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Fundamental and Applied Pharmacology for Nurses Meena Shrivastava

SECTION ONE: GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
1:Definitions, Dosage Forms and Routes of Drug Administration
- DEFINITIONS
  - Pharmacology
  - Drug
- BRANCHES OF PHARMACOLOGY
- SOURCES OF DRUGS
- DOSAGE FORMS
- ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATIONS
- GENERAL DOS AND DON'TS IN ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS IN HOSPITAL
- NURSE'S RESPONSIBILITY IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS
2:Pharmacokinetics
- MEANING OF PHARMACOKINETICS
- DRUG ABSORPTION
  - Ways of Drug Absorption
  - Factors Affecting Drug Absorption
- DRUG DISTRIBUTION
- DRUG BIOTRANSFORMATION
  - Types of Biotransformation Reactions
  - Factors Affecting Biotransformation
- DRUG EXCRETION
  - Other Methods of Drug Excretion
- PHARMACOKINETIC PARAMETERS
- THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING
3:Pharmacodynamics
- MEANING OF PHARMACODYNAMICS
- BASIC TYPES OF DRUG ACTION
- DRUG RECEPTOR MECHANISM
- THERAPEUTIC INDEX
- FACTORS AFFECTING DRUG ACTION
- DRUG DEPENDENCE
  - Factors which Make the Dependence an Easy Affair!
- DRUG RESISTANCE
4:Adverse Drug Reactions and Drug Interactions
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF ADVERSE DRUG REACTION (ADR)
  - Type A ADR
  - Type B ADR
    - Idiosyncrasy
    - Allergic* Reaction (Hypersensitivity)
- PHARMACOVIGILANCE
- ACUTE DRUG POISONING AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT
  - General Principles of Treatment of Poisoning
- DRUG INTERACTIONS
  - Fixed Dose Combination (FDC)
SECTION TWO: PHARMACOLOGY OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
5:ANS-General Considerations
- MEANING AND TYPES
- DISTRIBUTION
  - Distribution of Parasympathetic Nervous System
  - Distribution of Sympathetic Nervous System
- ACETYLCHOLINE (ACH) IN PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
- SYNTHESIS OF CA
6:Drugs Affecting Cholinergic System and Autonomic Ganglia
- INTRODUCTION
- CHOLINERGIC DRUGS
- ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
7:Drugs Affecting Sympathetic System
- INTRODUCTION
- CATECHOLAMINES
- NONCATECHOLAMINES
- ADRENERGIC BLOCKING DRUGS
  - Adrenergic Receptors Blocking Drugs
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
SECTION THREE: PHARMACOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
8:Pharmacotherapy of Hypertension
- INTRODUCTION
- SYMPATHETIC BLOCKING DRUGS
- DIURETICS
- CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
- DRUGS ACTING ON RENIN ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM
  - ACE Inhibitors
  - Angiotensin—antagonists
    - Losartan
- VASODILATORS
  - Arteriolar Vasodilators: Hydralazine, Minoxidil and Diazoxide
  - Arteriolar-Venular Dilators Nitrites and Sodium Nitroprusside
    - Sodium Nitroprusside
- POTASSIUM CHANNEL ACTIVATORS
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
9:Pharmacotherapy of Angina Pectoris
- INTRODUCTION
  - Methods to Assess Coronary Circulation
- ETIOLOGY OF ANGINA PECTORIS
- CLINICAL TYPES OF ANGINA PECTORIS
- TYPES OF DRUGS AVAILABLE FOR TREATMENT OF ANGINA PECTORIS
- DRUG TREATMENT OF ANGINA PECTORIS
10:Pharmacotherapy of Cardiac Arrhythmias
- INTRODUCTION
- COMMON TERMINOLOGIES RELATED TO ARRHYTHMIA
- MECHANISM OF CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
- CLASSIFICATION OF ANTI-ARRHYTHMIC DRUGS
- CHOICE OF DRUGS IN ARRHYTHMIAS
  - Drugs in Bradyarrhythmias
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
11:Pharmacotherapy of Congestive Heart Failure
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CHF
- DRUGS FOR CHF
- PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
  - Cardiovascular Actions
    - Cardiac Actions
    - Extra Cardiac Actions
  - Pharmacokinetics
- TREATMENT OF DIGITALIS TOXICITY
  - Interactions of Digitalis with Other Drugs
    - Therapeutic Uses
    - Management of Acute Left Ventricular Failure
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
12:Pharmacotherapy of Shock
- INTRODUCTION
- MANAGEMENT OF SHOCK
  - Replacement of Fluid Loss
  - Management of Shock due to Myocardial Infarction (MI)
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS IN MANAGEMENT OF SHOCK
SECTION FOUR: DRUGS ACTING ON BLOOD AND BLOOD FORMING ORGANS
13:Drugs Affecting Blood Coagulation and Thrombosis
- HAEMOSTASIS
- ANTICOAGULANTS
- THROMBOLYTICS DRUGS
  - Important Ones Are
    - Uses
- ANTIPLATELET DRUGS
- HAEMOSTATIC AGENTS
- SCLEROSING AGENTS
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
14:Haematinic Drugs
- INTRODUCTION
- TREATMENT OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA
  - Iron*
- TREATMENT OF MEGALOBLASTIC ANAEMIA
  - Vitamin B12
  - Folic Acid
- DRUG INDUCED ANAEMIAS
  - Megaloblastic Anaemia
    - Aplastic Anaemia
    - Hemolytic Anaemia
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
SECTION FIVE: WATER, ELECTROLYTES AND DRUGS MODIFYING RENAL FUNCTIONS
15:Pharmacology of Water, Electrolytes and Nutrients
- WATER, SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND H+ METABOLISM
- ACID BASE BALANCE
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
16:Diuretics and Antidiuretics
- INTRODUCTION
  - Anatomical Division of Nephron
    - Functional Parts of Nephron
- DIURETICS
- ANTIDIURETICS
  - ADH
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
SECTION SIX: PHARMACOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY TRACT
17:Pharmacotherapy of Cough
- INTRODUCTION
- CAUSES OF COUGH
- ANTITUSSIVES
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
18:Pharmacotherapy of Bronchial Asthma and Rhinitis
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- MANAGEMENT OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
SECTION SEVEN: PHARMACOLOGY OF GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
19:Pharmacotherapy of Peptic Ulcer
- INTRODUCTION
  - Phases of Gastric Secretion
- DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO TREAT PEPTIC ULCER
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
20:Emetics and Antiemetics
- INTRODUCTION
- EMETIC DRUGS
  - Contraindications to Emetics
- ANTIEMETICS
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
21:Pharmacotherapy of Constipation and Diarrhoea
- TREATMENT OF CONSTIPATION
- TREATMENT OF DIARRHOEAS
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
22:Hypolipidemics and Miscellaneous Drugs Acting on GIT
- APPETITE STIMULANTS
- DIGESTANTS
- ANTIFLATULANTS AND CARMINATIVES
- ANOREXIANTS AND TREATMENT OF OBESITY
- HYPOLIPIDEMIC DRUGS
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
SECTION EIGHT: PHARMACOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
23:General Considerations and Aliphatic Alcohols
- INTRODUCTION
- NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN CNS
- ALIPHATIC ALCOHOLS
24:General Anaesthetics
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- MECHANISM OF ACTION
- STAGES OF GENERAL ANAESTHESIA
- METHODS OF GIVING INHALATION ANAESTHETICS
- INDIVIDUAL INHALATIONAL ANAESTHETICS
- INTRAVENOUS ANAESTHETICS
  - Thiopentone Sodium
  - Propofol
- SLOWER ACTING DRUGS
  - Benzodiazepines(BZD)
- BALANCED ANAESTHESIA
- ANAESTHETICS ADJUVANTS
- DRUG INTERACTIONS
- PROPERTIES OF IDEAL ANAESTHETIC
- PRE-ANAESTHETIC MEDICATION
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
25:Local Anaesthetics
- INTRODUCTION
- GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LOCAL ANAESTHETICS (LA)
- MECHANISM OF ACTION
- PRECAUTIONS WHILE GIVING LA
- THERAPEUTIC USES
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
26:Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
- PERIPHERALLY ACTING SKELETAL MUSCLE RELAXANTS
  - Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
  - Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants
    - Dantrolene
    - Quinine
- CENTRAL ACTING SKELETAL MUSCLE RELAXANTS
  - Uses of Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
27:Hypnotics and Sedatives
- INTRODUCTION
- DRUGS AND SLEEP
- PHARMACOTHERAPY OF INSOMNIA
  - Non-pharmacological Measures to Treat Insomnia
  - Principles of Drug Therapy
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
28:Antiepileptic Drugs
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF EPILEPSIES
  - Generalised Seizures
  - Partial Seizures
    - Experimental Models (In Rats)
- NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
- CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS
- HYDANTOIN DERIVATIVES
- GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT OF EPILEPSY
  - Drugs and Type of Epilepsy
  - Status Epilepticus
    - Principles of Management
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
29:Opioid Analgesics and Antagonists
- INTRODUCTION
- GROUPS OF ANALGESIC
- PAIN PATHWAY
- OPIOIDS
  - Morphine*
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
30:Analgesic, Antipyretic and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- MECHANISM OF ACTION
- SALICYLATES
- CHOICE OF NSAIDS
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
31:Psychopharmacology
- INTRODUCTION
- PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
- PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL AGENTS
32:Pharmacotherapy of Parkinsonism
- INTRODUCTION
- CATEGORIES OF DRUGS
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
33:CNS Stimulants and Cognitive Enhancers
- INTRODUCTION
- ANALEPTICS
  - Doxapram
- PSYCHOSTIMULANTS
  - Pharmacological Actions
  - Mechanism of Action
- ADR
- COGNITIVE ENHANCERS (CEREBROACTIVE DRUGS)
  - Dementia
  - Alzheimer's Disease (AD)
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
SECTION NINE: HORMONES AND RELATED DRUGS (ENDOCRINES)
34:General Consideration and Hormones of Anterior Pituitary
- INTRODUCTION
- SOURCES OF HORMONES
- ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES
- GROWTH HORMONE
- PROLACTIN (PRL)
  - Physiological Functions
- PROLACTIN INHIBITORS
  - Bromocriptine
    - Indications
    - ADR
- GONADOTROPINS
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
35:Thyroid Hormones and Antithyroid Drugs
- INTRODUCTION
- THYROID INHIBITORS
- ANTITHYROID DRUGS
  - ADR
  - Uses
- IONIC INHIBITORS
  - Iodine and Iodides
  - Radioactive Iodine
    - Uses
- β ADRENERGIC DRUGS
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
36:Drugs Affecting Calcium Metabolism
- INTRODUCTION
  - Uses
- PARATHORMONE
- CALCITONIN
- VITAMIN D
- BIPHOSPHONATES (BPN)
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
37:Insulin, Oral Antidiabetic Drugs and Glucagon
- INSULIN
- ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC DRUGS
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
38:Corticosteroids
- INTRODUCTION
- PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
- GLUCOCORTICOID ACTIONS
  - Mechanism of Glucocorticoid Action
- MINERALOCORTICOID ACTIONS
  - Hydrocorticosone (Cortisol)
    - Uses
- MINERALOCORTICOID PREPARATIONS
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
39:Gonadal Hormones and their Antagonists
- INTRODUCTION
- ANDROGENS
- ESTROGENS
- PROGESTINS
- HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
40:Oxytocin and Other Drugs Acting on Uterus
- INTRODUCTION
- UTERINE STIMULANTS
- UTERINE RELAXANTS (TOCOLYTICS)
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
SECTION TEN: CHEMOTHERAPY
41:General Considerations
- INTRODUCTION
- ANTIBIOTICS
- CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIMICROBIALS
- PROBLEMS WITH USE OF ANTIMICROBIALS
- COMBINATION OF AMA
  - Problems with AMA Combinations
  - Failure of Chemotherapy
42:Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim and Quinolones
- INTRODUCTION
- THERAPEUTICALLY USEFUL SULFA DRUGS
  - ADR
- COTRIMOXAZOLE
- QUINOLONES
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
43:Urinary Antiseptics and Drugs for Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- TREATMENT OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION
- TREATMENT OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDS)
- ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS
  - Anti-retrovirus
    - Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)
  - NNRTIs
- TREATMENT OF HIV: GUIDELINES
  - Antiretroviral Therapy in Pregnancy and During Labour
  - Post-exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
44:Beta-lactam Antibiotics
- INTRODUCTION
- PENICILLINS
- BETA LACTAMASE INHIBITORS
- CEPHALOSPORINS
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
  - Penicillins
  - Cephalosporins
45:Macrolides, Aminoglycosides and Other Antibacterial Drugs
- MACROLIDES
  - Erythromycin
  - Newer Macrolides
- AMINOGLYCOSIDES
- MISCELLANEOUS ANTIBIOTICS
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
46:Tetracyclines and Chloramphenicol
- INTRODUCTION
- TETRACYCLINES
- CHLORAMPHENICOL
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
  - Tetracyclines
  - Chloramphenicol
47:Antifungal Drugs
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
48:Antiviral Drugs
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIVIRAL DRUGS
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
49:Chemotherapy of Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- TREATMENT OF TB
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
50:Chemotherapy of Leprosy
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
- MANAGEMENT OF LEPROSY
  - Lepra Reaction (LR)
    - Treatment
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
51:Chemotherapy of Malaria
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIMALARIALS
- DRUG TREATMENT OF MALARIA
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
52:Chemotherapy of Amoebiasis
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- TREATMENT OF AMOEBIASIS
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
53:Anthelmintic Drugs
- INTRODUCTION
- IMPORTANT ANTHELMINTIC DRUGS
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
54:Anticancer Drugs
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Cytotoxic Drugs
  - Drugs Altering Hormonal Physiology
- COMMON TOXICITY
- INDIVIDUAL ANTICANCER DRUGS: CYTOTOXIC DRUGS
- GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT OF CANCER
  - Drug Combinations
  - Drugs Used to ↓ Toxicity of Anticancer Drugs
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
SECTION ELEVEN: MISCELLANEOUS
55:Antiseptics, Disinfectants and Ectoparasiticides
- INTRODUCTION
- PROPERTIES OF GERMICIDE
  - Phenol Coefficient (Rideal Walker Coefficient)
- CLASSIFICATION OF GERMICIDES
- ECTOPARASITICIDES
  - Scabies
  - Pediculosis
56:Vitamins
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Fat Soluble Vitamins
    - Vitamin A
    - Vitamin E
  - Water Soluble Vitamins
    - Vitamin B Complex
    - Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
57:Heavy Metals and Antagonists, Enzymes, Therapeutic and Toxic Gases
- INTRODUCTION
- MANIFESTATIONS OF HEAVY METAL TOXICITY
- HEAVY METAL ANTAGONISTS (CHELATING AGENTS)
- ENZYMES IN THERAPY
  - Hyaluronidase
- THERAPEUTIC GASES
- TOXIC GASES
58:Immunosuppressants and Gene Therapy
- IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS
- GENE THERAPY
  - Applications
59:Vaccines, Sera and Other Immunostimulants
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF VACCINES
- ANTISERA AND IMMUNE GLOBULINS
  - Antisera
  - Immunoglobulins
    - Immunomodulators
- POISONOUS SCORPION BITE
  - Drug Treatment
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
60:Drugs During Pregnancy and Infancy
- INTRODUCTION
- EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON PREGNANCY
- TERATOGENICITY
- DRUG PRESCRIBING IN PREGNANCY
- BREASTFEEDING AND DRUGS
- NURSING IMPLICATIONS
61:Drugs Acting on Skin and Mucous Membranes
- CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
62:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
- CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
- EVALUATION OF DRUG IN MAN (CLINICAL TRIAL)
- PHARMACOECONOMICS
  - Types
  - Cost Classification
63:Management of Drug Inventory and Distribution
- HOSPITAL INVENTORY
64:Drug Prescribing and Calculation of Doses
- INTRODUCTION
- PRINCIPLES OF PRESCRIPTION WRITING
- CALCULATION OF DOSES
ANNEXURES:
Annexure-I
Annexure-II
Annexure-III
Annexure-IV
Annexure-V

INDEX

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Chapter Notes