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Oral Radiology Ram Kumar Srivastava

CHAPTER 1:Introduction
CHAPTER 2:Atomic Structure
- ELECTRON SHELLS
- IONIZATION AND EXCITATION
- RADIATION AND RADIOACTIVITY
- IONIZING RADIATION
- PARTICULATE RADIATIONS
- ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
  - Particle (Quantum) Theory
  - Wave Theory
- TYPES OF X-RAY RADIATION
  - Coherent Radiation
- CONTINUOUS RADIATION SPECTRUM
- PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS
- BREMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATION (GENERAL RADIATION)
- CHARACTERISTIC RADIATION
- ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONVERSION TO X-RADIATION
- ELECTRON INTERACTION WITH THE ANODE OF THE X-RAY TUBE
- X-RAY INTERACTION WITH MATTER
- X-RAY MACHINE
  - X-ray Tube Head
- X-RAY TUBE
- BASIC COMPONENTS OF AN X-RAY TUBE
  - Cathode
  - Anode
- X-RAY GENERATING APPARATUS
  - Electricity
- TRANSFORMER
  - Autotransformer
- CONTROL PANEL
- TIMER
- X-RAY BEAM
- BASIC OPERATION OF X-RAY TUBE
  - Main Features of an X-ray Tube
  - Main Properties and Characteristics of X-rays
- COMPTON EFFECT
  - Stages in Compton Effect
  - Summary of Production of X-ray
CHAPTER 3:X-ray Image Characteristics
- CHARACTERISTICS OF X-RAY IMAGE
- DENSITY
- CONTRAST
- PROJECTION GEOMETRY AND IMAGE QUALITY
CHAPTER 4:Dose Units and Dosimetry
- RADIATION-ABSORBED DOSE (D)
- EQUIVALENT DOSE (H)
CHAPTER 5:Biological Effects
- RADIATION HAZARDS
- HARMFUL EFFECTS IN DENTAL RADIOLOGY
  - Latent Period
- DAMAGING EFFECTS OF RADIATION
- BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION
CHAPTER 6:Factors Controlling X-ray Beam
- EXPOSURE TIME
- TUBE CURRENT (mA)
- TUBE VOLTAGE (kVp)
- FILTRATION
- COLLIMATION
  - X-ray Beam
- X-RAY BEAM QUALITY AND QUANTITY
- MILLIAMPERES (mA)
- MILLIAMPERE-SECONDS (mAs)
- X-RAY BEAM INTENSITY
  - Inverse Square Law
CHAPTER 7:Film Mounting
CHAPTER 8:Infection Control in Dental Radiography
- FILM PACKETS
CHAPTER 9:Characteristics of Radiographic Film
CHAPTER 10:Film Processing
- FILM PROCESSING
- LATENT IMAGE FORMATION
  - From Latent Image to Visible Image
- VISIBLE IMAGE
  - Radiolucent
  - Radiopaque
- FILM PROCESSING STEPS
  - Developing Stage
  - Time-Temperature versus Sight Development
  - Rinsing
  - Fixation
  - Washing
  - Drying
- RAPID PROCESSING
- FILM PROCESSING SOLUTIONS
- DEVELOPER SOLUTION
  - Developing Agent
  - Preservative
  - Accelerator
  - Restrainer
- FIXER SOLUTION
  - Fixing Agent
  - Preservative
  - Hardening Agent
  - Acidifier
- REPLENISHING
- DARKROOM SPECIFICATIONS
  - Room Requirements
  - Location and Size
  - Lighting
- MANUAL PROCESSING PROCEDURES
- AUTOMATIC FILM PROCESSING
  - Component Parts of the Automatic Processor
- PROBLEMS DURING PROCESSING
  - Underdeveloped Film
    - Problems
- OVERDEVELOPED FILM
- CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION
  - Developer Spots
  - Fixer Spots
    - Problems
- YELLOW-BROWN STAINS ON THE FILMS
  - Problems
- OVERLAPPED FILMS
  - Solution
- AIR BUBBLES
- FINGERNAIL ARTIFACT
  - Solution
- THIN, BLACK BRANCHING LINES APPEAR ON THE FILM
  - Solution
- WHITE LINES APPEAR ON THE FILM (Figs 10.10A and B)
- LIGHTING
  - Light Leak
  - Problem
  - Solution
- FOGGED FILM
  - Problems
CHAPTER 11:Dental X-ray Film Composition
- FILM COMPOSITION
- TYPES OF FILM
CHAPTER 12:Extraoral Radiography
- INTRODUCTION
  - Purpose and Use
  - Advantages
- EXTRAORAL FILM PACKAGING
- FILM TYPES
  - Screen Film
  - Nonscreen Film
- EXTRAORAL FILM EQUIPMENT
- EXTRAORAL PROJECTION TECHNIQUES
  - Lateral Jaw Radiography
  - Skull Radiography
- POSTEROANTERIOR PROJECTION
- LATERAL SKULL PROJECTION
  - Technique
- OCCIPITOMENTAL PROJECTION (WATERS PROJECTION)
- TOWNE'S PROJECTION
  - Technique
- REVERSE TOWNE'S PROJECTION
  - Technique
- SUBMENTOVERTEX PROJECTION (BASE PROJECTION)
  - Technique
- DUPLICATING FILM
  - Technique of Duplicating the Film
CHAPTER 13:Radiographic Techniques
- PARALLELING TECHNIQUE
  - Principles
- BISECTING TECHNIQUE
- ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BISECTING TECHNIQUE
- PARALLELING TECHNIQUE
- BISECTING TECHNIQUE
  - Procedure
  - Basic Rule for Bisecting Technique
CHAPTER 14:Bitewing and Occlusal Radiography
- BITEWING RADIOGRAPHY
  - Indications
  - Principles
- BITEWING TECHNIQUES
- OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHY
  - Indications
  - Principles
- TECHNIQUES IN OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 15:Panoramic Radiography (Pantomography)
- PANORAMIC RADIOGRAPHY
- EQUIPMENT
- PANORAMIC X-RAY UNITS
- FILM
- GHOST IMAGES
  - Problem
- LEAD APRON ARTIFACT
  - Problem
- AN INTERPRETATION OF ANATOMIC STRUCTURES ON THE PANORAMIC IMAGE
CHAPTER 16:Cephalometric Radiography
- INTRODUCTION
- PROJECTIONS
  - True Cephalometric
  - Cephalometric Posteroanterior of Jaws (PA View)
- CEPHALOMETRIC ANALYSIS
- LINES AND PLANES IN CEPHALOMETRICS
  - Vertical Line
  - Horizontal Planes
CHAPTER 17:Radiography of the Temporomandibular Joint
- ANATOMY OF TMJ
CHAPTER 18:Normal Anatomical Structures in Radiographs: Intraoral Radiographs
- RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF ANATOMY OF TOOTH AND ITS SUPPORTING STRUCTURES
- NUTRIENT CANALS
- ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES OF MAXILLA
- ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES OF MANDIBLE
- TOOTH GERM AND PAPILLA
- THE STYLOHYOID CHAIN
CHAPTER 19:Maxillofacial Imaging
- IMAGING METHODS
- INTRAORAL RADIOGRAPHY
  - Advantage
- OCCLUSAL X-RAY
  - Advantages
- PANORAMIC RADIOGRAPHY
  - Advantages
- DIGITAL IMAGING
- CONVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY
  - Production of X-ray
  - Projections in Conventional Radiography
- CONVENTIONAL TOMOGRAPHY
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
- ULTRASOUND
- SCINTIGRAPHY OR RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING (RADIOISOTOPE SCANNING)
- CONTRAST STUDIES
CHAPTER 20:Benign and Malignant Tumors of the Jaw
- BENIGN TUMOR
  - Characteristics
  - Difference between Benign and Malignant Tumor
- TORUS PALATINES
- TORUS MANDIBULARIS
- AMELOBLASTOMA
- ODONTOMA
  - Compound Odontoma
  - Complex Odontoma
- OSTEOMAS
- CENTRAL HEMANGIOMAS
- MALIGNANT TUMORS
- SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
- METASTATIC CARCINOMA
- OSTEOSARCOMA
  - Earlier Sign
  - Enlarged Tumor (Three Forms)
- MALIGNANT MELANOMA
CHAPTER 21:Diseases of Bone
- FIBRO-OSSEOUS LESIONS
- MALIGNANT LESIONS
  - Squamous Cell Carcinoma
  - Sarcomas
CHAPTER 22:Preoperative Radiographic Assessment of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars and Canines
- ASSESSMENT OF THE SURROUNDING BONE
- MANDIBULAR THIRD MOLAR ASSESSMENT
- PREOPERATIVE RADIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF UNERUPTED MAXILLARY CANINES
CHAPTER 23:Radiopaque Lesions in the Jaws
- CLASSIFICATION OF RADIOPACITIES IN THE JAWS
  - Abnormalities of the Teeth
- BONY LESIONS HAVING RADIOPACITIES
- RADIOPACITY CAUSED BY ABNORMALITIES OF THE TEETH
- TUMORS
CHAPTER 24:Radiolucent Lesions of the Jaws
- INFLAMMATORY LESIONS
- NASOPALATINE DUCT CYST (INCISIVE CANAL CYST)
- PSEUDOCYSTS
  - Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
  - Solitary (Simple) Bone Cyst
- ODONTOGENIC TUMORS
CHAPTER 25:Developmental Anomalies of Teeth and Facial Skeleton
- DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
- ANOMALIES OF THE TEETH
- ANOMALIES OF BONE
CHAPTER 26:Dental Caries
- INTRODUCTION
- RADIOGRAPHIC DETECTION OF CARIES
- INTERPROXIMAL CARIES
- OCCLUSAL SURFACE CARIES
- BUCCAL AND LINGUAL SURFACE CARIES
- ROOT SURFACE CARIES (CERVICAL CARIES)
- RECURRENT OR SECONDARY CARIES
- RAMPANT CARIES
CHAPTER 27:Periodontal Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES IN PERIODONTAL DISEASE
- MILD PERIODONTITIS (FIG. 27.3A)
- MODERATE PERIODONTITIS (FIG. 27.3B)
- SEVERE PERIODONTITIS (FIG. 27.3C)
- AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS
- PERIODONTAL ABSCESS
- HORIZONTAL BONE LOSS
- VERTICAL BONE LOSS
- BUCCAL OR LINGUAL CORTICAL PLATE LOSS
- SYSTEMIC DISEASES CAUSING PERIODONTAL DISEASE
  - Diabetes
  - AIDS

INDEX

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Index

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Chapter Notes