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Psychology for Nurses
BT Basavanthappa
CHAPTER 1:
Historical Development of Psychology
Greek Philosophers’ Views on Psychology
VIEWS OF EPICURUS (340–430 AD)
CHURCH FATHERS VIEWS
CONTRIBUTIONS OF INDIVIDUALS AND INSTITUTIONS IN THE PERIOD OF RENAISSANCE
BARUCH SPINOZA
LEIBNITZ (1646–1716)
GEORGE BERKELEY (1685–1753)
JOHN LOCKE (1632–1704)
THOMAS HOBBES (1588–1679)
DAVID HUME (1711–1776)
DAVID HARTLEY (1705–1757)
THOMAS REED (1710–1792)
WOLFF (1679–1735)
ETIENNE BONNETED CONDILLAC (1715–1780)
PIERRE JEAN GEORGE CABANIS (1757–1808)
MARIE FRANçOIS XAVIER BICHAT (1771–1802)
PHILIPPE PINEL (1745–1826)
CEASAR BECCARIA
JEREMY BENTHAM (1748–1832)
GERMAN PSYCHOLOGY
FRENCH PSYCHOLOGY
BRITISH PSYCHOLOGY
FRANCIS GALTON (1822–1911)
WILHELM WUNDT (1832–1902)
HERMAN VON HELMHOLTZ
J MCKEEN CATTEL (1860–1944)
EH WEBER
FECHNER (1801–1887)
JOHANNES MULLER
WILLIAM JAMES (1842–1910)
EL THORNDIKE (1874–1949)
EDWARD B TITCHENER
JOHN DEWEY (1859–1952)
JAMES ROWLAND ANGELL (1869)
HARVEY CARR
JB WATSON (1878–1958)
SIGMUND FREUD (1856–1939)
ALFRED BINET (BORN 1857)
CE SPEARMAN (BORN 1863)
WILLIAM MCDOUGALL (1871–1938)
CHAPTER 2:
Nature and Scope of Psychology
Meaning
Nature of Psychology
Definitions of Psychology
Essentials of Psychology as a Science
Scope of Psychology
Aims of Psychology
Psychology's Goals
Significance of Psychology in Nursing/Relevance to Nursing
CHAPTER 3:
Methods of Psychology
Introspection Method
Observation Method
STEPS IN OBSERVATION METHOD
INTROSPECTION AND OBJECTIVE OBSERVATION
Interview Method
TECHNIQUES OF INTERVIEWING
Limitations of the Interview includes the following
Experimental Method
STEPS IN EXPERIMENT
ROLE OF CONTROL IN EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
STATISTICAL CONTROL AND ANALYSIS
The Guidelines for Experiments in Human Subjects
Survey Method
Case History Method
Developmental Method
Field-Study Method
CHAPTER 4:
Body-Mind Relationship
Analysis of Mental Phenomena
Mind as Conscious-Unconscious Dynamic Whole
The Consciousness
The Unconscious
Views on Unconscious
Importance of Unconscious in Human Life
Theories of Dreams
Freud's Theory of Dreams
Criticism of Freud's Theory
CHAPTER 5:
Genetics and Behavior
Need of Studying Genetics
Genetic Influences on Health
Heredity in Health Problems
Genes and Chromosomes
The Twin Mechanism
Genetics and Behavior
Congenital Malformations
Chromosome (Cytogenetic) Disorders
Causes of Chromosome Defects
A. AUTOSOMAL ANOMALIES
B. SEX CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES
C. CHROMOSOMES AND SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS
D. CHROMOSOMES IN DISORDERS WITH DNA REPAIR DEFECTS
CHAPTER 6:
Biology of Behavior
Introduction
Response Mechanism
Nervous System
Neurotransmitters
Physiology of the Neurons
The Central Nervous System
BRAIN
CEREBRUM
BRAINSTEM
CEREBELLUM
THE SPINAL CORD
Sensory and Motor Pathways
THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
CRANIAL NERVES
SPINAL NERVES
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
MOTOR AND SENSORY FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
SENSORY SYSTEM FUNCTION
CHAPTER 7:
Psychology of Sensation
Introduction
Sense Organs
1. THE SENSATION OF THE TASTE
2. THE SENSATION OF SMELL
3. THE SENSATION OF TOUCH
4. VISUAL SENSATION
5. THE SENSE OF HEARING
FUNCTION OF THE EARS
CHAPTER 8:
Glandular and Muscular Control of Behavior
Glandular Control of Behavior
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
GLANDS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Major Endocrine Glands
2. THYROID GLAND
3. PARATHYROID GLANDS
4. ADRENAL GLANDS
5. PANCREAS
6. SEX GLANDS OR GONADS
7. PINEAL GLAND
8. THYMUS GLAND
Muscular Control of Behavior
Muscle Types
CHAPTER 9:
Attention
Introduction
Definitions of Attention
Nature of Attention
Types of Attention
Factors Associated with Attention
I. OBJECTIVE FACTORS
II. SUBJECTIVE FACTORS
CHAPTER 10:
Perception
Introduction
Nature of Perception
Processes in Perception
Characteristics of Perception
Factors Influencing Perception
Shifting of Perception (Fig. 10.2)
PERCEPTION OF TIME
ERRORS IN PERCEPTION
THE VALUE OF PAST EXPERIENCES IN PERCEPTION
PERCEPTION AND SENSATION
ROLE OF PERCEPTION IN NURSING
CHAPTER 11:
Learning
Introduction
Definitions
Domain of Learning
Modes of Learning
I. IMITATION
II. CONDITIONED RESPONSE
III. TRIAL AND ERROR
IV. INSIGHT
Humanistic Psychology
Transfer of Learning
Applications of Learning Theories in Nursing
Factors Affecting Learning in Nursing
Meeting of Learning Needs of Clients by Nurses
CHAPTER 12:
Habits, Skills and Interest
Introduction
Characteristics of Habit
Importance of Habits
Formation of Habits
Skills and the Nurse
Developing or Improving Skills
Meaning and Definitions of Interest
CHAPTER 13:
Memory and Forgetting
Introduction
Theories about Memory
Memory Process
Conditioning of Memorizing
Retention
Recall
Recognition
Classification of Memory (Fig. 13.4)
Factors that may Affect Memory
Forgetting
FORGETTING AS A PROCESS
NORMAL FORGETTING
ABNORMAL OR PATHOLOGICAL FORGETTING
Causes of Forgetting
Methods to Improve Memory
TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE MEMORY
CHAPTER 14:
Imagination, Thinking and Reasoning
Imagination
MEANING OF IMAGINATION
IMAGES
Types of Images
Classification of Imagination (Fig. 14.1)
IMAGINATION AND THINKING
TESTS OF IMAGINATION
Day-dreams as Imagination
IMAGINATION AND UNCONSCIOUS MIND
Thinking
MEANING OF THINKING
NATURE OF THINKING
CONDITIONS FAVORABLE FOR THINKING
Factors which Hinders Thinking
Types of Thinking
ERRORS IN THINKING
TOOLS/ELEMENTS OF THINKING
Implication of Thinking in Nursing
Skills in Critical Thinking
CHAPTER 15:
Intelligence, Aptitude and their Measurement
Intelligence
DEFINITION
Type of Intelligence
FACTORS AFFECTING INTELLIGENCE
Theories of Intelligence
I. FACTOR THEORIES
II. PROCESS-ORIENTED THEORIES
Individual Difference in Intelligence
Advantage of Intelligence Quotient
Limitations of the Concept of IQ
IQ and Success in School Work
Feeblemindedness
Assessment of Intelligence
I. BINET-SIMON TEST/INTELLIGENT QUOTIENT (IQ)
II. WECHSLER ADULT INTELLIGENCE SCALE (WAIS)
Importance of Intelligence Tests
Types of Intelligence Tests
Group tests and individual tests
Construction of the Test for Intelligence
Uses of Intelligence Tests
Aptitude
DEFINITIONS OF APTITUDES
NATURE OF APTITUDE
APTITUDE AND THEIR TESTS
MEASUREMENT OF APTITUDES
Value of Aptitude Testing
Uses of Aptitude Tests
CHAPTER 16:
Psychological Testing
Importance of Psychological Tests
Classification of Psychological Tests
Characteristics of Good Tests
A. COGNITION
Tests
B. ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY TRAITS AND DISORDERS
C. ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY PSYCHODYNAMICS (PROJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE TESTS)
D. ASSESSMENT OF ENABLING FACTORS FOR TREATMENT
E. ASSESSMENT OF SYMPTOMS
F. ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENT DEMANDS AND SOCIAL ADJUSTMENTA
CHAPTER 17:
Motivation
Introduction
Motivation Theory
ABRAHAM MASLOW
Classification of Motives
BIOGENIC MOTIVES
GENERAL MOTIVES
SOCIOGENIC MOTIVES
(a) General Sociogenic Motives
(b) Personal Social Motives
UNCONSCIOUS MOTIVES
IMPORTANCE OF MOTIVES
MOTIVATION AND NURSES
PSYCHOLOGY OF HAPPINESS IN MOTIVATION
STRATEGIES FOR CREATING A MOTIVATING CLIMATE IN AN ORGANIZATION
CHAPTER 18:
Emotions
Introduction
Nature of Emotions
FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS
Significance of Feelings
Significance of Emotions
Theories of Emotion
FACTORS CONTROLLING EMOTIONS
Measurement of Emotions
Emotional States of Expression
1. POSITIVE EMOTIONS
2. NEGATIVE EMOTIONS
Simple and Complex Emotional States
Physical Changes in Emotion
External Physical Changes
Physiology of Emotion
Physiological Changes
The Ductless Glands
Autonomic Nervous System
Internal Physical Changes
Steps to Control Emotions
Control of Emotions
Emotions and Health
Emotions and the Nurse
CHAPTER 19:
Stress
Introduction
Meaning
STRESSORS AND STRESS
The Stress Response
Effects of Stress
Models of Stress
Coping with Stress
Coping Mechanisms for Cognitive Approach
Coping Mechanisms for Behavior Approach
CHAPTER 20:
Attitude, Will and Character
Introduction
Definition and Nature of Attitude
Characteristics of Attitudes
ANATOMY OF ATTITUDE
PHYSIOLOGY OF ATTITUDES
Two Major Dimensions of Attitudes
Role of Attitude in Behavior
Formation of Attitude
Measurement of Attitude
Attitudes and Nursing
Changing of Attitudes
Reason and Will and Character
CHAPTER 21:
Personality
Introduction
Definitions
Theories of Personality
TRAITS AND TYPES THEORIES
Factors Affecting Personality
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
SOCIAL FACTORS
Development of Personality
Integration of Personality
Types of Personality
HUMORAL TYPE
PHYSICAL TYPE / PHYSIOLOGICAL TYPE
3. PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPE
Broad Classifications of Personality
Disintegration of Personality
Tests of Personality
CHAPTER 22:
Development of Human Behavior
Introduction Growth and Development
Principles of Growth and Development
Factors Influencing Growth and Development
Stages of Growth and Development
Theories of Growth and Development
Human Development Across the Life
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
Cognitive Development
Stages of Language Development
Psychological Development
Gender Role Development
ADOLESCENCE
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
MORAL DEVELOPMENT
Psychosocial Development
ADULTHOOD
Physical Development
Forming Relationships
Parenting
THEORIES OF AGING
STAGES OF DEATH AND DYING
APPLYING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS TO NURSING PRACTICE
CHAPTER 23:
Psychology of the Group
Introduction
Chief Characteristics of Group
Social Distance in Groups
Group Interaction
Group Mind
Group Behavior
Leadership
Group Dynamics
CHAPTER 24:
Mental Health
Introduction
Characteristics of a Mentally Healthy Person
Preservation of Mental Health by Institution
Mental Hygiene
OBJECTIVES OF MENTAL HYGIENE
Scope of Mental Hygiene
Ethical Issues in Mental Health
EVOLUTION OF ETHICS IN HEALTH CARE
ETHICAL ISSUES IN MENTAL HEALTH NURSING
I. Nurse Patient Relationship
II. INFORMED CONSENT
Informed consent is also important in the following:
III. RIGHT TO TREAT AND TO BE TREATED
IV. SELFISH MOTIVES
V. FRAUD AND ABUSE IN PSYCHIATRIC PRACTICE
Other Professional Misconducts
A Code of Ethics for Health professionals in Relation to Mental Health
Legal Issues in Mental Health Nursing
Liability for negligence arises if the following conditions are satisfied:
Precautions Against Negligence
Vicarious Liability (Liability for act of another)
CHAPTER 25:
Ego Defense Mechanisms
Introduction
Types of Defense Mechanisms
Reaction Formation
CHAPTER 26:
Adjustment
Introduction
DEFINITIONS OF ADJUSTMENT
MAN AS A IN ADJUSTING LIVING BEING
STIMULUS, ORGANIZATION, RESPONSE AND FEEDBACK
PROCESS OF ADJUSTMENT
PROCESS OF MALADJUSTMENT
GENERAL CRITERIA OF ADJUSTMENT
COMMON MODES OF REACTIONS TO DIFFICULTIES
ADJUSTMENT AND NURSING
CHAPTER 27:
Guidance and Counseling
Definitions of Guidance
Characteristics of Guidance
Meaning of Counseling
DEFINITION OF COUNSELING
Characteristics of Counseling
Guidance and Counseling Differentiation
Aims of Guidance
Principles of Guidance
NEED OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING IN EDUCATION AND NURSING
Classification of Guidance
GUIDANCE AREAS
Vocational Guidance
Educational Guidance
Personal Guidance
Social Guidance
Health Guidance
Financial Guidance
Glossary
INDEX
TOC
Index
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