Workbook of Practical Human Physiology for BDS Komal Marwaha
INDEX
ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVW
A
Abdominal signs 203
Abnormalities of
Q wave 60
QRS complex 60
T wave 60
Absolute bone conduction
test 147, 152
Accommodation reflex 120
Acromegaly 31
Acute
blood loss 38
hemorrhage 31
hypotension 31
MI 32
post ganglionic dysautonomia 38
Adjustable chin rest 101
Adrenal insufficiency 32, 38
Advantages of
auscultatory method of BP recording 26
oscillatory method 27
palpatory method of BP recording 26
Air pump 19
Alcoholic neuropathy 38
Ametropia 105
Amyloidal neuropathy 38
Anacrotic pulse 11
Anemia 9, 10
Aneroid sphygmomanometer 28
Aneurysms of carotid artery 122
Ankylosing spondylitis 177
Anomaloscope 93, 99
Anopia 108
Anosmia 85
Antihypertensive drugs 38
Aortic
incompetence 10
stenosis 10
Apex beat 205
Apparatus 21
Argyll robertson pupil 122
Audiometry 147
Augmented unipolar limb leads 50
Auscultatory method 18, 25
Axis deviation 63
B
Barany
caloric test 148
chair test 149
Bell spirometer 68
Benedict Roth apparatus 166
Bilateral paralysis 162
Bipolar
leads 50
limb leads 50
Blood pressure measurement 18, 21, 204
Body temperature 186
Bony developmental abnormality 202
BP sphygmomanometer 24
Brain tumors 9
Breathing patterns 202
Bronchial sounds 195
C
Calculation for predicted value of vital capacity 71
Calibration key 54
Caloric test 148
Cardiac jelly 55
Cardiovascular compensatory mechanisms on prolonge 38
Catecholamine secreting tumor of adrenal glands 31
Causes of irregular rhythm of pulse 10
Centering device/key 54
Cerebellar lesions 122
Character of breath sounds 195
Charts for distant vision 88
Chronic
aortic regurgitation 13
hypotension 32
obstructive pulmonary disease 14
Clinical examination of
cardiovascular system 200
respiratory system 190
Clinical significance of
recording vital capacity 73
spirometry 171
Coarctation of aorta 31
Color
blindness 107
vision 106, 109
Complete paralysis of trigeminal nerve 130
Computerized spirometer 68
Condition of vessel wall 4, 14
Conductive deafness 149
Cone system 106
Confrontation test 99, 100, 109
Confusion colors 93
Consensual light reflex 119
Constricted pupil 122
Constrictive pericarditis 14
Convergence of visual axes 123
Corneal reflex and conjunctival reflex 129
Corrugated rubber tube 68
Cranial nerves 82
Cushing's disease 31
Cyanosis 202
D
Decrease in vital capacity 75
Decreased blood volume 38
Demyelinating diseases 152
Deuteranopia 107
Diabetic neuropathy 38
Diarrhea 31
Diastolic blood pressure 29
Dichromats 107
Dicrotic pulse 12
Dilated
and fixed pupil 122
pupil 122
Direct
light reflex 118
method of blood pressure measurement 17
Disadvantage of
auscultatory method of BP recording 26
oscillatory method 27
palpatory method of BP recording 26
Diuresis 32
Diurnal variation 30
Double walled cylindrical chamber 68
Dynamic lung volumes and capacities 174
E
ECG
leads and connection sites 52
paper 54
E-chart 88
Edema 203
Edridge-green lantern test 93, 95, 109
Effect of
facial nerve paralysis 137
isometric exercise on blood pressure 42
isotonic exercise on blood pressure 44
lesion of vestibular nerve 152
paralysis 156, 157
posture on vital capacity 74
sympatholytic drugs 32
Electrocardiogram 49
Electrocardiograph 53
and electrodes 53
Emmetropia 105
Emotions 30
Endocrinal diseases 31
Epigastric pulsations 203
Essential hypertension 31
Examination couch 18, 67
Examination of
abdominal aorta 7
arterial pulses 3, 203
brachial pulse 6
color vision 93
cranial nerves 82
distant visual acuity 88
dorsalis pedis pulse 6
eighth cranial nerve 142
eleventh cranial nerve 160
femoral pulse 6
fifth cranial nerve 126
first cranial nerves 83
lacrimation and salivation 137
lower face 134
motor component of trigeminal nerve 129
near visual acuity 91
ninth cranial nerve 153
popliteal pulse 6
posterior tibial pulse 6
precordium 204
pterygoid 129
pulses 203
pupil 117
second cranial nerve 86
sensory component of trigeminal nerve 127
seventh cranial nerve 133
somatic fibers 114
tenth cranial nerve 156
twelfth cranial nerve 161
venous pulses 203
visual
acuity 87
field 99
Examine rhythm of respiration 193
Expiratory reserve volume 78, 172
Extreme bradycardia 13
Eyes and lids 202
F
Facial nerve 137
Factors affecting
blood pressure 30
lung volumes 174
visual acuity 105
vital capacity 73
Fever 9, 10
Filter key 54
Fluid in pleural cavity 177
Forced expiratory
flow 175, 176
volume
after three seconds 175
in one second 175
in two seconds 175
Forced vital capacity 174
Fourth nerve paralysis 123
Function of accommodation reflex 122
Functional residual capacity 78, 173
Functions of light reflex 122
G
Gas bell 68
General physical examination 183
Glomerulonephritis 31
GPE in relation to CVS examination 201
Gravity 30
Guilain Barre syndrome 38
H
Hand grip dynamometer 43
Heart
block 9
rate 62
Hemianopia 108
Hereditary syndromes 151
Heteronymous hemianopia 109
High volume pulse 10
Holmgren's wool test 93, 109
Homonymous hemianopia 108
Horner syndrome 121
Hyperaldosteronism 31
Hyperlipidemia 151
Hypermetropia 106
Hyperosmia 85
Hypertension 31
Hyperthyroidism 31
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 13
Hypopituitarism 32
Hyposmia 85
Hypotension 31
I
Idiopathic postural hypotension 38
Importance of cuff size 19
Indirect method of blood pressure measurement 18
Infranuclear facial palsy 138
Inspect shape of chest 192
Inspiratory
capacity 78, 173
reserve volume 77, 172
Intensity of breath sounds 196
Interpretation of pin hole test 104
Introduction to clinical examination 182
Irregularity of shape of pupil 122
Ishihara color test 109
Ishihara's
chart 96, 98
isochromatic color plates 93, 96
Isolated sixth cranial nerve paralysis 124
K
Kyphosis 177
Landolt ring chart 88
L
Large arteriovenous fistulas 13
Lead selector keys 54
Left ventricular failure 13
Length of rubber bag/cuff 19
Lesions of third cranial nerve 123
Levelling screws 69
Lithographic colored plates of Ishihara's chart 97
Loss of lung 177
Low volume pulse 10
Lower motor neuron paralysis 162
M
Malignant hypertension 31
Malnutrition 32
Map physiological blind spot 104
Mapping of
binocular field of vision 103
physiological blind spot 103
Massive pleural effusion 14
Match colors 93
Maternal rubella 151
Maximum voluntary ventilation 174
Mean arterial pressure 29
Measuring with mercury manometer 21
Mechanism of BP variation in
isometric exercise 45
isotonic exercise 46
Ménière's disease 151
Mental and emotional state 183
Mercury
manometer 18
sphygmomanometer 19, 44
Metallic
arc 101
pipe 68
Method of
clinical examination 182
connecting ECG electrodes to body 52
recording blood pressure 17
sphygmomanometry 18
Mild isotonic exercise 46
Minute ventilation 174
Mode selection key 54
Moderate isotonic exercise 46
Monochromats 106
Motor
component 133
deficits 131
fibers 154, 156
Multisystem atrophies 38
Myasthenia gravis 121
Myopia 106
Myxedema 9
N
Neck examination 185
Net air capacity of lungs 73
Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension 38
Nine connecting leads of ECG 52
Nodal point 105
Noise trauma 151
Normal
mean cardiac axis 57
values of blood pressure in adults 28
Nose clip 67
Nutritional neuropathy 38
Nystagmus 122, 152
O
Obesity 30
Observe respiration rate 192
Obstructive
cardiomyopathy 10
disease 175
lung disease 176
Oculomotor nerve lesion 121, 122
Olfactory hallucinations 85
One stage vital capacity 75
Oscillatory method 18, 27
P
Palpatory method 18, 25
Parasympathetic fibers 113
Parkinson's disease 38
Parosmia 84
Paste perimetric chart 110
Patent ductus arteriosus 10, 13
Peak expiratory flow rate 176
Pericardial effusion 10, 14
Perimetric chart 102
Perimetry 99
Peripheral pulses 4, 14, 15
Phases of Korotkoff sounds 23
Pheochromocytoma 31
Pin hole test 104
Pleural effusion 177
Pneumonectomy 177
Pneumonia 177
Position of cuff over brachial artery 20
Postural hypotension 38
Power cord and patient cable 55
P-R segment 62
Precordial position of leads 51
Pregnancy 30
Presbyopia 106
Presence of anemia 203
Primary adrenocortical insufficiency 32
Progressive cerebellar 38
Prolonged
bed rest 32
recumbency 32
use of oral contraceptives 31
Propanolol 9
Protanopia 107
Ptosis 121
Pulley and indicator needle 69
Pulmonary stenosis 10
Pulse
deficit 9
pressure 29
Pulsus
alternans 13
bisferiens 13
paradoxus 13
Pupillary reflexes 117
P-wave 59
Pylonephritis 31
Q
Q wave 59
QRS complex 60
QT interval 62
Quadrantanopia 109
R
R wave 60
Radiofemoral delay 4, 14, 15
Recording of
systemic blood pressure 17
timed vital capacity 165
vital capacity 67
Recording spirometer 68
Reflex deficits 131
Refractive errors 106
Renal diseases 31
Residual volume 78, 173
Respiratory muscle strength 74
Restrictive disease 175
Rhythm 10
Riva-Rocci cuff 18
Roman test type 92
Rotational test 149
R-R interval 63
Rubber tubes 19
S
Sarcoidosis 177
Scale and chart frame 102
Schwabach test 146
Scoliosis 177
Secondary hypertension 31
Secretomotor fibers 134
Sensitivity selection key 54
Sensorineural deafness 149
Sensory
component 133
examination 132
fibers 154, 156
Severe isotonic exercise 46
Shy-Drager syndrome 38
Significance of
hearing tests 149
PR interval 61
pulse examination 8
ST segment 62
Simple spirometer 68
Sinus arrhythmia 8
Skin color and texture 201
Sleep 30
Slow rising pulse 11
Snellen's chart 88
Somatic fibers 113
Sources of error during BP recording 26
Speed selector key 54
Sphygmomanometer 18, 21, 27
Spirogram for calculating timed vital capacity 169
Squint 122
S-T segment 62
Standard limb leads 50
Static lung volumes and capacities 170, 172
Stethoscope 22, 44
Stimulus factors 105
Student spirometer 67
Supranuclear facial palsy 138
Synchronicity 15
Systolic blood pressure 28
T
T wave 60
Temperature 30
Tentorial herniation 122
Terminology of electrocardiogram 56
Test for
motor component 139
secretomotor component 137, 142
sensory component of facial nerve 136
Test
object 101
temporal and Masseter muscle 130
Tests for
cochlear function 143
motor component of facial nerve 134
Thyrotoxicosis 9, 10
Tidal volume 77, 172
Total lung capacity 78, 173
Toxemia of pregnancy 31
Trichromats 107
Trigeminal
nerve 126
neuralgia 132
Tuberculosis 177
Tumor of juxtaglomerular cells 31
Tumors affecting eighth nerve 152
Tuning fork tests 144
Twice beating pulse 12
Two stage vital capacity 76
Types of
colour blindness 94
paralysis of facial nerve 138
U
U wave 61
Unequal pupil 122
Unilateral paralysis 162
Unipolar
chest leads 51
leads 50
Upper motor neuron paralysis 162
Uses of spirometery 172
V
Vagus nerve 156
Variations in vital capacity 75
Vascular accidents 122
Vasodilators 38
Vesicular sounds 195
Vestibular
component 152
lesions 122
Visual
acuity 87, 109
angle 105
field
defects 108
examination 109
Vital capacity 171, 173
Vocal resonance 196
Volume of blood in lungs 73
Vomiting 31
W
Watch test 144
Water hammer pulse 12
Waves of
ECG 59
pulse 11
Weber's test 146
Whisper test 143
White coat hypertension 30
Working of
bell spirometer 69
spirometer 69
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1Workbook of Practical Human Physiology for BDS2
3Workbook of Practical Human Physiology for BDS
Komal Marwaha MD Reader and Head Department of Physiology Dr HSJ Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital Panjab University Chandigarh, India
4Published by
Jitendar P Vij
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
Corporate Office
4838/24 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002, India, Phone: +91-11-43574357, Fax: +91-11-43574314
Registered Office
B-3 EMCA House, 23/23B Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110 002, India
Phones: +91-11-23272143, +91-11-23272703, +91-11-23282021, +91-11-23245672, Rel: +91-11-32558559
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e-mail: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com, Website: www.jaypeebrothers.com
Offices in India
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Workbook of Practical Human Physiology for BDS
© 2011, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author and the publisher.
This book has been published in good faith that the material provided by author is original. Every effort is made to ensure accuracy of material, but the publisher, printer and author will not be held responsible for any inadvertent error(s). In case of any dispute, all legal matters are to be settled under Delhi jurisdiction only.
First Edition: 2011
9789350251904
Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unit
Printed at
5Preface
Medicine is a practical part of treatment rather than a theoretical one. The fascinating aspect of medicine lies in learning by doing process. History of medicine is replete with examples where basic physiological discoveries have led to advances in clinical disciplines. Repetitions of some fundamental experiments by students, correspondingly, give them a better understanding of clinical subjects. In training program of medical, dental and science students’ practical work has always held an important place. This is particularly important in fundamental disciplines like physiology.
All the teachers of physiology in dental colleges know how teaching of practical human physiology to these students has been handed down from one to another in the form of tradition. Teachers have always found it hard to rationalize what is needed to be taught and what should not be taught. Often the technique advocated has been passed from one generation of teachers to another with some modifications and justifications. Keeping all these problems in mind I have come up with this workbook of practical human physiology which is in line with the curriculum policy of Dental Council of India. The book contains all the essential underlying principles of practical human physiology as per the latest recommendations of Dental Council of India (DCI). The instruction of DCI to lay emphasis on the applied aspect of physiology has been adequately taken care of in this book.
Earlier BDS first year students had to depend on practical physiology books or manuals which were meant for MBBS. This workbook of practical human physiology serves the purpose of textbook, manual as well as workbook. It has covered all the practical aspects of human physiology.
The work book is divided in two sections:
  • Practicals
  • Demonstrations.
The practical procedures are to be performed by the students during practical classes to acquire skills. All the procedures are to be included in the University practical examination. Those categorized as demonstrations are to be shown to the students during practical classes. However, these demonstrations would not be included in the University examinations but question based on this would be given in the form of charts, graphs and calculations for interpretation by the students.
All the chapters are covered under following sections:
Objectives: A set of objectives have been given at the beginning of each practical. They are intended to inform the student what they must learn from a particular exercise. Student should go through them before starting the practical and should again look at them after completing the practical, to assess whether he has acquired the necessary skill and the knowledge. The objectives covered in this book are based on what a student must know but these do not limit what he/she may know.
Introduction: It covers the basic knowledge of the topic on which the practical is based.
6Method: Keeping in view the fast growing world of medical science, we want our students to remain abridged with the latest methodology used in physiology and clinical medicine. So this section covers different methods employed for performing a particular practical. Thereafter, one particular method (required by BDS student to know) is discussed in detail.
The principle of the method, all the factual knowledge and the technical data of the apparatus to be used are discussed. Great care is taken in the description of the apparatus to be used in the practical and in the description of principles underlying their working. The whole procedure is dealt with in detail in a stepwise manner.
Precautions: Immediately after the procedure sound and updated precautions to be observed are given to avoid fruitless work. After that the way to record observation, perform calculations (if any) and express result is described.
Besides the technical details, a clear concept regarding the theoretical background of the experiment performed, its importance and uses and clinical correlation is covered under discussion. Well labeled diagrams and photographs of the apparatus are provided along with the text for proper understanding.
To overcome the need of using additional practical file, work space has been provided at the end of each chapter where students will record observations, perform calculations and give the results. Important viva questions are also given to help students prepare for their examination.
Besides covering the minimum and essential practicals listed by DCI curriculum for first year BDS, this book has also covered additional practicals being followed by most of the dental and allied science colleges throughout the country. This book will also benefit the students of first year BAMS, DHMS, BHMS, BPT, BSc nursing and other life sciences.
As far as possible each statement included in the workbook is drawn from some well recognized sources and care has been taken to cover every aspect of practical human physiology for BDS 1st year curriculum.
I express my sincere thanks and deep appreciation to my colleague Dr Sujata Upadhyay for editing the whole manuscript and providing constructive inputs. I must express my gratitude to my husband, Mr Ajay Kumar, for his endless support and understanding. I express my thanks to M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers for bringing out this workbook in excellent form. I request all the students and the teachers using this workbook to evaluate it with open mind and give their valuable suggestions.
Komal Marwaha7