Index

Recent Advances in Pediatrics (Special Volume 21): Neonatal & Pediatric Intensive Care Suraj Gupte

PART ONE: NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE
CHAPTER 1:Neonatal Resuscitation
- INTRODUCTION
- TRANSITION FROM A FETUS TO A NEWBORN
  - Respiratory Adaptation4–6
- PHYSIOLOGY IN ASPHYXIA7,8
- EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR RESUSCITATION9
- NEONATAL RESUSCITATION PROGRAM9
  - Assessment at Birth
- INITIAL STEPS9
- POSITIVE-PRESSURE VENTILATION
  - Initial Breaths and Assisted Ventilation
  - Assisted Ventilation of Preterm Infants
- ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE PLACEMENT9,18
- CHEST COMPRESSIONS
- MEDICATIONS9,22
- POST-RESUSCITATION CARE
- GLUCOSE
- INDUCED HYPOTHERMIA
- GUIDELINES FOR WITHHOLDING AND DISCONTINUING RESUSCITATION
- NEWER FRONTIERS IN RESUSCITATION — ROOM AIR VERSUS 100% OXYGEN
- CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 2:Post-Resuscitation Care
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE POST-ARREST REPERFUSION STATE
- POST-RESUSCITATION CARE OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- POST-RESUSCITATION CARE OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- POST-RESUSCITATION NEUROLOGIC MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 3:Neonatal Ventilation
- INTRODUCTION
- CRITERIA FOR RESPIRATORY FAILURE
  - Clinical Criteria
  - Laboratory Criteria
- INDICATIONS FOR CPAP
- INDICATIONS FOR MECHANICAL VENTILATION
- CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE (CPAP)
- VENTILATOR STRATEGIES IN SPECIFIC CONDITIONS
- ADVANCES IN NEONATAL VENTILATION14
CHAPTER 4:CPAP Technology: Where Affordability Meets Utility
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- INDICATIONS FOR CPAP
  - How it Works
- CPAP DEVICES
- DELIVERY SYSTEMS
- HUMIDIFIERS (Fig. 4.4)
- EBM AND CPAP
  - Surfactant, INSURE and NCPAP
- APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
CHAPTER 5:Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- MANAGEMENT
- COMPLICATIONS
- PROGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
CHAPTER 6:Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- RISK FACTORS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- MANAGEMENT
- BIOMARKERS
- NEUROIMAGING
- PREVENTION OF SECONDARY INJURY (“THE COOLING”)
  - Prevention is Better than Cure!
- ADVERSE EFFECTS33
- THE PRETERM: TO COOL OR NOT?41
- PROGNOSIS (CONVENTIONAL OUTCOME DATA)
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 7:The Newborn with Respiratory Distress: Surgical Aspects
- INTRODUCTION
- INITIAL WORKUP
- ETIOLOGY
- CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA (CDH)
- CONGENITAL CYSTIC ADENOMATOID MALFORMATION (CCAM)
- CONGENITAL LOBAR EMPHYSEMA (CLE)
- ESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA WITH OR WITHOUT TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA
CHAPTER 8:Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- INCIDENCE
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS
- SURFACTANT COMPOSITION AND SECRETION (Table 8.4)
- SURFACTANT SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION
- PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF SURFACTANT IN THE PRETERM LUNG
- PREDICTION OF RDS27,28
- PREVENTION OF RDS
  - Pharmacologic Acceleration of Pulmonary Maturation
- TREATMENT OF RDS
  - Surfactant Replacement Therapy
- PROPHYLACTIC VERSUS RESCUE SURFACTANT
- SURFACTANT ADMINISTRATION
- USE OF SURFACTANT AND OUTCOMES
- SURFACTANT AND PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE
- ANTENATAL STEROIDS AND SURFACTANT REPLACEMENT
- CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE AND SURFACTANT
- ADDITIONAL POINTS
- THERMOREGULATION
- FLUID, ELECTROLYTES AND NUTRITION
- ACID-BASE THERAPY
- CARDIOVASCULAR MANAGEMENT
- MECHANICAL VENTILATION STRATEGY
- ANTIBIOTICS
- BLOOD TRANSFUSION
- ADDITIONAL THERAPIES
CHAPTER 9:Surfactant Therapy
- INTRODUCTION
- COMPOSITION OF PULMONARY SURFACTANT
- SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION OF PULMONARY SURFACTANT
- SURFACTANT PROTEIN FUNCTIONS
- EFFECTS OF SURFACTANT ON LUNG MECHANICS
- TYPES OF SURFACTANT
- SURFACTANT IN NEONATAL RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
  - Methods of Administration
  - Pulmonary and Cardiac Effects of Surfactant Therapy
- CLINICAL TRIALS OF SURFACTANT THERAPY IN RDS
- EXPANDED USE OF SURFACTANT
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 10:Neonatal Sepsis
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
- RISK FACTORS FOR NEONATAL SEPSIS
- CAUSATIVE PATHOGENS
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
- SCREENING PANELS AND SCORING SYSTEMS
- NEONATAL SEPSIS: PROBABLE OR PROVEN
  - Probable Sepsis
  - Proven sepsis
- MANAGEMENT
- PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 11:Neonatal Meningitis
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
- NEUROPATHOLOGY
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
  - Early-onset NM (<72 Hr)
  - Late-onset NM (>72 Hr)
- DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
- PITFALLS IN TREATMENT
- NEUROLOGIC COMPLICATIONS (Table 11.11)
- OUTCOME AND PROGNOSIS19–21
- FOLLOW-UP
CHAPTER 12:Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis
- INTRODUCTION
- INCIDENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- PATHOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
  - Medical Management
  - Surgical Management
- PROGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
CHAPTER 13:Nosocomial Infections in the NICU
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINING NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
  - Pneumonia
  - Meningitis or Ventriculitis
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- WHY ARE NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS EMERGING NOW?
- WHY IS THE NEONATE MORE PRONE TO NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS?
- RISK FACTORS FOR NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
- ETIOLOGICAL AGENTS
- STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTION OF NOSOCOMIAL SEPSIS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 14:Bleeding Disorders in the Neonate
- INTRODUCTION
- PHYSIOLOGY OF COAGULATION
- CHARACTERISTICS UNIQUE TO THE FETAL AND NEONATAL HEMOSTATIC SYSTEM
- ETIOLOGY
- DIAGNOSTIC WORK-UP OF BLEEDING INFANT
- TREATMENT OF NEONATAL BLEEDING
- TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC DISORDERS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 15:Neonatal Shock
- DEFINITION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- COMPENSATED SHOCK
- UNCOMPENSATED SHOCK
- IRREVERSIBLE SHOCK
- INCIDENCE
- RISK FACTORS
- PHYSICAL
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Classification According to Etiology of Shock
- LABORATORY STUDIES
- RADIOLOGIC AND OTHER STUDIES
- MANAGEMENT
- COMPLICATIONS AND PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 16:Neonatal Hypoglycemia
- HYPOGLYCEMIA
- DEFINITION
- GLUCOSE METABOLISM: FETUS
- GLUCOSE METABOLISM: AFTER BIRTH
- CAUSES OF HYPOGLYCEMIA
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- EVALUATION
  - Blood Glucose Screening
- MANAGEMENT
- PROGNOSIS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 17:Neonatal Seizures
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS
  - Status Epilepticus
- CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION OF NEONATAL SEIZURES
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF NEONATAL SEIZURES
- ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC SEIZURES AND ROLE OF EEG
  - Normal Activity Mistaken as Seizures
    - During Awake or Drowsy State
    - During Sleep
  - Jitteriness
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY AND CLINICAL PROFILE
- TREATMENT
- PROGNOSIS
- NEURODEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME
CHAPTER 18:Neonatal Jaundice
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- BILIRUBIN METABOLISM
- PHYSIOLOGIC JAUNDICE
- PATHOLOGIC JAUNDICE
- DISORDERS OF ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION
  - Breast Milk and Neonatal Jaundice
  - Miscellaneous
- CLINICAL SEQUELAE OF UNCONJUGATED HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA
  - Acute Bilirubin Encephalopathy (ABE)
  - Kernicterus (Chronic Bilirubin Encephalopathy)
- NEWER DEVELOPMENTS THAT AFFECT OUR APPROACH TO THE JAUNDICED NEWBORN
- BILIRUBIN-ALBUMIN RATIO
- PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA
  - Preventing Hyperbilirubinemia
- PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY
- EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 19:Retinopathy of Prematurity
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
  - ROP Progresses in Two Phases
- SCREENING FOR ROP
- FOLLOW-UP SCHEDULE
- CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS
- LOCATION OF DISEASE
- EXTENT OF DISEASE
- STAGING THE DISEASE
  - Stage 1: Demarcation Line
  - Stage 2: Ridge
  - Stage 3: Extraretinal Fibrovascular Proliferation
  - Stage 4: Partial Retinal Detachment
  - Stage 5: Total Retinal Detachment
- PLUS DISEASE
- PREPLUS DISEASE
- AGGRESSIVE POSTERIOR ROP
- THRESHOLD DISEASE
- PRETHRESHOLD DISEASE
- TREATMENT OF ROP
  - Type 1 ROP
  - Type 2 ROP
- CRYOTHERAPY
- LASER PHOTOCOAGULATION
- PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY
- ROLE OF SURGERY
- REGRESSION OF ROP
- PREVENTION OF ROP
CHAPTER 20:Analgesia and Sedation in Newborn
- INTRODUCTION
- DEVELOPMENT OF PAIN PATHWAYS IN NEWBORNS
- REACTION TO PAIN
- ASSESSMENT OF PAIN IN NEONATES
- PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN IN NEONATES—PRINCIPLES
- TREATMENT MODALITIES FOR PAIN
CHAPTER 21:Feeding Low Birth Weight Neonates
- INTRODUCTION
- NUTRIENT AND FLUID REQUIREMENT
  - Human Milk
  - Contraindications to Feeding
- INITIATION AND METHOD OF FEEDING OF STABLE NEONATES
- MINIMAL ENTERAL NUTRITION (MEN)
- MANAGING FEED INTOLERANCE
- GROWTH MONITORING
- MONITORING OF LAB PARAMETERS
PART TWO: PEDIATRIC INTENSIVE CARE
CHAPTER 22:Status Epilepticus
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- INCIDENCE
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY OF STATUS EPILEPTICUS IN CHILDREN
- CLASSIFICATION OF STATUS EPILEPTICUS
- MANAGEMENT
- COMPLICATIONS
- LONG-TERM ANTICONVULSANT THERAPY11,12
- PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 23:Acute Bronchiolitis
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (Fig. 23.1)
- IMMUNITY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
- PREVENTION
- FOLLOW-UP
- COMPLICATION
CHAPTER 24:Pneumonia
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- PATHOLOGY
- COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA
  - Organisms Causing Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
    - Etiological Agents
  - Clinical Features (Table 24.1)
- SEVERITY ASSESSMENT7
- HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA OR NOSOCOMIAL PNEUMONIAS
- NEONATAL PNEUMONIA
- CLASSIFICATION OF NEONATAL PNEUMONIA15
  - Antibiotics
- RECURRENT/PERSISTENT PNEUMONIA
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
CHAPTER 25:Approach to a Child with Burns
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY3
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  - Various Pathophysiological Changes
- CLINICAL17–20
- CLASSIFICATION OF BURNS3
- WORK-UP
  - Laboratory Investigations21–23
  - Other Tests
- TREATMENT
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Early
  - Late
- OUTCOME AND PROGNOSIS
- FUTURE AND CONTROVERSIES
- PREVENTION
CHAPTER 26:Acute Exacerbation of Asthma
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSTIC ASPECTS
- TREATMENT
CHAPTER 27:Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- FREQUENCY
  - United States
  - International
- MORTALITY/MORBIDITY
- OTHER EPIDEMIOLOGIC INDICES
  - Race
  - Sex
  - Age
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL SPECTRUM
- CLINICAL WORK-UP
- INVESTIGATIVE WORK-UP
  - Imaging Studies
  - Other Tests
- MANAGEMENT
- COMPLICATIONS
- NONKETOTIC HYPEROSMOLAR COMA
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Management
CHAPTER 28:Severe Anemia
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION OF ANEMIAS
- ROLE OF COMPLETE BLOOD COUNTS AND PERIPHERAL SMEAR FOR DIAGNOSIS OF ANEMIA
- APPROACH TO HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
- MANAGEMENT OF A SEVERELY ANEMIC CHILD
CHAPTER 29:Comatose Child
- INTRODUCTION
- ASSESSMENT OF DEPTH OF COMA
- ETIOLOGY
- EVALUATION AND DECISION
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- INFECTIOUS OR METABOLIC DISORDERS
- STRUCTURAL LESIONS
- EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
- DIAGNOSTIC WORK-UP
- PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 30:Acute Bacterial Meningitis
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- PATHOLOGY
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- DIAGNOSIS9–12
- MANAGEMENT11–15
  - Specific Antibiotic Therapy
  - Supportive Treatment
- COMPLICATIONS
- PREVENTION16–19
  - Immunization
  - Shield for Close Contacts
- PROGNOSIS20,21
- SEQUELAE
CHAPTER 31:Gastrointestinal Bleeding
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- INITIAL EVALUATION
- CAUSES OF UPPER GI BLEEDING
- CONTROL OF ACTIVE BLEEDING (VARICEAL/NONVARICEAL) (Table 31.9)
- CONTROL OF NONVARICEAL BLEEDING
  - Identifying the Other Sources of GI Hemorrhage
  - Surgery
CHAPTER 32:Acute Abdomen
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED CONDITIONS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
- CONCLUSION

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes