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Orthopedics Illustrated
RK Gupta
PART - I: TRAUMATIC ORTHOPEDICS
CHAPTER 1:
General Orthopedics
ANATOMY OF BONES
Long Bones
Bone Cells
Blood Supply of the Long Bones
JOINTS
General Rules of Bone Healing
Types of Healing
CLASSIFICATION OF FRACTURES
On the Basis of Extent of Fracture
On the Basis of Etiology
Traumatic #s
? Pathological #s
Fatigue or stress fracture
On the Basis of Displacement
On the Basis of Relationship with External Environment
On the Basis of Pattern of #s
On the Basis of Deformity at Fracture Site
MULLER'S AO CLASSIFICATION OF FRACTURES
Classification of Open Fractures—(Gustillo et al Classification)
COMPLICATIONS OF FRACTURES
Immediate complications
Early complications
Late complications
CLINICAL FEATURES
INJURIES TO LIGAMENTS “SPRAIN”
FRACTURES WITH EPONYMS
General Principle of Treatment of Fractures
Phase1: Emergency Treatment
Phase 2: Management in hospital
Splints
Methods of Immobilization of Fractures
Traction
Different Traction Systems
Tractions and its Applications
Cast splintage
Functional bracing (Sarmiento 1930)
Internal fixation
External fixation
Special Features of Fractures in Children
CHAPTER 2:
Fracture Clavicle
DIAGNOSIS
Complications
TREATMENT
Conservative
CHAPTER 3:
Dislocation of the Shoulder
DIAGNOSIS
Radiograph
TREATMENT
HOW TO RELOCATE
? Kocher's method
Hippocratic method
Stimson's gravity method
COMPLICATIONS
RECURRENT ANTERIOR DISLOCATION OF SHOULDER
Treatment
CHAPTER 4:
Fracture Scapula
ACROMIOCLAVICULAR SUBLUXATION
ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATION
CHAPTER 5:
Proximal Humeral Fracture
CHAPTER 6:
Fracture Shaft Humerus
TREATMENT
Conservative
Operative
COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 7:
Supracondylar Fracture of the Humerus
DIAGNOSIS
Technique of Close Reduction
Complications
Volkmann's ischemia (?Compartmental Syndrome)
VOLKMANN'S ISCHEMIC CONTRACTURE (VIC)
CUBITUS VARUS
Cubitus Valgus
Myositis Ossificans
CHAPTER 8:
Physeal Injury
CLASSIFICATION
Treatment
COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 9:
Intercondylar Fracture of Humerus
TREATMENT
Undisplaced
Displaced
COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 10:
Dislocation of the Elbow
TYPES
Diagnosis
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 11:
Pulled Elbow
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
CHAPTER 12:
Fracture of the Olecranon
COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 13:
Fracture of Head of the Radius
COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 14:
Fractures of Forearm Bones
IMPORTANT OPERATIVE PRECAUTIONS
Position of immobilization
CHAPTER 15:
Fracture of Distal End of Radius
? COLLES #
Indications of above elbow pop in colles #
? Causes of painful wrist
Sudeck osteodystrophy/Osteoneurodystrophy
BARTON'S FRACTURE
CHAUFFEUR FRACTURE
CHAPTER 16:
Scaphoid Fracture
CHAPTER 17:
Fracture of the Metacarpals
?BENNETT'S FRACTURE
CHAPTER 18:
Fractures of the Phalanges
?MALLET FINGER (SYN—BASE BALL FINGER, DROP FINGER)
Treatment
CHAPTER 19:
Fracture Pelvis
DIAGNOSIS
Clinical features
Clinical test
X-ray and CT Scan
TREATMENT PLAN FOR FRACTURE PELVIS
CHAPTER 20:
Spine
CRITERIA OF THE UNSTABLE SPINAL INJURY
Classification
Clinical features
INVESTIGATION
GOALS OF THE TREATMENT
TREATMENTS
FRANKEL'S CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE NEUROLOGICAL LESION
CONUS MEDULLARIS AND CAUDA EQUINA SYNDROME
LOCALIZATION OF LEVEL OF THE INJURY
NEUROGENIC BLADDER
TREATMENT OF SPINAL INJURY
CHAPTER 21:
Injuries Around the Hip
DEFORMITIES AT HIP IN DIFFERENT HIP LESIONS
CHAPTER 22:
Fracture Acetabulum
CHAPTER 23:
Dislocation of Hip
POSTERIOR DISLOCATION
METHODS OF REDUCTION OF HIP
? Complications
ANTERIOR DISLOCATION OF THE HIP (LESS COMMON)
TREATMENT
Methods
CHAPTER 24:
Fracture of Neck of the Femur
REDUCTION TECHNIQUES
Prosthesis for Hemireplacement arthoplasty (HRA)
COMPLICATIONS
? Causes of Avascular necrosis of femoral head: (B/L in 75% cases)
NONUNION OF FRACTURE NECK FEMUR
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATION
CHAPTER 25:
Intertrochanteric Fracture
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FRACTURE NECK FEMUR AND INTERTROCHANTERIC FRACTURE
COMPLICATION
CHAPTER 26:
Fracture Shaft Femur
COMPLICATIONS
Early
Late
TREATMENT
CHAPTER 27:
Condylar Fracture of Femur
CHAPTER 28:
Fracture of the Patella
CHAPTER 29:
Internal Derangement of Knee (IDK)
COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS INJURIES
Clinical Features
Treatment: Fresh Injury
CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURIES
Mechanism of Injuries
? Clinical Features
“Drop back” or sag sign (for PCL Injury)
SEMILUNAR CARTILAGE (MENISCUS) INJURIES
Types
Clinical Features
CHAPTER 30:
Dislocation of the Patella
CHAPTER 31:
Proximal Tibial Fracture
CHAPTER 32:
Fracture of Shaft of Tibiaand Fibula
CHAPTER 33:
Ankle Injury
CHAPTER 34:
Fracture Calcaneum
CLASSIFICATION AND TREATMENT: (WARRICK AND BREMNER'S CLASSIFICATION)
CHAPTER 35:
Fracture Neck Talus
CHAPTER 36:
Injuries of the Forefoot
LISFRANC'S DISLOCATION
Treatment
FRACTURE OF THE METATARSAL BONES
Treatment
PART - II: NONTRAUMATIC ORTHOPEDICS
CHAPTER 37:
Clubfoot
CAUSES OF THE CLUBFOOT
PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
Types
CLINICAL TEST
INVESTIGATIONS
Roentgenograms
AP view
TREATMENT
? Ponseti method
CHAPTER 38:
Congenital Dislocation of the Hip (CDH)
PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
Neonate
TREATMENT
OTHER CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS
1. Congenital Torticollis (Wry Neck)
2. ?Sprengel's Shoulder (Congenital High Scapula)
3. ?Klippel-Feil Syndrome
4. ?Cleidocranial Dysostosis (Anosteoplasia)
5. Madelung's Deformity
6. Congenital Limb Anomalies
7. Congenital Dislocation of the Knee
8. ?Congenital Coxa Vara
9. Congenital Pseudoarthrosis of the ?Tibia
10. Congenital Vertical Talus or ?'Rocker Bottom Foot’
11. ?Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita (Amc) or Multiple Congenital Contracture
12. Cervical Rib
CHAPTER 39:
Tuberculosis of Bones and Joints
PATHOLOGY
INVESTIGATION
PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT
TUBERCULOSIS OF THE SPINE
Clinical Features
On examination
Complications
Classification
SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS
X-ray finding
Vertebral changes
Paravertebral changes
? Treatment
Various Operations and Indications
Surgery Selection for decompression
TUBERCULOSIS OF THE HIP
Clinical Features
Treatment
TUBERCULOSIS OF THE KNEE
Pathology
Clinical Features
On examination
X-rays
Treatments
Conservative
Operative
CHAPTER 40:
Osteomyelitis
ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS
CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS
Pathology
Clinical Feature
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
?Complications
Treatment
Special Types of Osteomyelitis
?Brodies abscess
Sclerotic osteomyelitis of Garre (Idiopathic cortical sclerosis)
Fungal osteomyelitis
CHAPTER 41:
Acute Suppurative Arthritis
CLINICAL FEATURE
INVESTIGATION
Complications
Synovial Fluid Examination
Treatment
SEPTIC ARTHRITIS OF INFANTS (?TOM SMITH ARTHRITIS)
SYPHILIS OF THE JOINTS
CHAPTER 42:
Bone Tumor
CLASSIFICATION OF TUMORS
IMPORTANT BENIGN TUMORS OF BONE
IMPORTANT TUMOR LIKE LESIONS
IMPORTANT MALIGNANT TUMORS
CHONDROMA (ENCHONDROMA)
Uncommon Forms of Enchondromas
?Ollier's disease (Dyschondroplasia or Multiple enchondromas)
?Maffucci syndrome
?CHORDOMA
?HEMANGIOMA OF THE BONE
?ADAMANTINOMA (AKIN TO OSTEOCLASTOMATOUS LESION)
CHAPTER 43:
Peripheral Nerve Injury
NEURONAL DEGENERATION AND REGENERATION
SEDDON'S CLASSIFICATION (1943)
SUNDERLAND'S CLASSIFICATION (1951)
Aetiology
Clinical Feature
INVESTIGATIONS
Nerve Blocking Test
Electrical Test
Strength duration curve
Electromyography (EMG)
Nerve conduction study
Sweat Test
? Starch test
Guttmann test
Skin Resistance Test
TREATMENT PLAN FOR PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY
Prognostic Factors
OPERATIVE TREATMENT
Early Surgery
Techniques of nerve repair
Late Reconstructive Surgery
CHAPTER 44:
Neuromuscular Disorders
PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES
COMMON DEFORMITIES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Treatment
Important soft tissue releases
Tendon transfer
Osteotomy
Arthrodesis (Fusion of Joint)
Leg Length Equalization
CHAPTER 45:
Metabolic Bone Disease
RICKETS
Causes
Clinical features
Radiological Features
I. Florid (acute) stage
II. Healing stage
Treatments
Medical treatment
Treatment of deformity
OSTEOMALACIA
Etiology
Pathology
Clinical features
Radiological features
Lab test
Treatments
OSTEOPOROSIS
Causes
Clinical features
Prevention and Treatment
Treatments
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN OSTEOMALACIA AND OSTEOPOROSIS
OSTEOSCLEROSIS
FLUOROSIS
Clinical features
Investigation
X-ray
Treatment
CHAPTER 46:
Arthritis and Related Diseases
ARTHRITIS
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Etiology
? Pathogenesis and Pathology
Extra-articular tissue
CLINICAL FEATURES
Early Changes
Later Stage
Extra Articular Features
Investigations
Treatment
Aims of the Treatment
SERONEGATIVE SPONDARTHRITIS (SSA)
ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS (MARIE-STRÜMPELL DISEASE)
Causes
Pathology
? Clinical Features
Extra-skeletal manifestations
On examination
Investigations
X-ray pelvis (AP view)
OSTEOARTHRITIS (OSTEOARTHROSIS)
Types
Causes
Pathology
Clinical Features
Investigations
? Treatment
Conservative
? Surgical
CHAPTER 47:
Delayed Union and Nonunion
CHAPTER 48:
Malunion
TYPES
TREATMENT
CHAPTER 49:
Shortening of Limbs
CHAPTER 50:
Developmental Disorders
OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA (FRAGILITAS OSSIUM/PERIOSTEAL DYSPLASIA)
Clinical Features
Treatments
?OSTEOPETROSIS (MARBLE BONE/CHALK BONE)
MELORHEOSTOSIS (CANDLE BONE/LERI'S DISEASE/FLOWING HYPEROSTOSIS)
OSTEOPATHIA STRIATA (STRIPPED BONE DISEASE)
OSTEOPOIKILOSIS (SPOTTED BONE DISEASE)
ENGELMANN'S DISEASE (PROGRESSIVE DIAPHYSEAL DYSPLASIA)
MORQUIO'S DISEASE
?HURLER'S DISEASE (GARGOYLISM)
HUNTER'S DISEASE
BLOUNT'S DISEASE
?ACHONDROPLASIA (MICROMELIA)
CHAPTER 51:
Paget's Disease
PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
CHAPTER 52:
Osteochondritis
CHAPTER 53:
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease
PATHOLOGY
CATTERAL CLASSIFICATION
TREATMENT
CHAPTER 54:
Regional Soft Tissue Affections
BURSITIS
?TENNIS ELBOW (LATERAL EPICONDYLITIS)
?GOLFER'S ELBOW (MEDIAL EPICONDYLITIS)
JAVELIN ELBOW
FROZEN SHOULDER (SYN—PERIARTHRITIS, ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS)
DEQUERVAIN'S DISEASE (STENOSING TENOVAGINITIS)
?TRIGGER FINGER/THUMB
BOWLER'S THUMB
?DUPUYTREN'S CONTRACTURE
?GANGLION
?CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
?POPLITEAL CYST
MORTON'S METATARSALGIA
?MERALGIA PARESTHETICA
Painful Heel
CHAPTER 55:
Backache
PROLAPSED INTERVERTEBRAL DISK (PIVD)/HERNIATED DISK
Functional Anatomy and Pathology
CAUSES OF DISk HERNIATION
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
Conservative
Operative treatment
CHAPTER 56:
Scoliosis
PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
TREATMENT
KYPHOSIS
SPONDYLOLISTHESIS
Treatment
SPONDYLOLYSIS (SPONDYLOSCHISIS)
CHAPTER 57:
Amputations
INDICATIONS 3 ‘D’
Types
Krukenberg Reconstruction of Below Elbow Amputation
Cineplastic Limb
CHAPTER 58:
Prostheses, Orthoses and Physiotherapy
PROSTHESIS
Orthoses
Terminology for orthoses
FEW IMPORTANT ORTHOSES
Lower limb orthoses
Nonwalking calipers
Walking calipers
Footwear modifications
Upper limb orthoses
Walking aids
Crutches
Spinal orthoses
Supportive Type
Corrective Type
Cervical spine orthoses
PHYSIOTHERAPY
Goal of the therapy
TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation)
IFT—(Interferential Therapy)
Laser therapy
Functional electrical stimulation (FES)
Hydrotherapy
CHAPTER 59:
Instruments
GENERAL ORTHOPEDIC INSTRUMENTS
BONE HOLDING INSTRUMENTS
BONE CUTTING INSTRUMENTS
INSTRUMENTS FOR PLATING
INSTRUMENTS FOR KIM NAIL APPLICATION
GENERAL IMPLANTS
NAILS
PLATES AND SCREWS
PROSTHESIS
HOW DOES IT WORK
Dynamic Compression Plate (DCP)
Tension Band Wiring (TBW)
Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS)
INDEX
TOC
Index
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