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Textbook of Pediatric Oral Pathology
KMK Masthan
1:
Developmental Disturbances of Oral and Paraoral Structures
CRANIOFACIAL ANOMALIES
Common Types
Cleft Lip and/or Cleft Palate
Craniosynostosis
Hemifacial Microstomia
Vascular Malformation
Hemangioma
Deformational Plagiocephaly
Congenital Deformation of the Head and Neck
Teratogenic Agents
DEVELOPMENTAL DISTURBANCES OF THE JAW
Agnathia
Micrognathia
Congenital Conditions
Facial Hemihypertrophy
CONGENITAL LIP AND COMMISSURAL PITS AND FISTULAS
Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate (Figs 1.2 to 1.5)
Fordyce's Granules
Clinical Features
Fibromatosis Gingivae
AGLOSSIA AND MICROGLOSSIA SYNDROME
Aglossia
Macroglossia
Ankyloglossia or Tongue-tie
Cleft Tongue
Median Rhomboid Glossitis
ATRESIA
Stafne Bone Cyst
DISORDERS OF TOOTH ERUPTION
Microdontia
Macrodontia
Gemination
Fusion
Taurodontism
Anodontia
Predeciduous Dentition
Enamel Hypoplasia
Enamel Hypoplasia due to Congenital Syphilis
Hypoplasia due to Birth Injuries
Hypoplasia due to Local Infection or Trauma
Enamel Hypoplasia due to Fluorosis
DENTINOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
Premature Eruption
Eruption Sequestrum
Delayed Eruption
Ankylosed Deciduous Teeth
PALATAL AND ALVEOLAR CYSTS OF NEWBORN
Dermoid Cyst
Heterotropic Oral Gastrointestinal Cyst
2:
Diseases of the Pulp and Periapical Tissues
DISEASES OF THE DENTAL PULP
Etiologic Factors in Pulp Disease
Classification of Pulpitis
Focal Reversible Pulpitis
Clinical Features
Histologic Features
Treatment and Prognosis
Acute Pulpitis
Clinical Features
Histologic Features
Treatment and Prognosis
Chronic Pulpitis
Clinical Features
Histologic Features
Treatment and Prognosis
Chronic Hyperplastic Pulpitis (Pulp Polyp)
Clinical Features
Histologic Features
Treatment and Prognosis
Gangrenous Necrosis of Pulp
DISEASES OF THE PERIAPICAL TISSUES
Apical Periodontitis
Acute Apical Periodontitis
Histologic Features
Treatment and Prognosis
Chronic Apical Periodontitis (Periapical Granuloma)
Clinical Features
Roentgenographic Features
Histologic Features
Treatment and Prognosis
Apical Periodontal Cyst (Radicular Cyst, Periapical Cyst, Root End Cyst)
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Roentgenographic Features
Histologic Features
Treatment and Prognosis
RESIDUAL CYST
Treatment and Prognosis
Periapical Abscess (Dentoalveolar Abscess, Alveolar Abscess)
Clinical Features
Roentgenographic Features
Histologic Features
Treatment and Prognosis
Osteomyelitis
Acute Suppurative Osteomyelitis
Clinical Features
Roentgenographic Features
Pathology
Histologic Features
Treatment and Prognosis
Chronic Suppurative Osteomyelitis
Chronic Focal Sclerosing Osteomyelitis (Condensing Osteitis)
Clinical Features
Roentgenographic Features
Histologic Features
Treatment and Prognosis
Chronic Diffuse Sclerosing Osteomyelitis
Clinical Features
Roentgenographic Features
Histologic Features
Treatment and Prognosis
Sclerotic Cemental Masses
Clinical Features
Histologic Features
Florid Osseous Dysplasia
Chronic Osteomyelitis with Proliferative Periostitis (Garre's Chronic Nonsuppurative Sclerosing Osteitis, Periostitis Ossificans)
Clinical Features
Roentgenographic Features
Histologic Features
Treatment and Prognosis
3:
Disease of Periodontium
GINGIVAL ABSCESS
Clinical Features
Histologic Features
Treatment
PERICORONITIS
Clinical Features
Histologic Features
Management
GINGIVAL ENLARGEMENT
Inflammatory Enlargement
Drug-induced Gingival Enlargement
Enlargement Associated with Systemic Factors
Conditioned Enlargement
Hormonal
Nutritional
Allergic
Enlargement due to Systemic Diseases
Leukemia
Granulomatous Diseases
Regional Enteritis (Crohn's Disease)
Idiopathic Gingival Enlargement
PERIODONTITIS
Chronic Periodontitis (Periodontoclasia, Pyorrhea, Pyorrhea Alveolaris, Schmutz Pyorrhea)
Etiology
Incidence
Clinical Features
Histologic Features
Immunologic Features
Classification of Periodontal Pockets
Roentgenographic Features
Treatment and Prognosis
Aggressive Periodontitis
Clinical Features
Roentgenographic Features
Histologic Features
Management
Necrotizing Ulcerative Periodontitis
Management and Prognosis
Lateral Periodontal Abscess (Lateral Abscess)
Clinical Features
Histologic Features
Treatment
Papillon-Lefèvre Syndrome
Histopathologic Features
Treatment and Prognosis
4:
Bacterial Infections
SCARLET FEVER
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Stomatitis Scarlatina
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Treatment
Prognosis
DIPHTHERIA
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Complications
Histopathology
Treatment
Prognosis
ORAL TUBERCULOSIS AND SCROFULA
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Histopathology
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment
Prognosis
TUBERCULOSIS OF THE SKIN
TETANUS (LOCK-JAW)
Causative Organism
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Diagnostic Work-up
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
SYPHILIS (LEUS)
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Diagnostic Work-Up
Histopathology
Treatment
Prognosis
NOMA (CANCRUM ORIS, GANGRENOUS STOMATITIS)
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment
Prognosis
CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE (CAT-SCRATCH FEVER, BENIGN LYMPHORETICULOSIS)
Causative organism
Clinical Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment
Prognosis
TULAREMIA (RABBIT FEVER)
Clinical Presentation
Oral Manifestations
Treatment
5:
Viral Infections
HERPES SIMPLEX INFECTIONS
PRIMARY HERPETIC GINGIVOSTOMATITIS
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
RECURRENT HERPES INFECTIONS
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment
Prognosis
HERPANGINA
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment
Prognosis
HAND-FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment
Prognosis
MEASLES (RUBEOLA)
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment
Prognosis
RUBELLA (GERMAN MEASLES)
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment
Prognosis
MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment
Prognosis
CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment
Prognosis
VARICELLA (CHICKENPOX)
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment
Prognosis
HERPES ZOSTER (SHINGLES, ZONA)
Clinical Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment
HIV DISEASE AND AIDS
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
HIV/AIDS Infection and the Natural Disease Course
Position of Individuals in the HIV/AIDS Continuum
Oral Manifestations of HIV and AIDS
Candidiasis
HIV Lymphadenitis
Kaposi's Sarcoma
Hairy Leukoplakia
Oral Infections
HIV Parotitis
Histopathology
Current HIV/AIDS Therapies
Nucleoside Analogs
Protease Inhibitors
Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
6:
Fungal Infections
CANDIDIASIS (CANDIDOSIS, MONILIASIS, THRUSH)
Pseudomembranous Candidiasis
Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment
7:
Dental Caries
ETIOLOGY OF DENTAL CARIES
Role of Carbohydrates
Role of Microorganisms
Microbial Flora and Dental Caries
Role of Acids
Tooth Factor
Anatomic Characteristics of Teeth
Arrangement of Teeth in the Arch
Other Factors Influencing Dental Caries
Saliva
Socioeconomic Status
Hereditary Factors
CARIES PREVALENCE IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
TYPES OF CARIES
Pit and Fissure Caries
Smooth Surface Caries
Early Childhood Caries
Rampant Dental Caries
Linear Enamel Caries
EARLY DETECTION OF DISEASE ACTIVITY
Infrared Laser Fluorescence (Diagnodent)
Digital Imaging Fiber Optic Transillumination (DIFOTI)
Quantitative Light Fluorescence
CONTROL OF ACTIVE CARIOUS LESIONS
CONTROL OF DENTAL PLAQUE
USE OF FLUORIDES AND TOPICAL ANTI MICROBIAL AGENTS
8:
Benign and Malignant Tumors of Oral Cavity
PERIPHERAL OSSIFYING FIBROMA
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Radiographic Findings (Fig. 8.2)
Histopathology (Fig. 8.3)
Treatment
PERIPHERAL GIANT CELL PROLIFERATION
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Radiographic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Histopathology
Treatment
Prognosis
CONTACT DRUG REACTIONS
Clinical Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment
ENCEPHALOTRIGEMINAL ANGIOMATOSIS (STURGE-WEBER ANOMALY) (FIG. 8.11)
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment
SQUAMOUS PAPILLOMA (FIG. 8.12)
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Histopathology (Fig. 8.13)
Treatment
VERRUCIFORM XANTHOMA
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Histopathology (Fig. 8.15)
Treatment
BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
NODULAR ULCERATIVE BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
PIGMENTED BASAL CELL CARCINOMA (FIG. 8.18A AND B)
CYSTIC BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
SCLEROSING OR MORPHEAFORM BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
SUPERFICIAL BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
Differential Diagnosis
Histopathology (Fig. 8.22)
Treatment
Cryosurgery
Electrodessication and Cautery
Mohs Micrographic Surgery
Local Excision
Radiotherapy
Prognosis and Follow-up
FIBROMA (Figs 8.24A and B)
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up and Treatment
Histopathology (Fig. 8.25)
Prognosis
GIANT CELL FIBROMA (FIG. 8.26)
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Histopathology
SOLITARY NEUROFIBROMA (FIG. 8.27)
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-Up and Treatment
Histopathology (Fig. 8.28)
Prognosis
CONGENITAL GRANULAR CELL TUMOR
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up and Treatment
Histopathology (Fig. 8.30)
Prognosis
LYMPHANGIOMA
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology (Fig. 8.32)
Treatment and Prognosis
HEMANGIOMAS
ARTERIOVENOUS HEMANGIOMA
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology (Fig. 8.34)
Treatment
Prognosis
MANAGEMENT OF EMERGENCIES AND COMPLICATIONS
JUVENILE CAPILLARY HEMANGIOMA (Fig. 8.35)
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology (Fig. 8.36)
Treatment and Prognosis
CAVERNOUS HEMANGIOMA (Fig. 8.37)
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment and Prognosis
NASOPHARYNGEAL ANGIOFIBROMA (Fig. 8.39)
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up and Treatment
Histopathology
Prognosis
HEMANGIOPERICYTOMA
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology (Fig. 8.42)
Treatment
Prognosis
FIBROBLASTIC MALIGNANCIES FIBROMATOSES
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology (Fig. 8.43)
Treatment
Prognosis
FIBROSARCOMA
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology (Fig. 8.45)
Treatment
Prognosis
RHABDOMYOSARCOMAS (Fig. 8.46)
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
EMBRYONAL RHABDOMYOSARCOMA
ALVEOLAR RHABDOMYOSARCOMA (Figs 8.49A AND B)
PLEOMORPHIC RHABDOMYOSARCOMA
Treatment
Prognosis
MALIGNANT HEMANGIOPERICYTOMA
Clinical Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology (Fig. 8.51)
Treatment
Prognosis
ALVEOLAR SOFT PART SARCOMA
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Histopathology (Figs 8.53A and B)
MELANOTIC NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR OF INFANCY
Clinical Presentation And Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology (Fig. 8.55)
Treatment
Prognosis
MELANOCYTIC NEVI
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
JUNCTIONAL NEVUS (FIG. 8.56)
COMPOUND NEVUS (FIG. 8.57)
DERMAL NEVUS (Fig. 8.58)
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Histopathology
BLUE NEVUS (FIG. 8.62)
Clinical Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up and Treatment
Histopathology (Fig. 8.63)
NEVUS OF OTA (FIG. 8.64)
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up and Treatment
Histopathology (Fig. 8.65)
NEVUS OF ITO
SPITZ NEVUS (FIG. 8.66)
Clinical Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Histopathology (Fig. 8.67)
HALO NEVUS (FIG. 8.68)
Clinical Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Histopathology (Fig. 8.69)
DYSPLASTIC NEVUS (NEVUS WITH ARCHITECTURAL DISORDER) (FIG. 8.70)
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up and Treatment
Histopathology (Fig. 8.71)
Prognosis
CONGENITAL NEVI (FIG. 8.72)
Clinical Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up and Treatment
Histopathology (Fig. 8.73)
OSTEOMA (FIGS 8.74 AND 8.75)
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Histopathology (Fig. 8.76)
Diagnosis and Treatment
Follow-up
CENTRAL GIANT CELL TUMOR (FIG. 8.77)
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Radiographic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work Up
Histopathology (Fig. 8.78)
Treatment
Prognosis
OSSIFYING FIBROMA (FIG. 8.79)
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology (Figs 8.81A and B)
Treatment and Prognosis
Follow-up
OSTEOSARCOMA
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Radiographic Findings
Differential Diagnosis (Figs 8.83A and B)
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
PAROSTEAL OSTEOSARCOMA
Treatment and Biologic Behavior
Prognosis
Follow-up
EWING'S SARCOMA
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Radiographic Findings (Figs 8.86A to C)
Differential Diagnosis
Histopathology (Fig. 8.87)
Diagnostic Work-up
Treatment and Biologic Behavior
Prognosis
Follow-up
CHONDROSARCOMA
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Radiographic Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology (Fig. 8.89)
MESENCHYMAL CHONDROSARCOMA
Treatment and Prognosis
Follow-up
CHORDOMA
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology (Fig. 8.91)
Treatment
Prognosis
9:
Tumors of Salivary Glands
INTRODUCTION
Development of Salivary Glands
Histogenesis of Salivary Gland Tumors
PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA (MIXED TUMOR)
Clinical Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-Up and Treatment
Histopathology
Prognosis
BASAL CELL ADENOMA
Clinical Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up and Treatment
Histopathology
Prognosis
MUCOEPIDERMOID CARCINOMA
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-Up
Histopathology
Variants
Sclerosing Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Intraosseous Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Treatment and Prognosis
SJÖGREN'S SYNDROME
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Etiology
Genetic, Hormonal, Infectious and Immunologic
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-Up
Histopathology
Treatment
Prognosis
10:
Cysts and Tumors of Odontogenic Origin
INTRODUCTION
Epithelial Cysts
DENTIGEROUS CYST
Reason
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Frequency
Age
Gender
Race
Site
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Macroscopic Features
Histopathology (Fig. 10.4)
Complications of Dentigerous Cyst (Fig. 10.5)
Treatment
ERUPTION CYST (FIG. 10.6)
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Frequency
Age
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Feature
Histopathology
Treatment
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF ODONTOGENIC TUMORS
WHO Classification (Proposed in 2003 Published in, Lyon in July 2005)
Benign Tumors
Malignant Tumors
AMELOBLASTOMAS
General Introduction
Solid/Multicystic Ameloblastoma (SMA)
Introduction
History
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features (Fig. 10.8)
Later
Late
Among Gender
Among Ameloblastoma Subtypes
Among Jaws Involvement
Among Radiological Features
Gender
Location
Radiological Findings (Fig. 9.9)
Multilocular Type
Unilocular Type
Macroscopic Findings
Specimen
Cyst Content
Histopathological Features
Definition by WHO 1992 classification
Histopathological Variants
Follicular SMA (Fig. 10.10)
Plexiform SMA (Fig. 10.11)
Acanthomatous SMA (Fig. 10.12)
Differential Diagnosis
Granular Cell SMA (Figs 10.13A and B)
Ultrastructurally
Immunohistochemical Analysis
Basal Cell SMA
Immunohistochemical Findings
Result
Conclusion
Clear Cell Solid/Multicystic Ameloblastoma
Keratoameloblastoma (KA) and Papilliferous KA (PKA)
Mucous Cell Differentiation in Solid/Multicystic Ameloblastoma
Hemangiomatous Ameloblastoma (HA)
Hypothesis for Origin
Lucas Postulated
Extragnathic (Tibial) Adamantinoma (ETA)
Stroma
Treatment
UNICYSTIC AMELOBLASTOMA (UA)
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Concept of de novo origin is favored as
Result
Conclusion
Clinical Features
Radiographical Features
Macroscopic Findings
Histopathology
Three Histologic Subtypes (Fig. 10.14)
Luminal Unicystic Ameloblastoma (Fig. 10.15)
Intraluminal Unicystic Ameloblastoma (Fig. 10.16)
Treatment
PERIPHERAL AMELOBLASTOMA (PA)
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Macroscopic Examination
Microscopic Features
Histologic Definition by Philipsen
Histopathology (Fig. 10.18)
Biological Behavior
Malignant Variants
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
DESMOPLASTIC AMELOBLASTOMA
INTRODUCTION
Pathogenesis
Clinical Feature
Gender
Location
Radiological Features
Central Variant
Peripheral Variants
Histopathological Findings (Figs 10.20 and 10.21)
Similar Lesions as Squamous Odontogenic Tumor
Treatment
INTRODUCTION
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Gender
Location
Radiographic Feature
Macroscopic Features
Microscopy
Histologic definition by WHO 1992
Histopathological Features (Figs 10.22A and B and 10.23)
Epithelial Cells
Microscopic Variants
Nature of Amyloid
Occurrence of Clear cells
Gender Involvement
Treatment
INTRODUCTION
Terms used
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Age
Gender
Location
Peripheral variant
Gender
Location
Radiographic Features
Variants (Fig. 10.24)
Macroscopic Features
Microscopy
Histopathological Findings
Connective Tissue Stroma
Treatment
p53
Result
Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA)
Result
Remark
Ki-67
Result
IPO38
Result
CONCLUSION
Clinical Features
Radiographic Appearance
Histopathological Features (Fig. 10.27)
Treatment
BENIGN NEOPLASM AND TUMOR-LIKE LESION SHOWING ODONTOGENIC EPITHELIUM WITH ODONTOGENIC ECTOMESENCHYME WITH OR WITHOUT DENTAL HARD TISSUE FORMATION
Introduction
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Pathogenetically
Clinical Features
Gender
Location
Macroscopic Features
Histopathological Findings (Figs 10.28A and B)
Variants of Ameloblastic Fibroma
Ultrastructural Findings
Treatment
INTRODUCTION
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Age
Gender
Location
Radiological Features
Pathology
Histologic Definition According to WHO
Histopathological Features (Fig. 10.29)
Treatment
INTRODUCTION
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Age
Gender
Location
Size
Variant
Macroscopic Findings
Microscopy
Histologic Definition
Histopathological Features (Fig. 10.30)
Treatment
COMPLEX ODONTOMA
Pathogenesis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Age
Gender
Location
Radiographical Features (Fig. 10.31)
First Stage
Second Stage
Third Stage
Note
Macroscopic Findings
Microscopy
Histopathologically Findings (Figs 10.32A and B)
Treatment
COMPOUND ODONTOMA
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Age
Gender
Location
Radiographic Appearance (Fig. 10.33)
Macroscopical Findings
Microscopy
Histologic Definition by WHO
Histopathological Features (Fig. 10.34)
Treatment
INTRODUCTION
Classification
Type 1 A
Type 1 B
Histopathological Findings
Type 1 C
Type 1 D
Type 2Aa α
Type 2Abα
Type 2Abβ
Intraosseous subtype
Intraosseous subtype
Clinical Features
Age
Neoplastic Variants
Gender
Location
Radiological Features
Microscopy
Histologic definition by WHO in 1992
Definition of COC according to Philipsen et al, and Histopathology
A Neoplastic (solid) Lesion
Histopathologic Features (Fig. 10.35)
Ghost Cells
Immunohistochemistry Findings
Treatment
INTRODUCTION
Pathogenesis
Odontogenic Origin
Clinical Features
Age
Gender
Location
Radiographic Features
Microscopy
WHO Definition (1992)
Histopathological Features (Fig. 10.36)
Treatment
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Age
Gender
Location
Radiological Features
Macroscopic Features
Microscopy
Histologic definition by 1992 WHO
Simple Type Central Odontogenic Fibroma (COF) (Fig. 10.37)
WHO Type Central Odontogenic Fibroma (COF)
Histopathological Features (Fig. 9.38)
Central Odontogenic Fibroma (COF) versus Ameloblastic Fibroma (AFs)
Treatment
INTRODUCTION
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Age
Gender
Location
Radiological Features
Size
Macroscopic Features
Microscopy
Histologic Definition by WHO, 1992
Histopathological Features (Figs 10.39 and 10.40)
Differential Diagnosis
Other Lesions
Treatment
INTRODUCTION
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features (Fig. 10.41)
Age
Gender
Location
Radiological Features (Fig. 10.42)
Differential Diagnosis
Macroscopic Features
Microscopy
WHO Histologic Definition (1992)
Histopathological Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Malignant Epithelial Odontogenic Neoplasm
INTRODUCTION
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Most Common Site to Metastasis
Age
Gender
Location
Pathology (Fig. 10.44)
Histologic Definition
Histopathologic Features
Treatment
INTRODUCTION
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Gender
Location
Radiological Features
Histopathological Definition
Histopathology (Figs 10.45A and B)
Treatment
PRIMARY INTRAOSSEOUS SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA (SOLID)
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Age
Gender
Location
Radiological Features
Microscopy
WHO Definition (1992)
Histopathological Features (Fig. 10.46)
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
PRIMARY INTRAOSSEOUS SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA DERIVED FROM ODONTOGENIC CYSTS
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Location
Gender
Radiological Features
Macrosopic Feature
Microscopy
Histopathologic Definition
Histopathologic Features (Fig. 10.47)
Treatment
PRIMARY INTRAOSSEOUS SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA (PIOSCC) DERIVED FROM KERATINIZING
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Age
Gender
Location
Pathology
Histologic Definition by Philipsen et al
Histopathologic Features
Treatment
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Age
Gender
Location
Radiological Features
Macroscopy
According to Philipsen (Figs 10.48A and B)
Clear Cell Odontogenic Carcinoma (CCOC)
Clear Cell Ameloblastoma/Malignant Clear Cell Ameloblastoma (CCA/MCCA)
Treatment
INTRODUCTION
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Age
Gender
Location
Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Treatment
MALIGNANT ECTOMESENCHYMAL ODONTOGENIC NEOPLASM (ODONTOGENICSARCOMA)
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Age
Gender
Location
Size
Radiologic Features
Macroscopic Appearance
Microscopy
Histologic Definition by WHO (1992)
Histopathological Features (Figs 10.49A and B)
Ultrastructural Features
Treatment
INTRODUCTION
Pathogenesis
Common Clinical Features
Age
Gender
Location
Radiological Feature
Microscopy
Histological Definition by WHO (1992)
Histological Definition
Ameloblastic Fibrodentinosarcoma (AFDS)
Ameloblastic Fibroodonto Sarcoma (AFOS) (Fig. 10.50)
Treatment
ODONTOGENIC CARCINOSARCOMA (OCS)
11:
Diseases of Bones and Joints
CHERUBISM (FAMILIAL FIBROUS DYSPLASIA OF THE JAW
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Histopathology
Treatment and Prognosis
FIBROUS DYSPLASIA
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Radiographic Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Histopathology
Treatment and Prognosis
OSTEOPETROSIS (MARBLE BONE DISEASE)
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Radiographic Appearance
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-Up
Histopathology
Biologic Behavior and Treatment
CENTRAL GIANT CELL TUMOR
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Radiographic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-Up
Histopathology
Treatment
Prognosis
OSTEOSARCOMA
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Radiographic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-Up
Histopathology
FIBROSARCOMA
Clinical Presentation
Radiographic Appearance
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment and Biologic Behavior
Prognosis
Follow-up
LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment and Prognosis
TRAUMATIC EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMA
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment and Prognosis
CLEIDOCRANIAL DYSPLASIA (MARIE-SAINTON'S DISEASE)
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Radiographic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Histopathology
Treatment
OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA (BRITTLE BONE DISEASE)
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Major Types
Type IA
Types IB
Type IIA, IIB, and IIC
Type III
Type IV
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment
Prognosis
MANDIBULOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS (TREACHER COLLINS SYNDROME)
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Treatment
Prognosis
CEMENTOBLASTOMA
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Prognosis
HYPERPLASIA OF CORONOID
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
INFANTILE CORTICAL HYPEROSTOSIS (CAFFEY'S DISEASE)
CROUZON'S SYNDROME (CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS)
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Treatment and Prognosis
MARFAN'S SYNDROME
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Treatment and Prognosis
DOWN'S SYNDROME
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Treatment and Prognosis
ACHONDROGENESIS
Etiology
Clinical Features
Roentgenographic Features
Histologic Findings
Treatment and Prognosis
HYPOPHOSPHATASIA
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Roentgenographic Features
Histologic Findings
Treatment and Prognosis
CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA
Classification
Autosomal Dominant Type
Major Diagnostic Criteria
Roentgenographic Features
Prognosis
PYKNODYSOSTOSIS
Clinical Features
Roentgenographic Features
Histologic Features
Treatment and Prognosis
MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES TYPE I-VII (LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISEASE)
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
RICKETS
Etiology
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Etiology
Clinical Features
Roentgenographic Features
Laboratory Findings
Histologic Features
Treatment and Prognosis
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
Clinical Features
Autoimmune Parathyroid Gland Ablation or Destruction
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Treatment
VITAMIN D-RESISTANT RICKETS (FAMILIAL HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS, REFRACTORY RICKETS, PHOSPHATE DIABETES)
Etiology
Clinical Features
Laboratory Findings
Roentgenographic Features
Treatment and Prognosis
CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS SYNDROMES
Etiology
Clinical Features
Roentgenographic Features
Treatment and Prognosis
PIERRE ROBIN MALFORMATION (PIERRE ROBIN SYNDROME, ROBIN SEQUENCE, PIERRE ROBIN ANOMALAD, ROBIN COMPLEXES, PIERRE ROBIN MALFORMATION COMPLEX)
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment and Prognosis
APERT SYNDROME (ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLY)
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
THANATOPHORIC DYSPLASIA
Clinical Features
Prognosis
ACHONDROPLASIA (CHONDRODYSTROPHIA FETALIS)
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Roentgenographic Features
Histologic Features
Treatment and Prognosis
ROBINOW SYNDROME
Clinical Features
Skeletal System
Craniofacial
Oral
Complications
HYPEROSTOSIS CORTICALIS GENERALISATA (VAN BUCHEM'S DISEASE, HYPERPHOSPHATASEMIA TARDA, ENDOSTEAL HYPEROSTOSIS, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE)
Clinical Features
Roentgenographic Features
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
CHONDROECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA (ELLIS-VAN CREVELD)
CLINICAL FEATURES AND ORAL MANIFESTATIONS
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Treatment
TRICHO-DENTO-OSSEOUS SYNDROME
MASSIVE OSTEOLYSIS
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histologic Features
Treatment and Prognosis
DISEASES OF THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
DEVELOPMENT DISTURBANCES OF THE TEMPOROMADIBULAR JOINT
Aplasia of the Mandibular Condyle
Clinical Features
Treatment
HYPOPLASIA OF THE MANDIBULAR CONDYLE
Clinical Features
Treatment and Prognosis
HYPERPLASIA OF THE MANDIBULAR CONDYLE
Clinical Features
Treatment and Prognosis
TRAUMATIC DISTURBANCES OF THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
Luxation and Subluxation
Clinical Features
Treatment
Ankylosis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT SYNDROME
Etiology
Clinical Features
Laboratory Findings
Roentgenographic Features
Treatment and Prognosis
12:
Diseases of the Skin
LICHEN PLANUS
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Reticular Form (Fig. 12.1)
Plaque Form (Fig. 12.2)
Erosive Form (Fig. 12.3)
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-Up
Histopathology
Treatment
Prognosis
PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment
Prognosis
PARANEOPLASTIC PEMPHIGUS
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Histopathology
EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA ACQUISITA
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment And Prognosis
EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex
Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex with Muscular Dystrophy
Epidermolysis Bullosa Atrophicans Generalisata Graves
Epidermolysis Bullosa Dominant Dystrophic/Hypertrophic Form
Scarring Epidermolysis Bullosa with Dermolytic Vesicles
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Types
Epidermal Type
Junctional Type
Dermal Type
Immunomapping
Treatment
PROGRESSIVE SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS (SCLERODERMA) AND THE CREST SYNDROME
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Localized Systemic Sclerosis
CREST Syndrome
Diffuse Progressive Systemic Sclerosis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment and Prognosis
KAWASAKI DISEASE (MUCOCUTANEOUS LYMPH NODE SYNDROME)
Clinical Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment
Prognosis
DERMATITIS HERPETIFORMIS
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment
Prognosis
DERMATITIS HERPETIFORMIS
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment
Prognosis
ECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment and Prognosis
WHITE SPONGE NEVUS
Clinical Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment
13:
Diseases of Blood and Blood Forming Organs
PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Blood
Serum
Gastric Secretions
Bone Marrow
Treatment
CELIAC SPRUE
Clinical Features
Laboratory Findings
Histologic Findings
Treatment
APLASTIC ANEMIA
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
THALASSEMIA
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Roentgenographic Features
ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA AND PLUMMERVINSON SYNDROME (PATERSON-BROWN KELLY SYNDROME, PATERSON-KELLY SYNDROME, SIDEROPENIC DYSPHAGIA)
Clinical Features
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
POLYCYTHEMIA
AGRANULOCYTOSIS
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histologic Features
Labortary Findings
Roentgenographic Features
Laboratory Findings
Treatment and Prognosis
CHEDIAK-HIGASHI SYNDROME
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Treatment and Prognosis
LEUKOCYTOSIS
INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS (GLANDULAR FEVER)
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
LEUKEMIA
Etiology
Clinical Features
Acute Leukemia
Chronic Leukemia
Laboratory Findings
Acute Leukemia
Chronic Leukemia
Oral Manifestations
Treatment
DISEASE INVOLVING BLOOD PLATELETS
Primary Thrombocytopenia (Werlhrof's disease, purpura hemorrhagica and idiopathic purpura)
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Treatment and Prognosis
THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA
Clinical Features
Histologic Features
Laboratory Findings
FAMILIAL THROMBASTHENIA (GLANZMANN THROMBASTHENIA OR DISEASE)
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
THROMBOCYTOPATHIC PURPURA (THROMBOCYTOPATHIA)
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Treatment
THROMBOCYTHEMIA (THROMBOCYTOSIS)
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
DISEASES INVOLVING SPECIFIC BLOOD FACTORS (HEMOPHILIA) (BLEEDER'S DISEASE, DISEASE OF THE HAPSBURGS, THE DISEASE OF KINGS)
Etiology
Oral Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
AFIBRINOGENEMIA AND HYPOFIBRINOGENEMIA
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
DYSFIBRINOGENEMIA
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
FIBRIN-STABILIZING FACTOR DEFICIENCY
Clinical Features
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
14:
Physical and Chemical Injuries of the Oral Cavity
BRUXISMS (NIght-grinding, Bruxomania)
Etiology
Local Factors
Systemic Factors
Psychological Factors
Occupations
Clinical Presentations
Treatment and Prognosis
FRACTURES OF TEETH
Clinical Presentations
Histologic Features
TOOTH ANKYLOSIS
Clinical Presentations
Roentgenographic Features
Histologic Features
Treatment
EOSINOPHILIC ULCERATION
Clinical Presentations
Histologic Features
Treatment and Prognosis
MUCOCELE
Clinical Presentations
Histologic Features
Treatment and Prognosis
RANULA
Clinical Presentations
Histologic Features
Treatment and Prognosis
MAXILLARY ANTROLITHIASIS (ANTRAL RHINOLITH, ANTROLITH)
Clinical Presentations
Treatment
RHINOLITHIASIS
X-RAY RADIATION
General Effects of Radiation on Tissue
Effects of Radiation on Oral and Paraoral Tissues
Effects on Skin
Effects on Oral Mucosa
Radiation induced Mucositis
Effects on Salivary Glands
Xerostomia
Effects on Teeth
Effects on Bone
OSTEORADIONECROSIS
Osteoradionecrosis in a 56– year-old Man with a History of Radiation Therapy for Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Fig. 14.7)
LASER RADIATION
Lasers in Dental Soft Tissue Treatment
Lasers in Dental Hard Tissue Treatment
Effects on Teeth
Effects on Pulp
Effect on Soft Tissue
ELECTRICAL BURNS
Clinical Presentations
Treatment and Prognosis
THERMAL BURNS
Clinical Presentations
Treatment and Prognosis
CERVICOFACIAL EMPHYSEMA
Clinical Presentations
Treatment and Prognosis
PNEUMOPAROTID
ANESTHETIC NECROSIS
HUMAN BITE (MORSUS HUMANUS)
POISONING
Lead
Clinical Presentations
Oral Manifestations
Treatment and Prognosis
Mercury
Clinical Presentations
Oral Manifestations
Treatment and Prognosis
Acrodynia (Pink Disease, Swift's Disease)
Clinical Presentations
Oral Manifestations
Treatment and Prognosis
Silver (Argyria, Argyrosis)
Amalgam Tattoo (Fig. 14.10)
Clinical Presentations
Histologic Features (Fig. 14.11)
Tetracycline
Clinical Presentations (Fig. 14.12)
CANCER CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS
Clinical Presentations
Oral Manifestations
Treatment
15:
Allergic and Immunologic Diseases of the Oral Cavity
APHTHOUS STOMATITIS (FIG. 15.1)
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment
Prognosis
Behçet Syndrome
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment
Prognosis
WEGENER'S GRANULOMATOSIS
Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Work-up
Histopathology
Treatment and Prognosis
ANGIOEDEMA (ANGIONEUROTIC EDEMA)
Causes
Clinical Features
Treatment and Prognosis
DRUG ALLERGY (DRUG IDIOSYNCRASY)
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Treatment and Prognosis
16:
Oral Aspects of Metabolic Diseases
DISTURBANCES IN MINERAL METABOLISM
Minerals
Calcium
Requirements and Absorption
Absorption
Excretion
Function
Osteoporosis and Calcium Deficiency
Trace Elements
Iodine
Copper
Requirement and Absorption
Iron
Requirement and Absorption
Zinc
Manganese
DISTURBANCES IN PROTEIN METABOLISM
Protein Requirements
Protein Energy (Calorie) Malnutrition (PEM)
Individual Amino Acids
Porphyria
DISTURBANCES IN CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Clinical Presentation
MPS type IS (Scheie Syndrome)
Clinical Features
VITAMIN A
Clinical Features of Vitamin A Deficiency
VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY RICKETS
Clinical Features of Rickets
HYPOPHOSPHATASIA
Clinical Features
CLINICAL FEATURES OF THIAMIN DEFICIENCY
CLINICAL FEATURES OF RIBOFLAVIN DEFICIENCY
HYPOPITUITARISM
Clinical Features
HYPERPITUITARISM
Clinical Features
HYPOTHYROIDISM
Clinical Features
CUSHING'S SYNDROME
STRESS AND THE ADAPTATION SYNDROME
PANCREATIC HORMONE: INSULIN
Diabetes Mellitus
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
17:
Diseases of Nerves and Muscles
DISTURBANCES OF THE NINTH CRANIAL NERVE
Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
Clinical Presentations
Treatment
MISCELLANEOUS DISTURBANCES OF NERVES
Motor System Disease (Motor Neuron Disease, Amyotrophies)
Clinical Presentations
Treatment and Prognosis
Multiple Sclerosis (Disseminated Sclerosis)
Etiology
Clinical Presentations
Treatment and Prognosis
Horner's Syndrome (Sympathetic Ophthalmoplegia)
Marcus Gunn Jaw-Winking Syndrome (Trigemino-oculomotor Synkinesis)
DISEASES OF THE MUSCLES
Classification of Diseases of Muscle
Dystrophies
Severe Generalized Familial Muscular Dystrophy (Pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy of Duchenne)
Mild Restricted Muscular Dystrophy (Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy of Landouzy and Dejerine)
Myotonias
Dystrophic Myotonia (Myotonic Dystrophy, Dystrophia myotonica)
Congenital Myotonia (Thomsen's Disease, Myotonia Congenita)
Hypotonias
Myasthenias
Myasthenia Gravis
Myositis
Dermatomyositis (Juvenile Dermatomyositis, Childhood Dermatomyositis, Polymyositis)
Heterotopic Ossification
Myositis Ossificans Progressiva
Focal Myositis
Miscellaneous Myopathies
Congenital Facial Diplegia (Mobius syndrome)
Atrophy of Muscle
Hypertrophy of Muscle
INDEX
TOC
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