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Essentials of Nursing Research
BT Basavanthappa
CHAPTER 1:
Concepts of Research
SEARCH FOR KNOWLEDGE
SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE
Unstructured Sources of Knowledge
Structured Sources of Knowledge
Scientific Approach
Characteristics of Scientific Approach
Assumptions of Scientific Approach
Purposes of Scientific Approach
Limitations of the Scientific Approach
Moral or Ethical Problems
Human Complexity
Measurement Problems
Control Problems
Method of Knowing Facts
Tenacity
Authority
Intuition
Science
Relation of Scientific Method and Research
RESEARCH AND PROBLEM-SOLVING
Problem-Solving
Research
Differences between Research and Problem-solving
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Purposes of Research
Characteristics of Research
CHAPTER 2:
Research in Nursing
NEED FOR RESEARCH IN NURSING
CHAPTER 3:
Classification of Research
I. CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH ON THE BASIS OF DESIRE-DIRECTED
A. Classification on the Basis of Purpose
1. Basic Research
2. Applied Research
3. Exploratory Research
4. Descriptive Research
5. Diagnostic Research
6. Evaluative Research
7. Action Research
B. CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO METHODS
Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research
(1) QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS
1. Phenomenological Research Method
2. Grounded Theory
3. Ethnography
4. Historical Research
(2) QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
1. Experimental Research Designs
True Experimental Research
2. Quasi-experimental Research Designs
2. Nonexperimental Quantitative Research Designs
I. Correlational Designs
II. Descriptive Designs
III. Time Perspective Designs
IV. Retrospective Designs
V. Prospective Designs
VI. Designs that Use Existing Data
VII. Focus Group Research
VIII. Content Analysis
CHAPTER 4:
Overview of the Research Process
CHAPTER 5:
Review of Literature
DEFINITION OF REVIEW OF LITERATURE
PURPOSES OF REVIEW OF LITERATURE
OBJECTIVES OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW
USES OF LITERATURE REVIEW
Research
Nonresearch
SOURCES OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW
Characteristics of Relevant Review of Literature
Selected Sources of Review of Literature
Examples of Nursing Journals for Literature Reviews
Examples of Database Print Sources
Index
Abstract Reviews
Skills Needed for Literature Review
Critical Thinking Skill
Critical Reading Skill and its Process
Comprehensive Understanding
Steps in Review of Literature
How to Review
Communicating a Review of Literature
CHAPTER 6:
Theory and Theoretical Framework
DEFINITIONS OF THEORY
THEORY CONSTRUCTION
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
CONSTRUCTION OF THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
CHAPTER 7:
Research Problem
IDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
Selection of a Problem and its Criteria
Criteria of Problem Selection
Formulation of the Selected Problem
Formulation Process
Statement of the Problem
Examples of Purpose Statements
Evaluating a Research Problem
CHAPTER 8:
Hypotheses
ADVANTAGES OF HYPOTHESES
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Sources of Hypotheses
CLASSIFICATION OF HYPOTHESES
Directional Hypothesis
Nondirectional Hypothesis
Developing the Research Hypotheses
Theory Base
CHAPTER 9:
Research Design
PURPOSES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
THE ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
Selecting a Research Design
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
Pre-experimental Designs
NON-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
1. Historical Research Design
2. Survey Research Design
Advantages of Survey Research Design
CHAPTER 10:
Sampling
INTRODUCTION
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SAMPLING
Advantages of Sampling
Disadvantages of Sampling
Characteristics of a Good Sample
The Sampling Process
Methods of Sampling
Probability Sampling
a. Proportionate Stratified Sampling
b. Disproportionate Stratified Random Sampling
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS
Introduction
1. Convenient Sampling
2. Quota Sampling
3. Snowball Sampling
4. Purposive or Judgement Sampling
5. Theoretical Sampling
6. Voluntary Sampling
7. Modal Instance Sampling
8. Expert Sampling
9. Diversity Sampling
10. Event Sampling
11. Time Sampling
CHAPTER 11:
Ethical Issues in Nursing Research
CHAPTER 12:
Research Planning or Proposal (Protocol)
MEANING OF PROTOCOL/PROPOSAL
Statement of the Problem and its Significance
Review of Related Literature
Scope of the Study
Objective of the Study
Conceptual Model
Hypothesis
Example of Hypothesis
Methodology
Chapter Scheme
Time Schedule
Ethical Clearance
References
I. PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATION
II. GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING THESIS / DISSERTATION PROTOCOL
1. Title of The Topic
2. Brief Resume of the Work
3. Material and Methods (About 100-150 Words)
4. References
III. GUIDELINES FOR WRITING REFERENCEs
Different Components of Reference and Method of Typing
DIFFERENT TYPES OF REFERENCES
Text Book Reference
THE VANCOUVER STYLE OF WRITING REFERENCES
References
Examples of Correct Forms of References
CHAPTER 13:
Methods of Data Collection
TYPES OF DATA
NEED OF DATA
SOURCES OF DATA
Primary Sources
Secondary Sources
METHODS OF COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA
Selection of Methods of Data Collection
Evaluation of Data Collection Methods
1. OBSERVATION AS A METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
Characteristics of Observation
Types of Observation
Planning Observation
Planning and Conducting Experiments
a. Laboratory Experiment
b. Field Experiment
Validity of Experimentation
3. SIMULATION AS A METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
Simulation vs Experimentation
Types of Simulation
4. NON-EXPERIMENTATIONAL METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
Field Methods
Advantages of sample survey
Limitations of sample survey
Advantages of case study
Limitations of case study method
Library Methods
Sources of Data Collection
5. INTERVIEWING AS A METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
Merits of Interviewing
Demerits of Interviewing
Characteristics of Interviewing
Requirements of Successful Interview
Types of Interviews
6. PANEL METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
Need for Panel Study
Types of Panel
Advantages of Panel Method
Limitations of Panel Method
7. MAIL SURVEY AS A METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
Procedure
Alternative Modes of Sending Questionnaires
Advantages of Mail Surveys
Disadvantages of Mail Surveys
8. PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES OF DATA COLLECTION
Types of Projective Techniques
10. SOCIOMETRY USED AS DATA COLLECTION
Sociometry Test
11. CONTENT ANALYSIS
Procedure
12. DELPHI TECHNIQUE OF DATA COLLECTION
13. ETHOLOGIC TECHNIQUE OF DATA COLLECTION
14. SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION
Advantages
Disadvantages/Limitations
15. CASE STUDY METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
CHAPTER 14:
Techniques of Data Collection
TYPES OF TOOLS
MEASUREMENT AS A TECHNIQUE OF DATA COLLECTION
Approaches Measurement
Measurement Process
Levels of Measurement
Measurement Scale and Indices
Scales Classification
Common Types of Measurements Used in Nursing
Measuring Biological and Physiologic Responses
Types of Scales Used in Nursing
OBSERVATION AS A TECHNIQUE OF DATA COLLECTION
Observers and their Role
Phenomena Amenable to Observation
Units of Observation
Molar Approach
Molecular Approach
Observational Methods
Structured Observation
Category System
Advantages and Disadvantages of Observational Methods
Advantages
Disadvantages
QUESTIONING AND INTERVIEWS AS TECHNIQUE OF DATA COLLECTION
Meaning
Plan for Scoring
Construction of Schedules
Summary of Characteristics of a Good Schedule/Questionnaire
Introduction and Instructions
Writing Good Questions
Administration of Questionnaire
Interviews
Types of Interview
General Rules for Interviewing
Training the Interviewer
Conducting the Interview (Practical Application)
Problems of Interview
Ethical Implications
RECORDS OF EXISTING DATA AS A TECHNIQUE OF DATA COLLECTION
Testing of Measurement Tools
Validity
Content Validity
Criterion Validity
Construct Validity
Reliability
CHAPTER 15:
Pilot Study
CHAPTER 16:
Data Analysis and Interpretation
CHAPTER 17:
Communicating Nursing Research
WRITING THE RESEARCH REPORT
FORMAT OF THE RESEARCH REPORT
Style of Writing
Organisation
Proportion and Emphasis
Unity and Clarity
Other Style Problems
Tables
Figures
Quotations
Footnotes
Abbreviations in Footnotes
Bibliography
Headings
Centre Head (Full Capitals)
Pagination
Preparation of the Report
Typing the Report
Presentation of Research Report in Professional Meetings
CHAPTER 18:
Critiquing Research Report
Glossary
APPENDIX:
The Evolution of Research in Nursing in India
INDEX
TOC
Index
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