERITONEAL HEMATOMA
- DAMAGE CONTROL SURGERY IN MAJOR TRAUMA
- ABDOMINAL COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
CHAPTER 56:Genitourinary Tract Trauma
- KIDNEY INJURY
- URETERIC INJURY
- BLADDER INJURY
- INJURIES TO THE URETHRA
  - Anterior Urethral Trauma (Spongy Urethra)
  - Injury To Posterior Urethra (Prostatomembranourethra)
SECTION 14:ORTHOPEDICS
- DEFINITIONS
- CLASSIFICATION OF FRACTURES
- HEALING OF A FRACTURE
- TREATMENT OF FRACTURE
  - Treatment of Closed Fracture
- REDUCTION
  - Closed Reduction
    - RETENTION (Immobilization of Fractures)
    - Rehabilitation
  - Treatment of Compound Fracture (Open Fracture)
- COMPLICATIONS OF FRACTURES
CHAPTER 58:Fractures and Dislocations of Upper Limb
- FRACTURE CLAVICLE
- DISLOCATION OF SHOULDER
- FRACTURE THROUGH THE PROXIMAL HUMERUS
- FRACTURE OF THE SHAFT OF HUMERUS (FIG. 58.3)
- SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURE OF HUMERUS (FIG. 58.4)
- DISLOCATION OF THE ELBOW
- FRACTURE OF THE RADIUS AND ULNA
- FRACTURE DISLOCATIONS OF THE FOREARM (FIG. 58.7)
- PULLED ELBOW
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- COLLES FRACTURE (FIG. 58.8)
- FRACTURE OF SCAPHOID (FIGS 58.9 AND 58.10)
CHAPTER 59:Fractures and Dislocations of the Lower Limb
- DISLOCATION OF THE HIP
- FRACTURE OF THE NECK OF THE FEMUR
- FRACTURE SHAFT OF FEMUR (FIGS 59.4A-D)
- CONDYLAR FRACTURES OF FEMUR
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- FRACTURE PATELLA
- TRAUMATIC DISLOCATION OF PATELLA
  - Treatment
- SOFT TISSUE INJURIES OF THE KNEE
- MENISCAL INJURY
- FRACTURES OF SHAFTS OF TIBIA AND FIBULA
- FRACTURES OF SINGLE LEG BONE
- ANKLE FRACTURES
- FRACTURE CALCANEUM
- RUPTURED TENDOACHILLES
CHAPTER 60:Osteomyelitis
- DEFINITION
- TYPES
- ACUTE PYOGENIC OSTEOMYELITIS
- CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS
CHAPTER 61:Bone Tumors
- BENIGN TUMORS
- MALIGNANT TUMORS
- SECONDARY CARCINOMA OF BONE
- TUMOR-LIKE CONDITIONS OF BONE
CHAPTER 62:Tuberculosis of Bones and Joints
- TUBERCULOSIS OF SPINE (SYN—POTT’S DISEASE AND CARIES SPINE)
- TUBERCULOSIS OF HIP
- TUBERCULOSIS OF KNEE
CHAPTER 63:Perthes Disease
- PERTHES DISEASE (SYN—C OXA PLANA, PSEUDOCOXALGIA, OSTEOCHONDRITIS O F THE FEMORAL CAPITAL EPIPHYSIS)
CHAPTER 64:Congenital Dislocation of Hip
- DEFINITION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY
  - Changes in the Bones
  - Changes in the Soft Tissues
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Patient Lying on Bed
    - Ortaloni Test
    - Telescopic Test
  - When the Patient Stands
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - X-rays
- TREATMENT
CHAPTER 65:Congenital Talipes Equinovarus and Other Deformities of Foot
- DEFORMITIES OF FOOT
  - Surgical Anatomy
- TALIPES EQUINOVARUS
  - Causes
- CONGENITAL TALIPES EQUINOVARUS (CTEV)
CHAPTER 66:Miscellaneous Affections of the Soft Tissues
- BURSITIS
  - Types
  - Treatment
- TENOSYNOVITIS
- DUPUYTREN'S CONTRACTURE (SYN—CONTRACTURE OF THE PALMAR APONEUROSIS, DUPUYTREN'S DISEASE, PALMAR FIBROMATOSIS)
- MALLET FINGER
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- TRIGGER FINGER (SYN—DIGITAL TENOVAGINITIS, SNAPPING FINGER)
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- DE-QUERVAIN'S DISEASE (SYN—TENOVAGINITIS OF THE ABDUCTOR POLLICIS LONGUS AND EXTENSOR POLLICIS BREVIS) (FIG. 66.3)
- GANGLION
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- COMPOUND PALMAR GANGLION
- CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
- TENNIS ELBOW (SYN—LATERAL EPICONDYLITIS)
- GOLFER's ELBOW (MEDIAL EPICONDYLITIS)
- PLANTAR FASCITIS
  - Treatment
- MORRANT BAKER's CYST (POPLITEAL CYST)
- RUPTURED BICEPS TENDON
- FROZEN SHOULDER (SYN—PERIARTHRITIS SHOULDER AND ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS)
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
CHAPTER 67:Amputations
- INDICATIONS
- TYPES
- GENERAL PRINCIPLES – CLOSED TYPE
- COMPLICATIONS OF AMPUTATION
- RECOMMENDED IDEAL LENGTH OF THE STUMP (FIG. 67.2)
- AN IDEAL AMPUTATION STUMP
PART III: PRACTICALS AND VIVA IN SURGERY
SECTION 15A:CLINICAL SURGERY (LONG CASES)
- INTRODUCTION
- GENERAL PLAN OF WRITING A SURGICAL LONG CASE
CHAPTER 69:Examination of a Swelling or Tumor
- GENERAL PLAN OF EXAMINATION OF A SWELLING OR TUMOR
CHAPTER 70:Examination of an Ulcer
- GENERAL PLAN OF EXAMINATION OF AN ULCER
  - History
  - Physical Examination
    - Inspection (Fig. 70.1)
    - Palpation
CHAPTER 71:Thyroid Swelling
- GENERAL PLAN OF EXAMINATION OF THYROID SWELLING
- PRIMARY THYROTOXICOSIS (GRAVES’ DISEASE)
- THYROID CARCINOMA
  - Case Summary
  - Clinical Discussion
- NONTOXIC MULTINODULAR GOITER (COLLOID GOITER)
  - Case Summary
  - Clinical Discussion
- HYPOTHYROIDISM
- RETROSTERNAL GOITER
CHAPTER 72:Breast Carcinoma
- GENERAL PLAN OF EXAMINATION OF A CASE OF CARCINOMA BREAST
- EARLY CARCINOMA OF BREAST
  - Case Summary
  - Clinical Discussion
- LOCALLY ADVANCED BREAST CARCINOMA
  - Case Summary
  - Clinical Discussion
- BREAST CARCINOMA WITH DISTANT METASTASIS
- BREAST RECONSTRUCTION
CHAPTER 73:Abdomen
- GENERAL PLAN OF EXAMINATION OF AN ABDOMINAL CASE
- GASTRIC CARCINOMA
  - Case Summary
  - Clinical Discussion
    - Stage Grouping –
- GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION (PYLORIC STENOSIS) DUE TO COMPLICATION OF CHRONIC DUODENAL ULCER
  - Case Summary
  - Clinical Discussion
- CHRONIC DUODENAL ULCER
  - Case Summary
  - Clinical Discussion
- CHRONIC CHOLECYSTITIS
  - Case Summary
  - Clinical Discussion
- MUCOCELE OF GALLBLADDER
  - Case Summary
  - Clinical Discussion
- OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE DUE TO PERIAMPULLARY CARCINOMA
  - Case Summary
  - Clinical Discussion
- OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE DUE TO STONE IN CBD
- OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE DUE TO CARCINOMA OF GALLBLADDER
  - Case Summary
  - Clinical Discussion
- OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE DUE TO POSTCHOLECYSTECTOMY; STRICTURE OF CBD
  - Clinical Discussion
- HYDATID CYST OF LIVER
  - Case Summary
  - Clinical Discussion
- PSEUDOCYST OF PANCREAS
  - Case Summary
  - Clinical Discussion
- CARCINOMA OF COLON
CHAPTER 74:Hernia
- GENERAL PLAN OF WRITING A CASE OF HERNIA
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- REDUCIBLE INDIRECT INGUINAL HERNIA
- INCISIONAL HERNIA
  - Case Summary
  - Clinical Discussion
CHAPTER 75:Renal Case
- GENERAL PLAN OF WRITING A RENAL CASE
  - History
  - Physical examination
- RENAL CELL CARCINOMA (HYPERNEPHROMA)
  - Case Summary
  - Clinical Discussion
- HYDRONEPHROSIS
  - Case Summary
    - On Examination
  - Clinical Discussion
CHAPTER 76:Varicose Vein
- GENERAL PLAN OF WRITING A CASE OF VARICOSE VEIN
- VARICOSE VEIN
  - Case Summary
  - Clinical Discussion
CHAPTER 77:Buerger's Disease
- GENERAL PLAN OF EXAMINATION OF A CASE OF PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE AND GANGRENE (BUERGER’S DISEASE)
- BUERGER’S DISEASE
  - Case Summary
  - Clinical Discussion
CHAPTER 78:Orthopedic Long Cases: Hip Joint
- GENERAL PLAN OF EXAMINATION OF HIP JOINT
- TUBERCULOSIS OF HIP
  - Case Summary
  - Clinical Discussion
- PERTHES DISEASE
  - Case Summary
  - Clinical Discussion
- CARIES SPINE (TUBERCULOSIS OF SPINE)
  - General Plan for Writing a Case of Caries Spine
    - History
  - Physical Examination
- CARIES SPINE (TUBERCULOSIS OF SPINE)
  - Case Summary
  - Clinical Discussion
- OSTEOMYELITIS
- NONUNITED FRACTURE NECK OF FEMUR
SECTION 15B:CLINICAL SURGERY (SHORT CASES)
- INTRODUCTION
  - Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue
- SEBACEOUS CYST
  - Case Summary
  - On Examination
- DERMOID CYST
  - Case Summary (Fig. 79.1)
- HEMANGIOMA
  - Case Summary
- LIPOMA
  - Case Summary (Fig. 79.2)
- NEUROFIBROMA
- KELOID
- BASAL CELL CARCINOMA (BCC) (SYN– RODENT ULCER)
  - Case Summary
- SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
  - Case Summary
- MALIGNANT MELANOMA
  - Case Summary
- MARJOLIN's ULCER
  - Case Summary
CHAPTER 80:Neck Swellings
- RANULA
  - Case Summary
- CYSTIC HYGROMA
  - Case Summary
- BRANCHIAL CYST
  - Case Summary
- BRANCHIAL SINUS (OR FISTULA)
  - Case Summary
- THYROGLOSSAL CYST
  - Case Summary
- TUBERCULAR CERVICAL LYMPHADENOPATHY
  - Case Summary
CHAPTER 81:Salivary Glands
- PAROTID SWELLING (MIXED PAROTID TUMOR)
  - Case Summary
- CARCINOMA OF PAROTID GLAND
- PAROTID FISTULA
  - Case Summary
- CHRONIC SUBMANDIBULAR SIALOADENITIS DUE TO SUBMANDIBULAR DUCT CALCULUS
  - Case Summary
- CARCINOMA OF SUBMANDIBULAR SALIVARY GLAND
  - Case Summary
CHAPTER 82:Mouth and Oral Cavity
- CLEFT LIP
- CLEFT PALATE
- CARCINOMA TONGUE
  - Case Summary
- CARCINOMA LIP
  - Case Summary
CHAPTER 83:Hernias, Breast and Abdominal Wall
- CONGENITAL HERNIA
  - Case Summary
- EPIGASTRIC HERNIA
  - Case Summary
- UMBILICAL HERNIA
- FEMORAL HERNIA
- LUMBAR HERNIA
  - Case Summary
- DESMOID TUMOR (Syn— Recurrent Fibroid of Paget)
  - Case Summary
- RASPBERRY TUMOR (Syn— Umbilical Polyp, Umbilical Adenoma, Enteroteratoma)
  - Case Summary
- VITELLOINTESTINAL FISTULA OR PERSISTENT VITELLOINTESTINAL DUCT (VID)
  - Case Summary
- URACHAL FISTULA
  - Case Summary
- BREAST
CHAPTER 84:External Genitalia and Urethra
- TESTICULAR TUMOR
  - Case Summary
- UNDESCENDED TESTIS
  - Case Summary
- HYDROCELE
  - Case Summary
- ENCYSTED HYDROCELE OF THE CORD
  - Case Summary
- VARICOCELE
  - Case Summary
- FILARIASIS OF SCROTUM
  - Case Summary
- PHIMOSIS
  - Case Summary
- HYPOSPADIAS
- CARCINOMA PENIS
  - Case Summary
CHAPTER 85:Orthopedics – Short Cases
- CUBITUS VALGUS (Fig. 85.1)
  - Case Summary
- CUBITUS VARUS (FIG. 85.2)
  - Case Summary
  - Treatment
- WRIST DROP (RADIAL NERVE PALSY) (Fig. 85.3)
- CLAW HAND (Fig. 85.4) (Syn— Simian hand)
- GANGLION
- GENU VARUM (Fig. 85.5)
- GENU VALGUM (Fig. 85.6)
- SEMIMEMBRANOSUS BURSITIS (FIG. 85.7)
  - Case Summary
- RECURRENT DISLOCATION OF PATELLA
  - Case Summary
- CONGENITAL TALIPES EQUINOVARUS
  - Case Summary
- EXOSTOSIS (Fig. 85.8) (Syn— Osteochondroma)
  - Case Summary
- OSTEOSARCOMA
  - Case Summary
SECTION 16:OPERATIVE SURGERY
- INTRODUCTION
  - Indications of Operation
- THYROIDECTOMY
- OPERATIONS OF THE THYROID
- STEPS OF OPERATION OF TOTAL THYROIDECTOMY
  - Position of Patient
  - Incision: Kocher's Collar Incision
- POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS
- IMPORTANT PREOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 87:The Breast
- SIMPLE MASTECTOMY
  - Indications
  - Steps of Operation
- RADICAL MASTECTOMY
  - Indications
- MODIFIED RADICAL MASTECTOMY (PATEY's OPERATION)
  - Steps of Operation
- DRAINAGE OF BREAST ABSCESS
- FIBROADENOMA
  - Excision of Fibroadenoma
    - Steps of Operation (Figs 87.4A to E)
CHAPTER 88:The Abdomen—General
- ABDOMINAL INCISIONS AND CLOSURE
- INDIVIDUAL INCISIONS
- CLOSURE OF ABDOMINAL WOUNDS
- EXPLORATORY LAPAROTOMY
- COLOSTOMY
- LOOP ILEOSTOMY (FIG. 88.6)
  - Steps of Operation
CHAPTER 89:Stomach and Duodenum
- SURGICAL ANATOMY OF VAGUS NERVES
- TYPES OF VAGOTOMY (FIGS 89.1A AND B)
  - Truncal Vagotomy
    - Indications
    - Steps of Operation
- GASTROJEJUNOSTOMY
- OPERATION FOR PEPTIC ULCER PERFORATION
- GASTRECTOMY
  - Radical Subtotal Gastrectomy
    - Indications
    - Steps of Operation
  - Radical Total Gastrectomy
    - Indications
    - Steps of Operation
- PYLOROMYOTOMY – RAMSTEDT's OPERATION
- HELLER's ESOPHAGOCARDIOMYOTOMY
CHAPTER 90:Hepatobiliary and Pancreas
- CHOLECYSTECTOMY (OPEN METHOD)
- LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY (LC)
- CHOLEDOCHOLITHOTOMY
  - Indications
  - Steps of Operation
- CHOLEDOCHODUODENOSTOMY
- CYSTOGASTROSTOMY (FIG. 90.5)
  - Steps of Operation
CHAPTER 91:The Spleen: Splenectomy
- INDICATIONS
- PREOPERATIVE CARE
- STEPS OF OPERATION
CHAPTER 92:The Appendix: Appendicectomy
- SURGICAL ANATOMY
- INDICATIONS
- STEPS OF OPERATION (FIG. 92.1)
CHAPTER 93:Small Bowel
- SMALL BOWEL RESECTION AND ANASTOMOSIS
- MECKEL's DIVERTICULECTOMY (FIG. 93.4)
  - Indications
  - Steps of Operation
- STRICTUROPLASTY
  - Indications
  - Steps of Operation (Fig. 93.5)
- FEEDING JEJUNOSTOMY (FIG. 93.6)
  - Indications
  - Steps of Operation
    - Ileostomy
- THE ROUX LOOP (FIG. 93.7)
  - Advantages of Roux–en–Y Loop Over an Intact Loop
  - Steps of Operation
CHAPTER 94:Large Bowel
- RIGHT HEMICOLECTOMY
- LEFT HEMICOLECTOMY
  - Indications
  - Steps of Operation
- SIGMOID COLECTOMY
- COLOSTOMY
- ABDOMINOPERINEAL RESECTION (APR) OF RECTUM
- RECTAL PROLAPSE OPERATIONS
CHAPTER 95:Anal and Perianal Operations
- HEMORRHOIDECTOMY
- ANAL FISSURES
  - Indications of Operative Treatment
- ANAL STRETCHING
- OPERATION FOR FISTULA IN ANO (FISTULECTOMY)
  - Preoperative Preparation
    - Low Fistula
    - Operation – Fistulectomy
  - Steps of Operation
    - High Fistula
CHAPTER 96:Hernia
- OPERATIONS FOR INGUINAL HERNIA
- INGUINAL HERNIA REPAIR IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN — HERNIOTOMY
  - Steps of Operation
- INGUINAL HERNIA REPAIR OPERATIONS IN ADULTS (HERNIORRHAPHY AND HERNIOPLASTY)
  - Steps of Operation (Fig. 96.2)
  - Mesh Repair (Hernioplasty)
    - Postoperative care
    - Postoperative complications
- STRANGULATED INGUINAL HERNIA
- LAPAROSCOPIC HERNIA REPAIR
- FEMORAL HERNIA REPAIR
  - Steps of Lotheissen's Repair
- OPERATION FOR EPIGASTRIC HERNIA (FIG. 96.4)
- OPERATION FOR INFANTILE UMBILICAL HERNIA
- OPERATION FOR ADULT UMBILICAL HERNIA (SYN— P ARAUMBILICAL HERNIA)
  - Mayo's Repair
- OPERATION FOR INCISIONAL HERNIA
CHAPTER 97:Operations on Urology
- NEPHRECTOMY
- OPEN SURGERY FOR RENAL CALCULI
  - Pyelolithotomy — Procedure
    - Extended Pyelolithotomy
  - Nephrolithotomy
- ANDERSON–HYNES PYELOPLASTY
  - Indications
  - Steps of Operation (Figs 97.2A to D)
- OPERATION FOR URETERIC STONES — URETEROLITHOTOMY
- SUPRAPUBIC CYSTOSTOMY
- PROSTATECTOMY
  - Freyer's Transvesical Suprapubic Prostatectomy
    - Steps of Operation (Fig. 97.5)
- CIRCUMCISION
- MEATOTOMY AND MEATOPLASTY
  - Indications
  - Steps of Operation
    - Meatotomy (Fig. 97.7)
    - Meatoplasty (Fig. 97.8)
- AMPUTATION OF PENIS
  - Partial Amputation of Penis
    - Indication
    - Steps of Operation (Fig. 97.9)
  - Total Amputation of Penis
    - Steps of Operation
- ORCHIDOPEXY
  - Indication
    - Undescended or Ectopic Testis
  - Steps of Operation
- ORCHIDECTOMY
  - Simple Orchidectomy
    - Indications
    - Steps of Operation (Fig. 97.10)
  - Radical Orchidectomy (Fig. 97.11)
    - Indication
    - Steps of Operation
- OPERATION OF HYDROCELE
- OPERATION OF VARICOCELE (VARICOCELECTOMY)
CHAPTER 98:Vascular Surgery
- LUMBAR SYMPATHECTOMY
- OPERATIONS FOR VARICOSE VEIN
- TRENDELENBURG'S OPERATION AND STRIPPING OF LONG SAPHENOUS VEIN
- LIGATION OF CALF PERFORATORS (COCKETT AND DODD'S PROCEDURE)
  - Indication
  - Steps of Operation
- SAPHENOPOPLITEAL LIGATION AND STRIPPING
  - Indication
  - Steps of Operation
- MULTIPLE PHLEBECTOMIES
  - Indication
  - Procedure
- NEW ALTERNATIVE TREATMENTS
CHAPTER 99:Some Minor Surgical Procedures
- ESTABLISHING AN INTRAVENOUS LINE
- VENEPUNCTURE
- VENESECTION (VENOUS CUT DOWN)
- INSERTION OF NASOGASTRIC (RYLE'S TUBE)
- INSERTION OF INTERCOSTAL DRAIN
- LYMPH NODE BIOPSY
- EXCISION OF SEBACEOUS CYST
  - Procedure (Fig. 99.3)
- EXCISION OF LIPOMA
  - Excision of Subcutaneous Lipoma (Fig. 99.4)
    - Procedure
- OPERATION FOR INGROWING TOENAIL
  - Wedge Resection of the Nail and the Nailbed
    - Procedure (Fig. 99.5)
- CATHETERIZATION
- URETHRAL DILATATION
CHAPTER 100:Orthopedic Operations
- PATELLECTOMY (Removal of Whole of the Patella)
  - Indications
  - Steps of Operation (Fig. 100.1)
- EXCISION OF MEDIAL SEMILUNAR CARTILAGE (SYN— MENISECTOMY)
- INTRAMEDULLARY NAILING
  - Indication
  - Steps of Operation (Fig. 100.4)
- NERVE REPAIR
  - Operative Steps (Fig. 100.5)
- TENDON REPAIR (FIG. 100.6)
  - Principles of Repair
  - Steps of Operation
SECTION 17:VIVA VOCE IN SURGERY
- INTRODUCTION
- GASTROINTESTINAL SPECIMENS
- UROLOGY SPECIMENS
- ORTHOPEDIC SPECIMENS
CHAPTER 102:Problems
- INTRODUCTION
- GASTROINTESTINAL SURGERY
- THYROID
  - Postoperative Respiratory Distress After Total Thyroidectomy
    - Treatment
  - Tetany
- BREAST
  - Breast Lump
  - Nipple Discharge
- TRAUMA
- UROLOGY
- PREOPERATIVE PREPARATIONS
CHAPTER 103:X-rays
- INTRODUCTION
- PLAIN X-RAY ABDOMEN
- RADIOPAQUE SHADOWS IN PLAIN X-RAY
- CHEST X-RAY (FIG. 103.6A) (SCHEMATIC)
  - Cannon Ball Metastasis in Chest X-ray (Fig. 103.6B) (Schematic)
- CONTRAST FILMS
  - Barium Series
- ORAL CHOLECYSTOGRAPHY (FIG. 103.15) (DIAGRAMMATIC)
- ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY (ERCP) (FIGS 103.16A AND B)
- T–TUBE CHOLANGIOGRAPHY (FIG. 103.17)
- INTRAVENOUS UROGRAM OR PYELOGRAM (IVU OR IVP) (FIG. 103.18)
- ULTRASONOGRAPHY (FIG. 103.19) (DIAGRAMMATIC)
- CT SCAN AND MRI
- MRI SCAN
- ORTHOPEDIC X-RAYS
CHAPTER 104:Instruments
- INTRODUCTION
- PARTS OF A TYPICAL SURGICAL INSTRUMENT (FIG. 104.1)
- INSTRUMENTS FOR PREPARING AND DRAPING
  - Rampley's Sponge or Swab Holding Forceps (Fig. 104.2)
  - Mayo's Towel Clip (Fig. 104.3)
  - Doyen's Cross Action Towel Clip (Fig. 104.4)
  - Moynihan's Tetra Towel Clip (Fig. 104.5)
- INSTRUMENTS FOR SKIN INCISION
  - Bard Parkers Knife with Detachable Blade (Fig. 104.6)
    - Features
    - Uses
  - Surgical Blades (Figs 104.7A and B)
    - Features
- INSTRUMENTS FOR HEMOSTASIS
  - Hemostatic/Artery Forceps (Fig. 104.8)
  - Kocher's Artery Forceps (Fig. 104.9)
  - Right-Angled Artery Forceps (Fig. 104.10)
  - Bulldog Arterial Clamp (Fig. 104.11)
  - Satinski's Arterial Clamp (Fig. 104.12)
    - Features
    - Uses
- RETRACTORS
  - Hook Retractor (Figs 104.13A and B)
  - Cat's Paw or Volkmann's Retractor (Fig. 104.14)
    - Features
    - Uses
  - Langenbeck's Retractor (Fig. 104.15)
  - Morris Retractor (Fig. 104.17B)
  - Deaver's Retractor (Fig. 104.16)
  - Self-Retaining Abdominal Retractor (Fig. 104.17A)
- DISSECTING FORCEPS
  - Plain Dissecting Forceps (Fig. 104.18)
  - Toothed Dissecting Forceps (Fig. 104.19)
- TISSUES HOLDING FORCEPS
  - Allis’ Tissues Forceps (Fig. 104.20)
  - Lane's Tissue Forceps (Fig. 104.21)
  - Babcock's Tissue Forceps (Fig. 104.22)
- SCISSORS
  - Mayo's Scissors (Figs 104.23A to C)
  - McIndoe Scissors (Fig. 104.24)
  - Heath's Suture Cutting Scissors (Fig. 104.25)
    - Features
    - Uses
- INSTRUMENTS FOR TISSUE APPROXIMATION AND WOUND CLOSURE
  - Suture Material
- POLYGLACTIN SUTURES (VICRYL)
  - Suture Needles (Fig. 104.26)
  - Needle Holder (Fig. 104.27)
- GASTROINTESTINAL CLAMPS
  - Types
- OCCLUSION CLAMPS
  - Types
- CRUSHING CLAMPS
  - Types
    - Payr's Gastric Crushing Clamps (Fig. 104.31)
    - Payr's Intestinal Crushing Clamp (Fig. 104.32)
- INSTRUMENTS USED IN BILIARY TRACT SURGERY
  - Cholecystectomy Forceps (Figs 104.33A and B)
  - Desjardin's Choledocholithotomy Forceps (Fig. 104.34)
  - Kehr's T Tube (Fig. 104.35)
  - Bakes Dilator (Fig. 104.36)
- INSTRUMENT USED IN RECTAL SURGERY
  - Proctoscope (Fig. 104.37)
  - Probe (Fig. 104.38)
    - Uses
    - Sterilization
  - Piles Holding Forceps (Fig. 104.39)
  - Flatus Tube (Fig. 104.40)
- INSTRUMENTS FOR GENITOURINARY SURGERY
  - Catheters
    - Types
- ORDINARY CATHETERS
  - Simple Rubber Catheter (Fig. 104.41)
  - Male Metallic Catheter (Fig. 104.42)
  - Female Metallic Catheter (Fig. 104.43)
    - Uses
- SELF-RETAINING CATHETERS
  - Foley's Catheter (Figs 104.44A and B)
  - Malecot Catheter (Fig. 104.46)
  - De Pezzer's Catheter (Fig. 104.47)
    - Uses
    - Sterilization
  - Gibbon's Catheter (Fig. 104.48)
- BOUGIE OR URETHRAL DILATOR
  - Lister's Metallic Bougie (Fig. 104.49)
    - Features
  - Clutton's Metallic Bougie (Fig. 104.50)
    - Uses
    - Sterilization
- PYELOLITHOTOMY FORCEPS (FIG. 104.51) (NEPHROLITHOTOMY FORCEPS)
  - Features
  - Use
  - Sterilization
- SUPRAPUBIC CYSTOLITHOTOMY FORCEPS
  - Features
  - Use
  - Sterilization
- SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS IN GENERAL SURGERY
  - Myer's Vein Stripper (Fig. 104.52)
  - Humby's Skin Grafting Knife (Fig. 104.53)
  - Volkmann's Spoon or Scoop (Fig. 104.54)
  - Sinus Forceps (Fig. 104.55)
  - Drains
    - Sterilization
- ORTHOPEDIC INSTRUMENTS
  - Chisel, Osteotome, Bone Gouge and Mallet
  - Chisel (Fig. 104.57)
  - Osteotome (Fig. 104.58)
    - Uses
    - Sterilization
  - Bone Gouge (Fig. 104.59)
  - Mallet (Fig. 104.60)
  - Bone Cutting Forceps and Bone Nibbler
  - Bone Cutting Forceps (Fig. 104.61)
  - Bone Nibbler or Gouge Forceps (Fig. 104.62)
    - Uses
    - Sterilization
  - Periosteum Elevators
- STERILIZATION
  - Definition
  - Methods of Sterilization
Bibliography
- PART I: GENERAL SURGERY
- PART II: SYSTEMIC SURGERY INCLUDING ORTHOPEDICS
- PART III: PRACTICALS AND VIVA IN SURGERY

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes