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Stem Cells
Eapen Cherian, G Nandhini, Anil Kurian
CHAPTER 1:
Introduction
WHAT IS A STEM CELL?
Defining Features of a Stem Cell
How do Stem Cells Look Like under the Microscope (Fig. 1.7)?
The Ultimate in Preventative Therapies
THE STEM CELL PROGRESS (FIGS 1.8 AND 1.9)
CHAPTER 2:
Properties and Types of Stem Cells
PROPERTIES OF STEM CELLS
TYPES OF STEM CELLS
Neonatal Umbilical Cord Stem Cells
Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Technology of Stem Cell Therapy
Collecting the Cord Blood (Fig. 2.12)
Collecting Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Separation—Gravimetric
Fluorescent Marking
Fluorescent Cell Separation
Magnetic Marking
Magnetic Separation
Division of Therapies
Phase I Therapies—unprocessed Stem Cells
Phase II Therapies—Expanded Cell Lines
Phase III Therapies—Differentiated Cell Precursors
CHAPTER 3:
Embryonic Stem Cells
PROPERTIES
FACTORS INVOLVED IN SELF-RENEWAL AND PLURIPOTENCY OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS
Extrinsic Factors Governing Maintenance of the Undifferentiated State of Embryonic Stem Cells
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF)
BMP4
bFGF
Other Suggested Factors
Intrinsic Factors Governing Maintenance of the Undifferentiated State of Embryonic Stem Cells
Oct4
Sox2
Foxd3
Nanog
miRNA
SOURCES OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS
In Vitro Fertilization
Nuclear Transfer
Therapeutic Cloning
EMBRYONIC STEM CELL LINES
Procedure
TESTS TO IDENTIFY EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS
OBSTACLES AND RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF ESCs
CHAPTER 4:
Adult Stem Cells
DEFINITION
HISTORY
PROPERTIES
SOURCES OF ADULT STEM CELLS
TESTS TO IDENTIFY ADULT STEM CELLS
ADULT STEM CELL DIFFERENTIATION
Normal Differentiation Pathways of Adult Stem Cells
ADULT STEM CELL PLASTICITY AND TRANSDIFFERENTIATION
STEM CELL PLASTICITY
Pathways of Stem Cell Plasticity
ADULT STEM CELL LINES
Hematopoietic Adult Stem Cells
Plasticity of Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC)
Neural Stem Cells
Eye
Heart
Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells
Lung
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestinal Epithelium
Pancreas
Hepatic Stem Cells
Kidney
Mammary Glands
Cervix
Testis
Prostate
Skin
LIMITATIONS OF ADULT STEM CELL THERAPY
CHAPTER 5:
Potential Uses of Human Stem Cells
CURRENT TREATMENTS
Parkinson's Disease
Diabetes Mellitus
NONMEDICINAL THERAPIES
STEM CELL RESEARCH AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE
Introduction
Primordial Germ Cells
EGC and ESC Properties
Imprinting
Human EGC Derivation
Proliferation
Clinical Applications
Oocyte Renewal
CHAPTER 6:
Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering
TISSUE ENGINEERING
Definition
CELLS USED FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
SYNTHESIS OF TISSUE ENGINEERING SCAFFOLDS
ASSEMBLY METHODS
BIOMATERIAL SUBSTRATES FOR CLONAL EXPANSION OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED STEM CELLS
BIOMATERIALS FOR DIFFERENTIATION OF STEM CELLS
BIOMATERIALS AS CELL CARRIERS FOR IN VIVO STEM CELL DELIVERY
EMERGING TRENDS IN STEM CELL TISSUE ENGINEERING
Micro/nanopatterned Biomaterials to Direct Stem Cell Differentiation
SCAFFOLD-BASED NANOPARTICLE DELIVERY SYSTEM
THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMATERIALS FOR STEM CELL EXPANSION AND DIFFERENTIATION
ESCs
Expansion of ESCs
Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)
Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Expansion
MSC Differentiation
Biomaterials for Osteogenic Differentiation of MSCs
Biomaterials for Chondrogenic Differentiation of MSCs
Neural Stem Cells (NSCs)
Endothelial Progenitor Cells
Embryonic Germ Cell–Derived Primordial Germ Cells
Adipose Tissue Derived Stem Cells
Other Stem/Progenitor Cells with Potential for TE Applications
CHALLENGES TO STEM CELL TE
NONHUMAN PRIMATE MODELS
TISSUE ENGINEERING AND CHARACTERIZATION
Cartilage Tissue Engineering
Bone Tissue Engineering
Periodontal Tissue Engineering
Characterization
CHAPTER 7:
Stem Cells in Gene Therapy
DEFINITION
PRINCIPLES AND PROMISE OF GENE THERAPY
TYPES OF GENE THERAPY
Direct Delivery
Cell Based Delivery
VECTORS IN GENE THERAPY
Nonviral Methods
LIMITATIONS OF GENE THERAPY
STEM CELLS IN GENE THERAPY
CHAPTER 8:
Cancer Stem Cells
DEFINITION
Targeting Leukemia Stem Cells
ORIGIN OF CANCER STEM CELLS
CANCER STEM CELL PATHWAY
IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER TREATMENT
CHAPTER 9:
Stem Cells in Dental Tissue
STEM CELLS IN TEETH
TOOTH ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA—MOST PROLIFERATIVE STAGE
Deciduous Teeth
Wisdom Teeth
Permanent Teeth
STEM CELL RECOVERY
Advantages of Stem Cell Recovery and Cryopreservation from Teeth
Dental Stem Cell Banking
Why store dental stem cells?
The Process
About Tooth Stem Cells
Different Types of Tooth Stem Cells
DENTAL PULP STEM CELLS
PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT STEM CELLS (Fig. 9.20)
Gum Stem Cells
Introduction
Background
Identification and Location of the PDLSC
Properties of PDLSC
Markers of PDLSCs
Regulation of Differentiation
Transplantation
Storage of PDLSC
Future Studies
Conclusion
CLINICAL APPLICATION OF STEM CELLS IN OROFACIAL COMPLEX
CHALLENGES IN CRANIOFACIAL TISSUE ENGINEERING
TISSUE ENGINEERING OF TEETH USING ADULT STEM CELLS
Stem Cells for Tooth Engineering
Introduction
Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine
Dental Stem Niches and Other Stem Cell Sources for the Development of Teeth in vitro or ex vivo
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth (SHED)
Adult Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs)
Stem Cells from the Apical Part of the Papilla (SCAP)
Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells (PDLSCs)
Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs)
In Search of Epithelium Originated Dental Stem Cells
Epithelial Stem Cells from Developing Molars
Epithelial Stem Cells from the Labial Cervical Loop of Rodent Incisor
Association of Epithelial and Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Conclusion
Research Promise (Fig. 9.32)
CHAPTER 10:
Conclusion
INDEX
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