Textbook of Dental Radiology Pramod John R
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1Textbook of Dental Radiology
2Textbook of Dental Radiology
Second Edition
Pramod John R BSc, BDS, MDS Professor and Head Department of Oral Medicine, Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Amrita School of Dentistry Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (A Constituent Institution of Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham–A Deemed University) Cochin, Kerala, India Formerly, Associate Professor, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, College of Dental Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal and Mangalore and Professor and Head, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Mahatma Gandhi Government Dental College and Hospital, Indira Nagar Complex, Puducherry, India
3Published by
Jitendar P Vij
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
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Textbook of Dental Radiology
© 2011, Pramod John R
All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author and the publisher.
This book has been published in good faith that the material provided by author is original. Every effort is made to ensure accuracy of material, but the publisher, printer and author will not be held responsible for any inadvertent error (s). In case of any dispute, all legal matters are to be settled under Delhi jurisdiction only.
First Edition: 1999
Reprint: 2007
Reprint: 2008
Second Edition: 2011
9789350250792
Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unit
Printed at
4Dedicated
To My Parents for their Joy in my successes, Compassion in my fallibility, Encouragement in my academic pursuits, Understanding in my mistakes, Support when my steps falter, And above all for making me what I am.
To My Teachers for Teaching me the values and virtues of life, Opening new vistas of ever-broadening knowledge, Taking me out of my ignorance, Patience in teaching to make me understand, Unselfishness in imparting knowledge, And above all for helping me reach where I am.
5In Memoriam
To The Memory of my mother, Smt Mercy Who Left For Her Heavenly Abode On 22nd November 2007
6Preface to the Second Edition
I had written the first edition of the book, titled, ‘Essentials of Dental Radiology’ at a time when foreign textbooks were flooding the market and the students were finding it hard to browse through the enormous volumes of these books during their preparation phase for the examination. The time constraint and the cost factor were unfavorable for the average student to buy all these books.
I was greatly encouraged by the warm reception the book received which stimulated me to do the revision of the book. I have added many photographs and the entire text material has been edited and rewritten to suit the requirement of the readers.
I have also taken the valuable inputs from and suggestions received from the readers and publishers. It is my confidence that the new visual appeal, presentation and format of the book would be liked by the readers. Suggestions for the improvement of the book and criticisms are whole-heartedly solicited.
Pramod John R
7Preface to the First Edition
I have derived immense enthusiasm to write this book, titled, ‘Essentials of Dental Radiology’ from the encouragement I received from the readers after the publication of my maiden effort, ‘Handbook of Oral Medicine’, published by Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi in 1998. The objectives of writing this book remain the same as that of my first book.
All the chapters in this book are written in conformity with the syllabi of various Indian universities. As yet there is no book available which satisfies the requirements of the various syllabi. In this context, I am sure that this book will be quite useful for any student of dentistry. I have tried to provide the essential material in all the chapters so that the undergraduate and postgraduate students will acquire adequate subject knowledge to face the examination. In the preparation of the contents, I have excluded certain unnecessary details. Additional information in these areas, especially to the postgraduate students, may be obtained from appropriate reference books that are freely available in the country.
I request the readers to point out any inadvertent errors or omissions and offer constructive criticism, if any, in modifying or improving the contents. Your opinion about this book is also solicited.
Pramod John R
8Acknowledgments
My parents were a wonderful source of encouragement, without which I would not have reached where I am now. They stood by me at times of joy as well as grief. During the course of preparation of the second edition of this book, I lost my mother so untimely and unexpectedly. I am sure she is in her heavenly abode and looking down on me. My daughter Priya deserves a special acknowledgment for all the joy and happiness she spreads at home.
I am greatly indebted to my alma mater, the College of Dental Surgery (a constituent college of Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal—a Deemed University), where I was a student and served as a faculty for a lengthy period of time. The teachers I had there instilled in me the quest to learn more and more and also to pursue the less preferred path of academics as a career. I greatly remember the wonderful teachers I had there and to name a few, Dr MK Manjunath, Dr MR Vijay Raghavan, Dr Shobha Tandon, Dr Dileep R Gadevar, Dr GS Kumar and Dr Mahalinga Bhat.
I greatly appreciate and express my special thanks to my sister Dr Jayasree VM for helping me in correcting the proof and also for standing behind me as a source of strength and encouragement.
“Knowledge is of two kinds: we know a subject ourselves or we know where we can find information upon it”, so wrote Boswell in ‘Life of Samuel Johnson'. I greatly acknowledge the 9authors of various books that I have used as reference material. Their willingness to share the knowledge is greatly appreciated.
I am especially thankful to Shri Jitendar P Vij of Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi, India for all the encouragement as well as for bringing out this book in an excellent form.
I would like to thank all those who were involved directly or indirectly in the task of bringing out this book.