Index

Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (2 Volumes) SK Jindal, PS Shankar, Suhail Raoof, Dheeraj Gupta, Ashutosh N Aggarwal, Ritesh Agarwal

SECTION 1: HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT
1:History of Respiratory Medicine
- INTRODUCTION
  - 1800–2000
- THE DISCOVERY OF CHEMOTHERAPY AND ANTIBIOTICS
  - Respiratory Physiology
2:Anatomy and Architecture: A Clinical Perspective
- LUNG ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGY1–5
- ARCHITECTURE OF LUNG PARENCHYMA5–9
  - Mucosal Lining and Lung Cells of the Respiratory Tract
- BLOOD SUPPLY OF LUNGS6–12
  - Bronchial Circulation
  - Pulmonary Circulation
- LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
- NERVE SUPPLY13
3:Lung Development
- INTRODUCTION
- SUMMARY
4:Genomics of Lung Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- GENOMICS AND DISEASE
- GENOMIC NOMENCLATURE AND INVESTIGATIONAL TOOLS
- SUMMARY
SECTION 2: RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY
5:Applied Respiratory Physics
- INTRODUCTION
- STATE OF MATTER
- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GASES
- THE GAS LAWS
- GAS SOLUTION AND TENSION
- VAPORS
- EXPRESSION OF GAS VOLUMES AND PRESSURES
- FLOW OF GASES
6:Respiratory Function and Mechanics
- INTRODUCTION
- VENTILATION
- PULMONARY CIRCULATION
  - Distribution of Perfusion
- DIFFUSION
- VENTILATION-PERFUSION (V/Q) RELATIONSHIPS
- CONTROL OF VENTILATION
7:Gas and Fluid Exchange in the Lung
- GAS EXCHANGE
  - Inspired Gas
  - Expired Gas
- DEAD SPACE AND ALVEOLAR GAS
- TRANSFER OF GAS ACROSS THE ALVEOLAR CAPILLARY MEMBRANE
- GAS TRANSPORT TO AND FROM THE PERIPHERY
  - Oxygen Transport by the Blood
  - Transport of CO2 by the Blood
- VENTILATION PERFUSION RATIO
  - Gas Exchange and [H+]
- FLUID, SOLUTES AND PROTEIN EXCHANGE IN THE LUNG
- CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
- MEASUREMENT OF EXTRAVASCULAR LUNG WATER
- CONCLUSION
8:Tissue Oxygenation
- INTRODUCTION
- OXYGEN DELIVERY (DO2)
- OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (VO2)
- ASSESSMENT OF TISSUE OXYGENATION
- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
9:Respiratory Physiology in Specific Physiological States
- INTRODUCTION
- EXERCISE1–14
- PREGNANCY15–26
  - Respiratory System
  - Hematological and Cardiovascular Systems
- HIGH ALTITUDE27–42
  - Acute Effects of Hypoxia
  - Chronic Effects of Hypoxia or Acclimatization
- DEEP DIVING42–56
10:Mechanisms of Dyspnea in Respiratory Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS
- PERCEPTION: THE SUBJECTIVE ELEMENT IN DYSPNEA
- NEURAL PATHWAYS OF DYSPNEA
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF DYSPNEA
- SUMMARY
11:Surfactant
- INTRODUCTION
- COMPOSITION OF LUNG SURFACTANT
- FUNCTIONS OF LUNG SURFACTANT (TABLE 11.2)
- SURFACTANT METABOLISM AND SURFACTANT FILM FORMATION (FIG. 11.1)
- DISORDERS OF SURFACTANT METABOLISM
- CONCLUSION
12:Respiratory Defenses and Immunology
- INTRODUCTION
- PARTICLE DEPOSITION IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
- THE DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF CONDUCTING ZONE OF THE AIRWAYS
- THE DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF RESPIRATORY ZONE OF THE AIRWAYS
- SURFACTANT AND SURFACTANT PROTEIN A (SP-A)
- RESPIRATORY IMMUNE MECHANISMS
  - Innate Immunity
- ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES
- IMPACT OF BACTERIA AND VIRUSES ON LUNG IMMUNOLOGY
- HLA AND MYCOBACTERIAL DISEASES
SECTION 3: PHARMACOLOGICAL AGENTS
13:Antibacterial Drugs
- INTRODUCTION
- BETA-LACTAMS
14:Antiviral Drugs
- INTRODUCTION
- MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ANTIVIRAL DRUGS
15:Antifungal Drugs
- INTRODUCTION
- SPECIFIC ISSUES
- CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS
16:Anti-inflammatory Agents for Asthma
- INTRODUCTION
- CORTICOSTEROIDS
  - Mechanism of Action
  - Pharmacokinetics
- DISSOCIATED STEROIDS
- MAST CELL STABILIZERS
- MISCELLANEOUS DRUGS
17:Immunosuppressant Drugs
- INTRODUCTION
- GLUCOCORTICOIDS
- CALCINEURIN INHIBITORS
  - Cyclosporine
  - Tacrolimus
- ANTIPROLIFERATIVE/ANTIMETABOLIC DRUGS
- IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE CYTOTOXIC DRUGS
- MISCELLANEOUS IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS
SECTION 4: SYMPTOM-APPROACH TO RESPIRATORY DISEASE
18:Cough in the Adult
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PHYSIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- BENEFITS OF COUGH
- COMPLICATIONS OF COUGH
- CAUSES OF COUGH
- CONCLUSION
19:Hemoptysis
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY
- ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
  - Infection and Inflammation
  - Diagnostic Approach
- TREATMENT
  - Supportive Care
  - Definitive Care
    - Nonmassive Hemoptysis
    - Massive Hemoptysis
20:Dyspnea
- INTRODUCTION
- PHYSIOLOGY
  - Differential Diagnosis of Dyspnea
  - Disease-Specific Pathophysiology
- POSITIONAL AND NOCTURNAL DYSPNEA
- EVALUATING ACUTE DYSPNEA
- EVALUATING CHRONIC DYSPNEA
- TREATMENT
  - Specific
  - Nonspecific
21:Wheeze and Respiratory Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- PHYSIOLOGY OF WHEEZE
- HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTING
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS FOR WHEEZING
  - Upper Airway Conditions
  - Lower Airway Conditions
- APPROACH TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF WHEEZE
- TREATMENT
SECTION 5: RESPIRATORY DIAGNOSIS
22:History and Physical Examination
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY TAKING
- HISTORY OF PREVIOUS DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
  - Past Medical History
  - Personal History
- THE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
23:Microbiological Approach to Respiratory Infections
- UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
- LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
24:Systematic Approach to Interpretation of Plain Chest Radiographs*
- INTRODUCTION
- RADIOLOGY AND IMAGING
25:Pulmonary Imaging: Systematic Approach to Interpretation of Computed Tomography of the Chest
- INTRODUCTION
- TECHNICAL ASPECTS
- NORMAL COMPONENTS OF THE PULMONARY PARENCHYMA
- NORMAL LUNG COMPONENTS OF THE AIRWAYS
- NORMAL LUNG COMPONENT OF THE PULMONARY VASCULATURE
- TRACHEOBRONCHIAL DISEASES
  - Bronchiectasis
  - Bronchiolar Diseases
- PARENCHYMAL DISEASES
  - Solitary Pulmonary Nodule (SPN)
  - Diffuse Diseases
- MEDIASTINAL DISEASES
- MISCELLANEOUS
- CONCLUSION
26A:Pulmonary Function Testing
- INTRODUCTION
- SPIROMETRY
- PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW
- STATIC LUNG VOLUMES
- DIFFUSING CAPACITY OF LUNGS
  - Methodology
  - Interpretation
- EXERCISE TESTING
  - Basic Modalities
  - Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing
- OTHER TESTS
26B:Respiratory Muscle Function
- INTRODUCTION
- RESPIRATORY MUSCLES — BASIC PHYSIOLOGY
- EVALUATION OF RESPIRATORY MUSCLE FUNCTION
- CONCLUSION
27:Respiratory Disability and Preoperative Evaluation
- INTRODUCTION
- EVALUATION OF RESPIRATORY DISABILITY
  - Impairment, Disability and Handicap
- CLINICAL METHODS OF EVALUATING IMPAIRMENT
- DISEASE-SPECIFIC IMPAIRMENT ASSESSMENT
- DISABILITY EVALUATION
- PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
  - Pulmonary Physiology in the Postoperative Period
  - Physiologic Changes After Thoracic Surgery
- POSTOPERATIVE PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS
  - Risk Factors for Postoperative Pulmonary Complications (Table 27.2)
    - Patient-Related Risk Factors
    - Procedure-Related Risk Factors
- PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
  - A. Initial Evaluation
  - B. Pulmonary-Specific Evaluation
- RECOMMENDED APPROACH
- OPTIMIZING THE CHANCE OF A SUCCESSFUL OUTCOME
- CONCLUSION
28:Arterial Blood Gases and Acid Base Balance
- INTRODUCTION
- PHYSIOLOGY OF GAS EXCHANGE
  - Ventilation-Perfusion Relationship5
  - Alterations in Gas Exchange
- PHYSIOLOGY OF ACID BASE BALANCE
- ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS
- ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS INTERPRETATION
- INTERPRETATION OF ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS
- PITFALLS IN ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS INTERPRETATION
- EXAMPLES
29:Nuclear Imaging in Pulmonary Medicine
- INTRODUCTION
- PULMONARY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- INVESTIGATIONS
30:Role of Cytology in Lung Lesions
- CYTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES IN RESPIRATORY CYTOLOGY
- ASPIRATIONS
- IMPRINT CYTOLOGY
- ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY GUIDED FNA AND ENDOBRONCHIAL ULTRASOUND FNA
- INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE LUNG
- NEOPLASTIC LESIONS OF THE LUNG
31:Bronchoscopy
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF BRONCHOSCOPY
  - Rigid Bronchoscopy
  - Flexible Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy
- PATIENT PREPARATION AND ANESTHESIA
- DIAGNOSTIC BRONCHOSCOPY–ACCESSORIES
- INDICATIONS FOR DIAGNOSTIC BRONCHOSCOPY
- DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
- THERAPEUTIC BRONCHOSCOPY
- ELECTRONAVIGATION BRONCHOSCOPY
- SAFETY FACTORS IN BRONCHOSCOPY
- COMPLICATIONS OF BRONCHOSCOPY
32:Interventional Bronchoscopy
- DEFINITION OF INTERVENTIONAL PULMONOLOGY
  - Rigid Bronchoscopy
- ADVANCED IMAGING BRONCHOSCOPY
- ADVANCED BIOPSY TECHNIQUES
- ENDOSCOPIC PALLIATIVE CARE
- ND:YAG LASER
33:Thoracoscopy
- INTRODUCTION
- MEDICAL THORACOSCOPY
- SURGICAL THORACOSCOPY
  - Post Thoracoscopic Management
SECTION 6: RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD
34:The Burden and Clinical Spectrum of Respiratory Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- RESPIRATORY DISEASE BURDEN
- CLINICAL SPECTRUM OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN INDIA
- TUBERCULOSIS
- NON-TUBERCULOUS RESPIRATORY DISEASES
- FUTURE SCENE OF PULMONARY MEDICINE IN INDIA
35:Practical Approach to Lung Health
- INTRODUCTION
- DEMAND OF CARE FOR AND MANAGEMENT OF RESPIRATORY PATIENTS
- OBJECTIVES OF THE PAL STRATEGY
- COMPONENTS OF THE PAL STRATEGY
  - Standardization of Clinical Care
  - Coordination
- ADAPTATION OF THE PAL STRATEGY
- STEPS TO INTRODUCE THE PAL STRATEGY IN COUNTRIES
- RESULTS FROM COUNTRY EXPERIENCES
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 7: TUBERCULOSIS
36:Epidemiology of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- NATIONAL DYNAMICS OF TUBERCULOSIS
- THE EPIDEMIC CURVE OF TB
- METHODS TO MEASURE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TB AND ITS TRENDS
- INDIA—A CASE STUDY FOR MEASURING EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SITUATION AND TRENDS
- GLOBAL TRENDS OF TUBERCULOSIS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
37:Risk Factors for Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- RISK FACTORS OF DEVELOPING TUBERCULOSIS
38:Mycobacteria: An Overview
- INTRODUCTION
39:Immunology and Pathogenesis
- INTRODUCTION
- MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION AND OVERVIEW OF IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS
- IMMUNE RESPONSES TO TUBERCULOSIS
- CONCLUSION
40:Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Clinical Features and Diagnosis
- INTRODUCTION
- POST PRIMARY PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
- SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
- TUBERCULOSIS IN THE ELDERLY
- MILIARY TB
- HIV AND TB
- PLEURAL EFFUSION
- PARADOXICAL RESPONSE
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS
- DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS
- EXTRAPULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS (EPTB)
41:Molecular Diagnosis of Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSIS OF TB IN LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES
- DIAGNOSIS OF TB IN HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES
- TB DIAGNOSIS IN HIV+ INDIVIDUALS
- DIAGNOSIS OF TB: BEYOND MICROSCOPY
42:Management of Tuberculosis*
- CHEMOTHERAPY OF TUBERCULOSIS
- RATIONALE FOR RECOMMENDED TREATMENT REGIMENS
- SUPERVISION OF CHEMOTHERAPY
43:Antitubercular Drugs
- INTRODUCTION
- ISONIAZID
  - Adverse Effects
  - Mechanisms of Resistance to INH
- RIFAMPICIN
  - Adverse Effects
  - Mechanism of Resistance to RIF
- STREPTOMYCIN
  - Adverse Effects
  - Mechanism of Drug Resistance
- PYRAZINAMIDE
  - Adverse Effects
  - Mechanism of Drug Resistance
- ETHAMBUTOL
  - Adverse Effects
  - Mechanism of Drug Resistance
- QUINOLONES
  - Adverse Effects
  - Mechanism of Drug Resistance
- PARA-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID (PAS)
  - Adverse Reactions
- ETHIONAMIDE/PROTHIONAMIDE
  - Adverse Reactions
  - Mechanism of Drug Resistance
- CYCLOSERINE/TERIZIDONE
  - Adverse Reactions
- CAPREOMYCIN
  - Adverse Reactions
- THIACETAZONE
  - Adverse Reactions
- GROUP 5 DRUGS
- CLOFAZIMINE
- LINEZOLID
- AMOXICILLIN/CLAVULANATE
- IMIPENEM/CILASTATIN
- CLARITHROMYCIN
- HIGH-DOSE ISONIAZID
44:Historical and Non-pharmacological Management of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
  - Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century
  - Nineteenth Century
- ANCIENT DRUGS IN THE TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS
- SANATORIUM TREATMENT
- SURGERY
  - Historical Procedures
- IMMUNOTHERAPY
  - Immune Protection and Immunopathology
  - Immunotherapy Agents
- TUBERCULOSIS AND NUTRITION
- REHABILITATION IN TUBERCULOSIS
  - Situation Needing Rehabilitation of TB Patients
45:Prevention of Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION
- PRIMARY PREVENTION
  - Administrative Measures
    - Outpatient Area
    - Inpatient Care Facilities
  - Environmental Controls
- SECONDARY PREVENTION
  - Screening
  - Chemoprophylaxis
- TERTIARY PREVENTION
46:BCG Vaccine
- INTRODUCTION
- COMPLICATIONS OF BCG VACCINATION
47:Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSIS
- LYMPH NODE TUBERCULOSIS
- PLEURAL EFFUSION
  - Tuberculous Empyema Thoracis
- BONE AND JOINT TUBERCULOSIS
- CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUBERCULOSIS
- ABDOMINAL TUBERCULOSIS
- GENITOURINARY TUBERCULOSIS
- SKIN TUBERCULOSIS
  - Clinical Features
- MILIARY TUBERCULOSIS
- PERICARDIAL TUBERCULOSIS
- HEPATIC TUBERCULOSIS
48:Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- DEFINITION
- CAUSES OF DRUG RESISTANCE
- DIAGNOSIS OF DRUG-RESISTANT TB
  - Lack of Adequate Laboratory Infrastructure
  - Delay in Diagnosis
- MANAGEMENT
- ROLE OF IMMUNOTHERAPY
- RESECTIVE THORACIC SURGERY
- NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT
- SPECIAL SITUATIONS
- PREVENTION OF NOSOCOMIAL TRANSMISSION OF MDR-TB
- FINANCIAL BURDEN OF MDR-TB
- CURE RATES IN MDR-TB AND XDR-TB
- CONCLUSION
49:Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme in India—DOTS and DOTS Plus*
- INTRODUCTION
  - Tuberculosis
- REVISED NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL PROGRAMME
- DIAGNOSIS OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
  - Identification of Tuberculosis Suspects
    - Case Finding Tools
    - Case Finding Methods
  - Diagnosis by Sputum Microscopy
    - Guidelines for Collecting Sputum for Smear Microscopy
    - Smear Preparation, Staining and Reading
- ZIEHL-NEELSEN STAINING PROCEDURE
- TREATMENT
- MANAGEMENT OF PEDIATRIC TUBERCULOSIS UNDER RNTCP
- MANAGEMENT OF EXTRAPULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
  - Management of TB Lymphadenitis
  - Management of Pleural TB
- MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH HIV INFECTION AND TUBERCULOSIS
  - Operationalization of VCTC-RNTCP Cross-Referral Linkages (VCTC now called ICTC)
    - Steps for Operationalization
  - Referral of Persons from VCTC to RNTCP
- RECORDING AND REPORTING
- SUPERVISION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION
- TRAINING
  - Retraining Schedules
- SPECIAL INITIATIVES
- MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS AND DOTS PLUS
- INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
  - Types of Wastes Generated by the RNTCP
- INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION
50:Treatment of Tuberculosis in Special Situations
- INTRODUCTION
- PHARMACOKINETICS OF ANTITUBERCULAR DRUGS
- TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS IN PREGNANCY AND LACTATION
- TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS IN RENAL INSUFFICIENCY
- TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS IN LIVER DISEASE
  - Drug-induced Hepatotoxicity
  - Antituberculosis Treatment with Pre-existing Liver Disease
51:Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL EFFECTS OF HIV ON TUBERCULOSIS(TABLE 51.2)
- DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
52:Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections
- INTRODUCTION
SECTION 8: RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS
53:Community-acquired Pneumonia
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- MICROBIAL ETIOLOGY OF COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA
- RISK FACTORS FOR COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA
- PATHOGENESIS OF CAP WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE PNEUMOCOCCUS
- DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
- PROGNOSIS
- TREATMENT OF COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA
  - Antibiotic Treatment
  - Supportive and Adjunctive Therapies
- PREVENTION OF INFECTION—VACCINATION
- CONCLUSION
54:Pulmonary Fungal Infections
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- AGENTS RESPONSIBLE
55:Pulmonary Mycetoma
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS
- PATHOLOGY
  - Natural History
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  - Rare Manifestations
  - Pulmonary Mycetoma in Special Situations
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- PROGNOSTIC FACTORS
- OVERALL MORTALITY
- CONCLUSION
56:Nosocomial Pneumonia
- INTRODUCTION
  - Definitions According to ATS/IDSA Guidelines1
- PATHOGENESIS
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Clinical Approach
  - Quantitative Microbiological Approach
- RISK STRATIFICATION OF PATIENTS WITH VAP
- TREATMENT
- PREVENTION OF HAP AND VAP
57:Viral Pneumonias
- INTRODUCTION
- RESPIRATORY VIRUSES
- PRESENTING FEATURES
- RISK FACTORS AND FEATURES OF SEVERE DISEASE
- RESPIRATORY PROTECTION FOR HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS
58:Pulmonary Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection
- INTRODUCTION
  - Indian Epidemiology
- PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECI PNEUMONIA (PJP)
- COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIAS (CAPS)
  - Malignancies
  - Miscellaneous Nonmalignant Conditions
59:Lung Abscess
- DEFINITION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- CLASSIFICATION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- PATHOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- COMPLICATIONS
- TREATMENT
- PROGNOSIS
60:Bronchiectasis and Cystic Fibrosis
- BRONCHIECTASIS
- CYSTIC FIBROSIS
61:Rare Respiratory Infections
- INTRODUCTION
- VIRAL INFECTIONS
  - Human Metapneumovirus
  - Hantavirus Pulmonary Disease (HVPD)
- BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
- RARE FORMS OF TUBERCULOUS INFECTIONS
- CHLAMYDIAL INFECTIONS
- PARASITIC INFECTION
  - Parasitic Pneumonias
  - Pulmonary Malaria
- ZOONOTIC BACTERIAL PNEUMONIAS
62:Parasitic Lung Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
63:Anaerobic Bacterial Infections of the Lungs and the Pleura
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL NOTE
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- NATURAL HISTORY AND CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION
- ANAEROBES AND UPPER RESPIRATORY SYNDROMES
- INCIDENCE
- MICROBIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Foul Smell
- LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
- RADIOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- TREATMENT
  - Surgery
- PROGNOSIS
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 9: ASTHMA
64:Bronchial Asthma—Epidemiology
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ECONOMIC BURDEN
- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES
- FACTORS INFLUENCING PREVALENCE OF ASTHMA
  - Host Factors
  - Environmental Factors
65:Allergic Rhinitis, Asthma and Comorbidities
- INTRODUCTION
- CONCLUSION
66:Asthma Diagnosis
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS
  - Medical History
  - Physical Examination
- TESTS FOR DIAGNOSIS AND MONITORING
- DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGES
- CONCLUSION
67:Airway Inflammation and Remodeling
- INTRODUCTION
- CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN AR AND ASTHMA (FIGS 67.1 AND 67.2)
- REMODELING IN ASTHMA (FIG. 67.3)
  - How Early Can Remodeling Start?
  - Update on Therapy for Airway Remodeling
- SUMMARY
68:Control and Management of Stable Asthma
- INTRODUCTION
- THE GOALS OF ASTHMA TREATMENT
- ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF ASTHMA CARE
- TREATMENT PROTOCOLS FOR ASTHMA
- ASTHMA CONTROL IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
- CONCLUSION
69:Management of Severe Asthma
- INTRODUCTION
- DEVELOPMENT OF SEVERE ASTHMA
- PHENOTYPES IN SEVERE ASTHMA
- MANAGING SEVERE ASTHMA USING AIRWAY INFLAMMATORY
- MONITORING A PATIENT WITH DIFFICULT ASTHMA
  - Referral to a Specialist
- CONCLUSION
70:Immunotherapy and Immunomodulators for Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma
- INTRODUCTION
- SUBCUTANEOUS IMMUNOTHERAPY (SCIT)
- THE SUBLINGUAL ROUTE
  - Mechanisms of SCIT and SLIT
    - Subcutaneous Immunotherapy (SCIT)
    - Sublingual Immunotherapy (SLIT)
- FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS OF SIT
- CONCLUSION
71:Allergen Desensitization
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- MECHANISMS OF ALLERGEN IMMUNOTHERAPY
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS
72:Bronchodilators
- INTRODUCTION
- BETA-2 ADRENERGIC AGONISTS
- METHYLXANTHINES (XANTHINES)
- ANTICHOLINERGIC AGENTS
  - Ipratropium Bromide
  - Tiotropium Bromide
73:Patient Education in Asthma
- INTRODUCTION
- GOALS OF ASTHMA EDUCATION PROGRAMS
- BENEFITS OF ASTHMA EDUCATION PROGRAMS
- METHODS AND SETTINGS
  - Methods
    - Settings
- ASTHMA EDUCATION PROGRAM COMPONENTS
- PATIENT EDUCATION: PROBLEMS
- CONCLUSION
74:Childhood Asthma
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- DEFINITION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  - Immunobiology of Asthma
- DIAGNOSIS
75:Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
- INTRODUCTION
  - Characterization of Aspergillus Species
- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ABPA
- PATHOGENESIS OF ABPA
- PATHOLOGY OF ABPA
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 10: CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
76:Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: The Neglected Epidemic
- MORTALITY DUE TO CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
- MORBIDITY DUE TO COPD
- THE ECONOMIC BURDEN OF COPD
- RISK FACTORS FOR COPD
  - COPD Remains Poorly Recognized
  - COPD Remains Underdiagnosed in Clinical Practice
- PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PREVENTION OF COPD
  - COPD Exacerbations
- CONCLUSION
77:Health and Economic Burden of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- MORTALITY DUE TO COPD
- PREVALENCE OF COPD
  - Global Prevalence of COPD
  - COPD Prevalence in India
- DISABILITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS DUE TO COPD
- ECONOMIC BURDEN OF COPD
  - Global Economic Burden of COPD
  - Economic Burden of COPD in India
- CONCLUSION
78:Risk Factors for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- TOBACCO SMOKING
- INDOOR AIR POLLUTION AS A RISK FACTOR FOR COPD
- OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION AND COPD
- COPD ASSOCIATED WITH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES
- COPD ASSOCIATED WITH PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
- CHRONIC ASTHMA AS A RISK FACTOR FOR COPD
- GENETIC FACTORS
- SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
79:Pathophysiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- INTRODUCTION
80:Pulmonary Function Testing in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- HISTORY AND EVOLUTION
- THE CLINICAL NEED FOR PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS
  - Early Diagnosis
  - Management
- PHYSIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
- CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
- MEASURING SMALL AIRWAY DISEASE: IMPULSE OSCILLOMETRY
  - Forced Oscillation Technique
    - Performance of the Test
    - Interpretation
  - Limitations
- OTHER TESTS
- THE FUTURE
81:Systemic Manifestations and Comorbidities
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS
  - Mediators and Cytokine Spillover from Lungs
  - Peripheral Blood Inflammatory and Other Cells
- SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS
- THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
82:Role of Infections in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- DO BACTERIA CAUSE/INITIATE COPD?
83:Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- RISK FACTORS AND THEIR PREVENTION
- OTHER DRUG THERAPIES
- NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENTS
- MANAGING CHRONIC DISEASE
- TREATMENT OF ACUTE EXACERBATIONS
- TREATMENT OF COR PULMONALE
- FUTURE THERAPIES
84:Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- COPD EXACERBATION
- ASSISTED VENTILATION
85:Long-term Oxygen Therapy
- SELECTION OF PATIENTS5,16,17
- BENEFITS5,16–20
- PERSPECTIVES OF DOMICILIARY OXYGEN USE IN INDIA
86:Patient Education in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- EDUCATION ABOUT THE DISEASE
- EDUCATION TO HELP REDUCE COPD EXACERBATIONS
- EDUCATION FOR IMPROVING BASELINE LUNG FUNCTION
- PULMONARY REHABILITATION (SEE CHAPTER 89)
- EDUCATION AND DISCUSSION ON DAILY LIFE ISSUES
- DISCUSSION ON SPECIAL ISSUES
- PREVENTION OF COPD
- EARLY DETECTION OF COPD
87:End-of-life Communication and Palliative Care in Advanced COPD
- INTRODUCTION
- ADVANCED TERMINAL COPD
- PROGNOSIS OF ADVANCED COPD
  - Issues Involved in Treating Advanced Terminal COPD
- GOOD DEATH IN COPD: IMPLICATIONS
  - Appropriate Time to Begin Discussions on End-of-life Issues with COPD Patients
- PRINCIPLES OF END-OF-LIFE COMMUNICATION IN COPD
  - Place Where End-of-life Communication Should be Done
  - How and What Needs to be Done13
- CONCLUSION
88:Smoking/Tobacco Control
- INTRODUCTION
- TOBACCO SMOKING
- SMOKING CONTROL INTERVENTIONS
- CONCLUSION
89:Pulmonary Rehabilitation
- SYMPTOMS AND DISABILITY ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
  - Systemic Consequences of COPD
- THE ROLE AND DEFINITION OF PULMONARY REHABILITATION
- FUTURE WORK
90:Upper and Central Airway Obstruction
- INTRODUCTION
- ACUTE UAO
- CHRONIC UAO
- THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
91:Bronchiolar and Bullous Lung Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- BRONCHIOLITIS
- BULLOUS DISEASE OF THE LUNG
92:Immunomodulators in Respiratory Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
SECTION 11: INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE
93:Approach to Diagnosis of Interstitial Lung Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH
- MANAGEMENT
- ACUTE EXACERBATION OF ILD
- PROGNOSIS
94:Pathology of Interstitial Lung Disease
- IDIOPATHIC INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA
- IDIOPATHIC BRONCHIOLOCENTRIC INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA (BrIP)/AIRWAY CENTERED INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS
  - Histopathological Features
- DRUG INDUCED INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE (DIILD)
  - Clinicoradiological Patterns
  - Pathology
- CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISORDER ASSOCIATED INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE
- HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS (HP)
  - Histopathological Features
  - Treatment and Prognosis
- LYMPHANGIOLEIOMYOMATOSIS (LAM)
  - Histopathological Features
- PULMONARY LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS (LCH)
  - Histopathological Features
95:Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- CLASSIFICATION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES
- TREATMENT
- IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS (IPF)
- NONSPECIFIC INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIAS (NSIP)
- DESQUAMATIVE INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA (DIP)
- RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLITIS-ASSOCIATED INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE (RB-ILD)
- CRYPTOGENIC ORGANIZING PNEUMONIA (COP)
- ACUTE INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA (AIP)
- LYMPHOID INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA (LIP)
96:Sarcoidosis
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - Epidemiology
- RISK FACTORS
- PATHOGENESIS AND IMMUNOLOGY
- PATHOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Pulmonary Involvement
  - Extrapulmonary Involvement
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Histological Diagnosis
- THE TUBERCULOSIS ENIGMA
- TREATMENT
- PROGNOSIS AND MORTALITY
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS
97:Pulmonary Eosinophilic Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
  - Eosinophils
- PULMONARY EOSINOPHILIC DISORDERS
- APPROACH TO DIAGNOSIS AND CONCLUSION
98:Infiltrative and Deposition Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- PULMONARY AMYLOIDOSIS
- LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISORDERS
SECTION 12: DISORDERS DUE TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATE FACTORS
99:Outdoor Air Pollution and Respiratory Health
- INTRODUCTION
- OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS
100:Indoor Air Pollution and Respiratory Health
- INTRODUCTION
- PREVENTION AND CONCLUSIONS
101:Environmental Risk Factors for Respiratory Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS
  - Outdoor Air Pollution
  - Indoor Air Pollution
- CONCLUSION
102:Climate Change and Lung Disease—With Special Focus on Developing Countries
- CLIMATE CHANGE: AN INTRODUCTION
- FUTURE PROJECTIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
- IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HEALTH
- CLIMATE CHANGE AND LUNG DISEASE
  - Extreme Temperature Events
  - Air Pollution
- SYNERGY BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND TEMPERATURE
- CONCLUSION
103:High Altitude Problems
- INTRODUCTION
- CONCLUSION
104:Aviation and Space Travel
- AIR TRAVEL
- SPACE TRAVEL
- CONCLUSION
105:Diving Medicine
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- DIVING PHYSICS AND PHYSIOLOGY
- TYPES OF DIVING
  - Commercial Diving
  - Recreational Diving
- DIVING-RELATED INJURIES/ILLNESSES
- DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS
- BAROTRAUMA
- NITROGEN NARCOSIS
- PULMONARY EDEMA
- TREATMENT OF DECOMPRESSION DISORDERS
- LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF DIVING
  - Effects on Lung
- SUMMARY
- APPENDIX: SIGN LEVELS OF EVIDENCE AND GRADING OF RECOMMENDATIONS
  - Levels of Evidence
  - Grading of Recommendations
SECTION 13: OCCUPATIONAL DISORDERS
106:Lung Diseases in Coal Workers
- INTRODUCTION
  - Epidemiologic Features of Coal-Induced Lung Disease
- CLINICAL FEATURES OF COAL DUST EXPOSURE
- PATHOLOGY OF CWP
  - How CWP Develops: Cellular and Immunologic Factors
- MANAGEMENT OF CWP
- SUMMARY
107:Silicosis
- INTRODUCTION
108:Berylliosis
- INTRODUCTION
  - Acute Beryllium Disease
  - Chronic Beryllium Disease
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
109:Hard Metal Lung Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
  - Incidence
- ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
110:The Health Risks of Asbestos Exposure Inhalation
- INTRODUCTION
- ASBESTOS FIBERS
- CONCLUSION
111:Occupational Asthma
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL ASPECTS
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- WORK-EXACERBATED ASTHMA
- AGENTS CAUSING OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA
  - High Molecular Weight Compounds
  - Low Molecular Weight Compounds
- PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS OF OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA
- DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
- PROGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
- SUMMARY
112:Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
- DEFINITION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- PATHOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
- DIAGNOSIS
- PROGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
- MANAGEMENT
113:Toxic Inhalations and Thermal Lung Injuries
- INTRODUCTION
- DETERMINANTS OF INHALATIONAL LUNG INJURY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS OF INHALATIONAL INJURY
- SPECIFIC INHALED TOXINS
- SYSTEMIC ILLNESSES FROM INHALED TOXINS
- SMOKE INHALATION LUNG INJURY
- APPROACH TO A VICTIM OF INHALATION INJURY
- MANAGEMENT
114:Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- DRUGS ASSOCIATED WITH RESPIRATORY TOXICITY
- DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF DRUG-INDUCED RESPIRATORY DISEASE
SECTION 14: PULMONARY NEOPLASMS
115:Epidemiology and Etiopathogenesis of Lung Cancer
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - Distribution of Various Histological Type
  - Link between Histology and Smoking
- RISK FACTORS
  - Tobacco Smoking
  - Lung Cancer in Never-smokers
- MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
116:Pathology of Lung Tumors
- INTRODUCTION
- MINOR GROUPS
  - Squamous Dysplasia—Carcinoma in Situ
  - Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia (AAH)
    - Diffuse Idiopathic Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Hyperplasia
- EVOLUTION OF WHO CLASSIFICATION
  - Concept of Bronchioloalveolar Carcinoma (BAC)2
  - Challenges Posed by 1999/2004 WHO Classification of Lung Adenocarcinomas3
- NEUROENDOCRINE LESIONS OF LUNG6,7
- STAGING OF LUNG TUMORS8–10
117:Lung Cancer: Clinical Manifestations
- INTRODUCTION
- LOCAL MANIFESTATIONS
- METASTATIC MANIFESTATIONS
- ENDOCRINE SYNDROMES
- NEUROLOGICAL SYNDROMES
- HEMATOLOGICAL SYNDROMES
- SKELETAL
  - Digital Clubbing and Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy
- MISCELLANEOUS SYNDROMES
118:Diagnosis and Staging of Lung Cancer
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSIS OF LUNG CANCER
- STAGING OF NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER
  - Mediastinal Staging
  - Noninvasive Mediastinal Staging
    - Invasive Mediastinal Staging
- STAGING OF SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER
119:Approach to Management of Lung Tumors
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSTIC WORK-UP
- TREATMENT PLANNING
- PALLIATION
120A:Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
- INTRODUCTION
- TERMINOLOGY
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - World Scenario
  - India
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL EVALUATION
- IMAGING STUDIES
- MANAGEMENT
- CONCLUSION
120B:Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Neoplasm of Lungs
- INTRODUCTION
- LYMPHOMAS
- LYMPHOMATOID GRANULOMATOSIS (LYG)
- SECONDARY INVOLVEMENT OF LUNG BY OTHER SYSTEMIC HEMATOPOIETIC AND LYMPHOID DISORDERS46–48
- PYOTHORAX ASSOCIATED LYMPHOMAS
121:Mediastinal Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
  - The Mediastinal Anatomy and Compartments
  - Lymphatics
- IMAGING OF MEDIASTINUM
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
  - Treatment and Clinical Course
  - Pneumomediastinum in Mechanically Ventilated Patients
- MEDIASTINITIS
  - Acute Mediastinitis
  - Chronic Mediastinitis
    - Clinical Manifestations
    - Management
- TUMORS AND CYSTS OF MEDIASTINUM
  - Mediastinal Sampling
- ANTERIOR MEDIASTINAL MASS
- TUMORS OF THE MIDDLE MEDIASTINUM
- TUMORS OF THE POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM
- TUMORS OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
- SUPERIOR VENA CAVA SYNDROME (SVCS)
122:Diseases of Thoracic Cage
- INTRODUCTION
- KYPHOSCOLIOSIS
- PECTUS EXCAVATUM
- PECTUS CARINATUM
- ANKYLOSING SPONDYLOSIS
- OBESITY
  - Pulmonary Function Tests
  - Treatment
- FLAIL CHEST
- MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS
123:Diseases of Diaphragm
- INTRODUCTION
SECTION 15: PULMONARY CIRCULATORY DISORDERS
124:Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage Syndromes, Wegener's Granulomatosis and Other Pulmonary Vasculitis
- DIFFUSE ALVEOLAR HEMORRHAGE SYNDROMES
  - Diagnosis and Evaluation
- WEGENER'S GRANULOMATOSIS AND OTHER PULMONARY VASCULITIDES
  - Epidemiology
  - Specific Disorders
    - ANCA - Associated Vasculitides
- ANCA
125:Pulmonary Hypertension: A Third World Prospective
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- MANAGEMENT
- SUMMARY
126:Pulmonary Thromboembolism
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- RISK FACTORS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- CLINICAL PROBABILITY ASSESSMENT
- DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGIES
- ASSESSMENT OF PROGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
127:Pulmonary Vascular Malformations
- INTRODUCTION
  - Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasias or Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
- OTHER PULMONARY VASCULAR
SECTION 16: RESPIRATORY SLEEP DISORDERS
128:Approach to Respiratory Sleep Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- SLEEP HISTORY
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION FOR RESPIRATORY SLEEP DISORDERS
- NOCTURNAL POLYSOMNOGRAPHY
- PORTABLE MONITORING
- SLEEP QUESTIONNAIRES
- RESPIRATORY DISORDERS DURING SLEEP
  - Asthma
- COPD
  - Hypoventilation/Hypoxemia Syndromes
    - The International Classification of Sleep Disorders
129A:Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome—A Developing Countries' Perspective
129B:Obstructive Sleep Apnea
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS
- PATHOGENESIS OF OSA
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- MORBIDITIES ASSOCIATED WITH OSA
- TREATMENT
SECTION 17: RESPIRATORY CRITICAL CARE
130:Respiratory Failure
- DEFINITION
- CLASSIFICATION
- CONCLUSION
131:Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- CONCLUSION
132:Sepsis
- INTRODUCTION
133:Nonpulmonary Critical Care
- INTRODUCTION
- GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE IN CRITICAL CARE
- HEMATOLOGY IN CRITICAL CARE
- RENAL DISEASE IN CRITICAL CARE
  - Acute Kidney Injury
  - Prevention of Acute Kidney Injury
- ENDOCRINE EMERGENCIES IN CRITICAL CARE
- NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS IN CRITICAL CARE
134:Poisoning, Envenomation and Environmental Injuries
- INTRODUCTION
- POISONING
- STINGS AND ENVENOMATION
  - Snake Envenomation
  - Scorpion Sting and Envenomation
- ENVIRONMENTAL INJURIES
135:Obstetric Critical Care
- INTRODUCTION
- OBSTETRIC HEMORRHAGE
- ACUTE HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS IN OBSTETRIC CRITICAL CARE
- VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM (VTE) IN PREGNANCY
- CARDIAC DISEASE IN PREGNANCY
- RESPIRATORY DISORDERS IN PREGNANCY
- AMNIOTIC FLUID EMBOLISM
- LIVER DYSFUNCTION IN PREGNANCY
- RENAL DYSFUNCTION IN PREGNANCY
- INFECTION IN PREGNANCY
136:Cardiac Emergencies in the Intensive Care Unit: Cardiac Arrhythmias
- INTRODUCTION
- PREMATURE VENTRICULAR COMPLEXES (PVCS) (FIG. 136.1)
- ACCELERATED IDIOVENTRICULAR RHYTHM
- WIDE COMPLEX TACHYCARDIA
- SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA
- BRADYCARDIA (HEART RATE <60 BPM)
137:Cardiac Emergencies in the Intensive Care Unit: Cardiogenic Shock and Acute Coronary Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
  - Definition and Classification
- MANAGEMENT OF ACS
- CONCLUSION
138:Pulmonary Hypertension in the Intensive Care Unit
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTOPATHOLOGY
- RIGHT HEART PHYSIOLOGY
- DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES
- BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS
  - Troponins
  - Brain Natriuretic Peptide
- THERAPY
  - Vasopressors
- SPECIFIC ICU DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES
- SUMMARY
139:Pediatric Critical Care
- INTRODUCTION
  - Clinical Assessment of Respiratory Distress in a Neonate
- PERSISTENT PULMONARY HYPERTENSION OF THE NEONATE (PPHN)
- APNEA
- RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (RDS)
- SURGICAL DISORDERS PRESENTING AS RESPIRATORY DISTRESS IN A NEONATE
- ACUTE PULMONARY DISORDERS IN THE PEDIATRIC PATIENT
140:Mechanical Ventilation: General Principles and Modes
- INTRODUCTION
  - Indications of Mechanical Ventilation
- BASIC ASPECTS OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION
  - Phase Variables
  - Patient-Ventilator Interactions
- MODES OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION
- NEWER MODES OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION
- INITIATING MECHANICAL VENTILATION
  - Initial Ventilator Settings
- COMPLICATIONS OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION
141:Noninvasive Ventilation
- INTRODUCTION
- TECHNICAL ASPECT OF NONINVASIVE VENTILATION
- STEPS TO SUCESSFUL PROVISION OF NIPPV
- CLINICAL USES OF NIPPV: EVIDENCE AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 18: RESPIRATORY MONITORING
142:Blood Gas Monitoring*
- INTRODUCTION
- INVASIVE TECHNIQUE
- NONINVASIVE BLOOD GAS MONITORING
  - Oximetry
  - Capnography
143:Cutaneous Capnography
- INTRODUCTION
- MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF PCCO2 MONITORING
  - End Tidal Carbon Dioxide Monitoring
    - Advantages of End Tidal Carbon Dioxide Measurements
    - Limitation of End Tidal Carbon Dioxide Measurements
  - Clinical Settings for the Use of Cutaneous Capnography
144:Role of Ultrasonography in Critical Care Medicine
- INTRODUCTION
- TRAINING IN CRITICAL CARE ULTRASONOGRAPHY
- TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
- THORACIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY
- CRITICAL CARE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
- ABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND: SCOPE IN ICU
  - Equipment
  - Clinical Applications
- ULTRASOUND ASSESSMENT OF VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM
- ULTRASOUND GUIDANCE FOR PROCEDURES
  - Ultrasound Guided Vascular Access
- ULTRASOUND GUIDANCE OF THORACENTESIS
- ULTRASOUND GUIDANCE OF PERICARDIOCENTESIS
- ULTRASOUND GUIDANCE OF PARACENTESIS
- ULTRASOUND FOR AIRWAY MANAGEMENT
- ULTRASOUND FOR CONFIRMATION OF GASTRIC TUBE PLACEMENT
- LUMBAR PUNCTURE
- OTHER PROCEDURES
- CONCLUSION
145:Interpretation of Chest X-rays in the ICU
- INTRODUCTION
146:Right Heart Catheterization
- INTRODUCTION
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 19: GENERAL ISSUES IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
147:Nutritional Management and General Care in the Intensive Care Unit
- MALNUTRITION IN CRITICAL ILLNESS
- ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS
- GOALS AND PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT
- TIMING OF INITIATION OF NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT
- ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION OF NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT
- QUANTITY AND VOLUME OF NUTRITION SUPPORT
- DELIVERY OF ENTERAL NUTRITION AND ITS DETERMINANTS
- GENERAL CARE IN ICU
148:Airway Management
- AIRWAY ASSESSMENT
149:Complex Airways Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY
- CONCLUSION
150:Analgesia and Sedation in the ICU
- INTRODUCTION
- TEAMWORK (MULTIDISCIPLINARY MANAGEMENT) AND PATIENT FOCUSSED CARE
- INITIAL EVALUATION AND MEDICATION RECONCILIATION
- CONSEQUENCES OF OFF-TARGET SEDATION AND ANALGESIA
- NEED FOR FREQUENT PATIENT ASSESSMENT
- ASSESSMENT OF PAIN, SEDATION AND AGITATION IN THE ICU
- USE OF VALIDATED SCALES AND TOOLS
- MANAGEMENT OF ANALGESIA AND SEDATION IN THE ICU
151:Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF WEANING
- OUTCOME OF WEANING
- ASSESSMENT FOR WEANING
  - Indices to Predict Weaning Success Prior to SBT
- TECHNIQUES OF WEANING
- CONCLUSION
152:Extracorporeal Life Support for Severe Acute Respiratory Failure
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL TRIALS OF EXTRACORPOREAL SUPPORT
- PRE-ECMO MANAGEMENT
- PATIENT SELECTION
- TECHNIQUES OF ECLS
- VASCULAR CANNULATION
- MANAGEMENT DURING SUPPORT
- TRANSITIONING FROM ECMO
- SUMMARY
153:Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy*
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY OF HYPERBARIC MEDICINE
- INDICATIONS
- CONTRAINDICATIONS
- COMPLICATIONS
- HYPERBARIC CHAMBERS
  - Types of Hyperbaric Chambers
- TECHNIQUES OF HYPERBARIC OXYGENATION
SECTION 20: PLEURAL DISORDERS
154:Pathophysiology of Pleural Effusion
- INTRODUCTION: ANATOMY OF THE PLEURA
155:Approach to Pleural Effusion
- INTRODUCTION
- MECHANISMS OF PLEURAL EFFUSION FORMATION
  - Clinical Approach
  - Imaging Studies for Pleural Effusion
156:Tubercular Pleural Effusion
- PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- MANAGEMENT
  - Medical Management
    - Role of Corticosteroid
    - Role of Surgery
- COMPLICATION OF TB PLEURAL EFFUSION
157:Parapneumonic Effusion and Empyema
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS
  - Empyema
  - Parapneumonic Effusion
    - Complicated Parapneumonic Effusion
- PATHOGENESIS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- BACTERIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES AND DIAGNOSIS
  - Radiological Investigations
  - Thoracocentesis
- PLEURAL FLUID ANALYSIS
- TREATMENT
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
158:Pneumothorax
- INTRODUCTION
- PRIMARY SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX
- SECONDARY SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX
159:Malignant Pleural Effusions
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY OF MALIGNANT EFFUSIONS
- PATHOGENESIS OF METASTASIS AND EFFUSIONS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- RADIOLOGICAL FINDINGS
- DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
- LONG-TERM AMBULATORY PLEURAL DRAINAGE
- PROGNOSIS
160:Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - Risk Factors
- PATHOGENESIS
  - Pathology
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  - Natural History
- DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH
  - Cytopathological and Histopathological Diagnosis
  - Tumor Markers
- TREATMENT
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
SECTION 21: PULMONARY MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC DISEASES
161:Pulmonary Involvement in Collagen Vascular Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
- SCLERODERMA
- SJÖGREN'S SYNDROME
- SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
- DERMATOMYOSITIS (DM) AND POLYMYOSITIS (PM)
  - Interstitial Lung Disease
  - Respiratory Muscle Weakness
- ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
- MIXED CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE (MCTD)
- TREATMENT
- CONCLUSION
162:Pulmonary Manifestations of Systemic Diseases: An Approach
- ENDOCRINAL DISORDERS
- GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES
  - Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
  - Acute Pancreatitis
- HEPATIC DISORDERS
- RENAL DISEASES
- OTHER SYSTEMIC DISEASES
163:Pulmonary Manifestations in Cardiovascular and Neuromuscular Diseases
- CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
164:Pulmonary Involvement in Tropical Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- MALARIA
- TYPHOID
- LEPTOSPIROSIS
- DENGUE
- AMEBIASIS
165:Pregnancy and Pulmonary Diseases
- PULMONARY PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY
166:Rare Lung Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- INTRODUCTION
SECTION 22: PERSPECTIVES IN PULMONARY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE
167:Ethics in Respiratory Care
- SCOPE OF ETHICS
- THE FOUR-PRINCIPLE APPROACH TO MEDICAL ETHICS (PRINCIPLISM)
- ETHICS IN END-OF-LIFE (EOL) CARE
- A NEW COVENANT AND A CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR PATIENT CARE
  - A New Covenant
  - A Conceptual Model for Patient Care
168:End-of-Life Care
- PROGNOSTICATION
- BARRIERS
- COMPONENTS OF EOL CARE
- COMMON SYMPTOMS IN EOL
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- HINDUISM
  - Rituals and Rites
  - Bereavement
- ISLAMIC RITES AND RITUALS As per Islamic Principles (Qur'an and Shariyat as Observed in India)
- THE SIKH TRADITIONS
- THE JAIN RITES
  - Prayers and Devotional Songs are Chanted
  - After Death
    - Different Jains may or may not use flowers during this time
- CHRISTIAN RITUALS AND PRACTICES
169:Health Economics of Pulmonary Care
- INTRODUCTION
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 23: SURGICAL ASPECTS OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE
170:Surgery for Tuberculosis and Infective Lung Conditions
- HISTORICAL ASPECTS
- TYPES OF SURGICAL PROCEDURES PERFORMED FOR TUBERCULOSIS
171:Surgical Aspects of Obstructive Lung Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- LUNG VOLUME REDUCTION SURGERY
- CONCLUSION
172:Thoracic Trauma
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY3
- EFFECTS ON LUNGS AND CHEST WALL
  - Classification (Table 172.1)
- BLUNT CHEST TRAUMA2–4
  - Patterns and Manifestations of Blunt Chest Injuries
- PENETRATING CHEST INJURIES (PCI)14,15
  - Patterns and Manifestations of Penetrating Injuries
- MANAGEMENT OF THORACIC TRAUMA
173:Lung Transplantation
- HISTORY OF LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
- GENERAL INDICATIONS
  - Selection Criteria for Individual End-Stage Lung Diseases
- CONTRAINDICATIONS
- WAITING LIST AND ORGAN ALLOCATION
  - Donor Selection
  - Donor Management
- IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Surgical Complications
  - Medical Complications
- OUTCOMES
- THE FUTURE OF LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
- LUNG TRANSPLANTATION IN INDIA
- SUMMARY

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes