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Pediatric Nephrology
Arvind Bagga, RN Srivastava
1:
Renal Anatomy and Physiology
NEPHRON
Glomerulus
Tubule
Juxtamedullary Nephrons
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Renal Vasculature
RENAL FUNCTION
Glomerular Filtration
Factors Affecting the GFR
Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow and GFR
Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion
Structure of Tubular Segments
General Characteristics of Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Maximum (Tm)
REABSORPTION OF SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES
Sodium
Potassium
Regulation of Plasma Potassium
Calcium
Tubular Handling
Regulation of Plasma Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Amino acids
Protein
Urea
Creatinine
URINARY ACIDIFICATION
WATER REABSORPTION
Regulation of ADH Secretion
Thirst and Body Water
Atrial Natriuretic Peptides (ANP)
Physiologic Effects of ANP
2:
Diagnostic Evaluation
CLINICAL FEATURES OF RENAL DISEASE
Hematuria
Edema
Abnormalities of Micturition
Enuresis
Oliguria
Polyuria
Foul Smelling Urine
Dysuria, Flank Pain
Ureteric Colic, Passage of Stone or Gravel
Antenatal History
Birth History
Family History
Hypertension
Growth Retardation
Anemia
Bony Deformities
Abdominal Mass
URINE EXAMINATION
Collection of Specimen
Specific Gravity
pH
Protein
Quantitative Measurement of Urine Protein
Glucose
Blood
Microscopic Examination
Urine Culture
EVALUATION OF RENAL FUNCTION
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Serum Creatinine and Creatinine Clearance
Cystatin C
Single Injection Technique
Measurement of Progression of Renal Damage
Blood Urea
Renal Blood Flow
Urinary Concentration
Urine Specific Gravity
Urinary Concentration Test
Tests of Urinary Acidification
Urine pH
Urine Anion Gap
Sodium Bicarbonate Loading Test
Urine PCO2
Ammonium Chloride Loading Test
Reabsorption of Phosphate
Other Investigations
RENAL BIOPSY
Indications
Biopsy Procedure
Complications
Interpretation of Renal Biopsy
3:
Imaging of the Urinary Tract
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
Plain X-ray Film of the Abdomen
Excretory Urography
Ultrasonography
Antenatal Ultrasonography
Computed Tomography
Micturating Cystourethrogram
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Special Imaging Procedures
Choice of Imaging Procedures
PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Kidney
Congenital Anomalies
Cystic Renal Diseases
Tumors
Infections of the Kidney
Reflux Nephropathy
Renal Vein Thrombosis
Renovascular Hypertension
Renal Failure
Urolithiasis
Nephrocalcinosis
Renal Involvement in Leukemia/Lymphoma
Ureter
Pelviureteric Junction (PUJ) Obstruction
Ureteral Duplication
Ureterocele
Ureteric Obstruction
Ureterovesical Junction Obstruction
Vesicoureteric Reflux
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
4:
Radionuclide Studies
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Congenital Urinary Tract Anomalies
Obstructive Uropathy
Urinary Tract Infection
Vesicoureteric Reflux (VUR)
Indication for Radionuclide Cystography
Renovascular Hypertension
Renal Vein Thrombosis
Renal Infarction
Acute Renal Failure
Tumors
Effect of Radiotherapy
Kidney Transplantation
5:
Congenital Abnormalities
NORMAL RENAL DEVELOPMENT
RENAL AGENESIS
RENAL DYSPLASIA
Total Dysplasia
Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney
Subtotal Dysplasia
Familial and Hereditary Cystic Dysplasia
Simple, Solitary Cysts
MEDULLARY SPONGE KIDNEY
RENAL HYPOPLASIA
Segmental Hypoplasia (Ask-Upmark Kidney)
Oligomeganephronic Hypoplasia
RENAL ECTOPIA AND FUSION
Pelvic Kidney
Horseshoe Kidney
DUPLEX KIDNEY
VASCULAR ANOMALIES
ANOMALIES OF THE URETER
Pelviureteric Junction Obstruction
Ureterocele
Ectopic Ureter
ANOMALIES OF THE LOWER URINARY TRACT
Patent Urachus
Megacystis-megaureter Syndrome
Urethral Valves
6:
Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders
DISORDERS OF SODIUM HOMEOSTASIS
Hyponatremia
Causes
Clinical Features
Management
Hypernatremia
Causes
Clinical Features
Management
DISORDERS OF POTASSIUM HOMEOSTASIS
Hypokalemia
Causes
Clinical Features
Evaluation
Management
Hyperkalemia
Clinical Features
Evaluation
Management
DISORDERS OF CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS
Hypercalcemia
Clinical Features
Evaluation
Management
Hypocalcemia
Clinical Features
Evaluation
Management
DISORDERS OF PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM
Hypophosphatemia
Clinical Features
Management
Hyperphosphatemia
Clinical Features
Management
DISORDERS OF MAGNESIUM HOMEOSTASIS
Hypomagnesemia
Clinical Features
Management
Hypermagnesemia
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS AND ALKALOSIS
Metabolic Acidosis
Clinical Features
Evaluation
Management
Metabolic Alkalosis
Clinical Features
Evaluation
Management
7:
Acute and Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
POSTSTREPTOCOCCAL ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Pathology
Clinical Features
Atypical Presentations
Acute Pulmonary Edema
Hypertensive Encephalopathy
Acute Renal Failure
Nephrotic Syndrome
Laboratory Investigations
Management
Course and Prognosis
ACUTE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
Nephritis in Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis
Shunt Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis Associated with Hepatitis B or C
ACUTE INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS
Course and Treatment
OTHER VIRUS-ASSOCIATED DISEASES
IMMUNOGLOBULIN A (IgA) NEPHROPATHY
Clinical Features
Pathogenesis
Renal Histology
Natural History
Treatment
CRESCENTIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Classification
Immune Complex Crescentic GN
Pauci-immune Crescentic GN
Anti-GBM Crescentic GN
Clinical Features
Investigations
Renal Histology
Diagnosis
Treatment
8:
Renal Vasculitis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
SMALL VESSEL VASCULITIS
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura
HSP Nephritis
Diagnosis
Treatment
HSP with Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
Outcome
MEDIUM VESSEL VASCULITIS
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Treatment
ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODY (ANCA) ASSOCIATED VASCULITIDES
Microscopic Polyangiitis
Serology
Wegener's Granulomatosis
Clinical Features
Treatment of ANCA Associated Vasculitis
LARGE VESSEL VASCULITIS
Takayasu Arteritis (Nonspecific Aortoarteritis)
Kawasaki Disease
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
Clinical Features
Renal Histology
Monitoring
Treatment
Prognosis and Outcome
9:
Hereditary Nephropathies
NEPHRONOPHTHISIS AND MEDULLARY CYSTIC DISEASE
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Renal Histology
Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease
Therapy
POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)
Pathology
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)
Clinical Features
Pathology
Diagnosis
Treatment and Outcome
Glomerulocystic Kidney Disease
ALPORT SYNDROME
THIN BASEMENT MEMBRANE DISEASE
LOWE SYNDROME
NAIL-PATELLA SYNDROME
CYSTINOSIS
FABRY DISEASE
10:
Asymptomatic Hematuria and Proteinuria
HEMATURIA
Epidemiology and Definition
Causes and Evaluation of Microscopic Hematuria
Causes and Evaluation of Gross Hematuria
Evaluation of Suspected Renal Parenchymal Bleeding
Evaluation of Suspected Collecting System Bleeding
Management
PROTEINURIA
Epidemiology and Definition
Diagnostic Tests
Causes and Evaluation of Proteinuria
Management
11:
Nephrotic Syndrome
MINIMAL CHANGE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME (MCNS)
Pathogenesis
Heavy Proteinuria and Hypoproteinemia
Clinical Features
Evaluation
Urinalysis
Blood Examination
Management
Treatment of the Initial Episode
Subsequent Course
Treatment of Relapse
Frequent Relapses and Steroid Dependence
Long-term Alternate Day Prednisolone
Levamisole
Alkylating Agents
Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF)
Calcineurin Inhibitors
Rituximab
MCNS with Initial Steroid Resistance
Pulse Therapy with Methylprednisolone or Dexamethasone
Other Therapies
Late Steroid Resistance
GENERAL CARE
Dietary Management
Edema
Diuretics
Management
COMPLICATIONS OF NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
Infections
Increased Susceptibility to Infections
Peritonitis
Cellulitis
Other Bacterial Infections
Use of Stress Doses of Corticosteroids
Tuberculosis
Varicella and Measles
Prevention of Infections
Immunization
Hypovolemia
Thromboembolism
Hyperlipidemia
Urinary Loss of Low Molecular Weight Proteins
SIGNIFICANT GLOMERULAR HISTOLOGICAL LESIONS
Mesangial Proliferative Glomerulonephritis (MesPGN)
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
Treatment
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN)
Management
Membranous Nephropathy (MGN)
Renal Amyloidosis
Supportive Care in Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome
Reduction of Proteinuria
OUTCOME IN NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
Steroid Sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome
Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome
CONGENITAL NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
Finnish Type and Other forms of Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome
Management
HEREDITARY NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
Denys-Drash Syndrome
Frasier Syndrome
12:
Acute Kidney Injury
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
Prerenal AKI
Postrenal AKI
Renal Causes
Occlusion of Renal Arteries or Veins
Involvement of Renal Microvasculature
Glomerular Diseases
Acute Interstitial Nephritis
Acute Tubular Necrosis
Geographical and Regional Variations
Specific Etiologies
Nephrotoxic Agents
Snakebite
Intravascular Hemolysis
Malaria
Leptospirosis
Sepsis
Crush Injuries
Rhabdomyolysis
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Hepatorenal Syndrome
Multiorgan Failure
DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS
Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis
Clinical and Laboratory Evaluation
CLINICAL FEATURES
LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
MANAGEMENT
Immediate Treatment of Complications
Supportive Care
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Diet
Management of Infections
Use of Medications
Agents that Attenuate Injury or Hasten Recovery
Monitoring
Biochemical Derangement with Persistent AKI
Hyponatremia
Hyperkalemia
Hyperphosphatemia, Hypermagnesemia and Hypocalcemia
Hyperuricemia
Diuretic Phase in AKI
Dialysis
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies (CRRT)
OUTCOME
Long-term Outcome
PREVENTION OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
13:
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
CLINICAL FEATURES
PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS
Light Microscopy
Glomeruli
Arteries and Arterioles
Tubules
Immunofluorescence Microscopy
PATHOGENESIS OF HUS
Shigatoxins, Shiga-like Toxins, Verotoxins
Factor H Mutation and Defects in Complement Cascade
LABORATORY FINDINGS
Involvement of Other Organs in HUS
MANAGEMENT
OUTCOME
Risk Factors
CONTROL MEASURES
ATYPICAL (D-) HUS
Disorders of Complement Regulation
14:
Urinary Tract Infections
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Etiology
Periurethral Bacterial Flora
PATHOGENESIS
Predisposing Factors
Host Defense Mechanisms
Bacterial Virulence
CLINICAL FEATURES
Neonates and Infants
Older Children
Recurrent UTI
DIAGNOSIS
Urine Examination
Urine Collection
Urine Microscopy
Urine Culture
Dipstick Tests
Laboratory Investigations
Upper Versus Lower UTI
TREATMENT
Severe or Complicated UTI
Uncomplicated UTI
Response to Treatment
Duration of Treatment
General Measures and UTI Surveillance
IMAGING STUDIES
Evaluation Following First UTI
Evaluation of Recurrent UTI
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
RISK FACTORS AND PREVENTION OF UTI
Genital Hygiene and Voiding Habits
Foreskin and UTI
Urolithiasis
Prenatal Ultrasonography
Screening for VUR, Urinary Tract Abnormalities
Antibiotic Prophylaxis
VESICOURETERIC REFLUX
Intrarenal Reflux
VUR, UTI and Renal Scarring
Diagnosis of VUR
VUR and Renal Dysplasia
Bladder Dysfunction and VUR
Familial VUR
Resolution of VUR
Management
Surgery for VUR
Endoscopic Therapy for VUR
Monitoring of Course
Reflux Nephropathy
Clinical Features
Demonstration of Renal Scars
Course of Reflux Nephropathy
REFLUX NEPHROPATHY AND PREGNANCY
FUNGAL UTI
RENAL TUBERCULOSIS
15:
Tubular Disorders
RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS
Type I (Distal) RTA
Clinical Features
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Type II (Proximal) RTA
Clinical Features
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Fanconi Syndrome
Clinical Features
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Cystinosis
Lowe Syndrome
Type III RTA
Type IV (Hyperkalemic) RTA
OTHER TUBULAR DISORDERS
Renal Glucosuria
Cystinuria
NEPHROGENIC DIABETES INSIPIDUS
Clinical Features
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
BARTTER SYNDROME
GITELMAN SYNDROME
Disorders with Renal Magnesium Wasting
16:
Refractory Rickets
VITAMIN D METABOLISM
RICKETS
Therapy for Nutritional Rickets
HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS
X-linked Hypophosphatemic (XLH) Rickets
Clinical Features
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Autosomal Dominant Hypophosphatemic (ADH) Rickets
Autosomal Recessive Hypophosphatemic (ARH) Rickets
Hereditary Hypophosphatemic Rickets with Hypercalciuria (HHRH)
X-linked Recessive Hypercalciuria and Nephrolithiasis (Dent's Disease)
Fanconi Syndrome
Rare Hypophosphatemic Disorders
VITAMIN D-DEPENDENT RICKETS (VDDR)
VDDR Type I (Pseudovitamin D Deficiency Rickets)
VDDR Type II
RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
ONCOGENOUS RICKETS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Hypophosphatasia
Metaphyseal Dysplasia
Fluorosis
APPROACH TO A PATIENT WITH REFRACTORY RICKETS
17:
Hypertension
MEASUREMENT OF BLOOD PRESSURE
Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM)
CLASSIFICATION
Hypertension and Prehypertension
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
TREATMENT
Underlying Cause
Antihypertensive Drug Therapy
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEI)
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARB)
Calcium Channel Blockers
β-Adrenoceptor Blockers
α-Adrenoceptor Blockers
Diuretics
Other Drugs
Combination of Drugs
HYPERTENSIVE EMERGENCIES
Clinical Features
Management
Sodium Nitroprusside
Labetalol
Nifedipine
Risk of Hypotension
Subsequent Care
ESSENTIAL (PRIMARY) HYPERTENSION
Obesity and Hypertension: The Metabolic Syndrome
Tracking
Treatment
Exercise in Hypertensive Children
RARE CAUSES OF HYPERTENSION
Syndromes with Hypertension, Hypokalemia and Metabolic Alkalosis
Liddle Syndrome (Pseudohyperaldosteronism)
Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess (AME)
Glucocorticoid Remediable Aldosteronism (GRA)
Adrenal Enzymatic Disorders
Gordon Syndrome
18:
Chronic Kidney Disease
STAGES OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Etiology
ASSESSMENT AND FOLLOW-UP
RENAL RESPONSE TO NEPHRON LOSS
Functional Changes
Increase in Single Nephron GFR (SNGFR)
Maintenance of Tubuloglomerular Balance
Structural Changes
PROGRESSION OF RENAL DAMAGE
Risk Factors Associated with Disease Progression
SYSTEMIC FEATURES
Growth Retardation
Malnutrition
Anemia
Renal Osteodystrophy (Mineral and Bone Disorder)
Metabolic Acidosis and Dyselectrolytemia
Hypertension
Neurological Abnormalities
Miscellaneous
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
MANAGEMENT
Retarding the Progression of CKD
Nutrition
Fluid and Electrolytes
Growth
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral Bone Disease
Anemia
Bleeding Diathesis
Metabolic Acidosis
Hypertension
Infection and Drug Therapy
Immunization
Identification and Treatment of Other Complications
Counseling and Education
19:
Renal Replacement Therapy
ACUTE PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
Indications
Peritoneal Dialysis Catheters
Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions
Insertion of the Catheter in Acute Renal Failure
Logistics of Acute Dialysis
Complications
Bleeding After Catheter Insertion
Perforation of Gut
Abdominal Pain
Leakage Around Catheter
Difficult Drainage
Pulmonary Complications
Exit Site Infections
Peritonitis
Metabolic Problems
CHRONIC PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)
Dialysis Prescription
Complications
Automated Peritoneal Dialysis (APD)
INTERMITTENT HEMODIALYSIS (IHD)
Principles
Vascular Access
Dialyzers and Blood Tubing
Water Treatment
Dialysis Prescription
Difficulties During Dialysis
Nutritional Management
Expectations from Hemodialysis
CONTINUOUS RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY
Indications for CRRT
Dialysis Prescription (Differences from IHD)
Disadvantages of CRRT
20:
Renal Transplantation
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
IMMUNOLOGIC BARRIERS TO TRANSPLANTATION
Blood Group
Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)
Anti-HLA Antibodies
BIOLOGY OF ALLOGRAFT REJECTION
IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE THERAPY
Mechanism of Action of Immunosuppressive Drugs
PRETRANSPLANT EVALUATION OF THE RECIPIENT
Cross-Match
DONOR EVALUATION
TRANSPLANT PROCEDURE
PREOPERATIVE, INTRAOPERATIVE AND IMMEDIATE POST-TRANSPLANT MANAGEMENT
Fluid and Electrolytes
Immunosuppressive Therapy
Immunosuppressive Medications
Anti-infective Prophylaxis
Monitoring
COMPLICATIONS OF TRANSPLANTATION
Delayed Allograft Function (DGF)
Surgical Complications
Allograft Rejection
Infections
Hypertension
Hematologic Complications
Metabolic Complications
Recurrences of Primary Disease in the Allograft
De novo Glomerulonephritis
Miscellaneous Complications
Side Effect of Medications
Growth Retardation
Excessive Weight Gain and Diabetes Mellitus
Osteopenia and Reduced Bone Mass
Delayed Acute Rejection
Chronic Allograft Dysfunction
Malignancy
21:
Obstructive Uropathy
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF OBSTRUCTION
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
Imaging
CONDITIONS CAUSING OBSTRUCTIVE UROPATHY
Meatus
Prepucial Adhesions, Phimosis and Meatal Stenosis
Urethra
Anterior Urethral Diverticulum
Urethral Stricture
Posterior Urethral Valves
Bladder
Bladder Diverticulum
Ureter
Ureterocele
Megaureter
Kidney
Pelviureteric Junction (PUJ) Obstruction
COMPLICATIONS OF OBSTRUCTION
Urinary Retention
Urinary Tract Infections
Bladder Dysfunction
Hypertension and Proteinuria
Stones
Tubular Dysfunction
22:
Urolithiasis
PATHOGENESIS
RENAL CALCULI
Etiology
Clinical Features
Imaging
Etiologic Evaluation
Hypercalciuria
Management
Renal Tubular Acidosis
Hyperoxaluria
Enteric Hyperoxaluria
Hyperuricosuria
Infection Associated Stones
Cystine Stones
Melamine Calculi
Idiopathic Calculi
Surgical Treatment of Stones
ENDEMIC VESICAL CALCULI
Management
NEPHROCALCINOSIS
23:
Disorders of Micturition
STRUCTURE AND INNERVATIONS OF BLADDER
MATURATION OF BLADDER CONTROL
VOIDING DISORDERS
Examination of Bladder Function
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
ENURESIS
Classification
Etiology
Maturational Delay
Antidiuretic Hormone
Bladder Capacity
Sleep Factors
Genetics
Comorbid Conditions
Investigations
Treatment
Bladder Training Exercises
Motivational Therapy
Behavioral Modification
Alarms
Pharmacotherapy
LOWER URINARY TRACT (LUT) SYMPTOMS
INCONTINENCE
Anatomical Causes
NEUROGENIC BLADDER
Evaluation
Treatment
URODYNAMIC STUDIES
MICTURITION RELATED DISORDERS
Pollakiuria
Giggle Micturition
24:
Malignant Disorders
WILMS TUMOR
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Outcome
MESOBLASTIC NEPHROMA
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
RHABDOMYOSARCOMA
25:
Diseases of the Newborn
NORMAL RENAL FUNCTION
Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Function
Plasma Osmolality
Adequacy of Renal Function in the Neonate
Renal Function in Preterm Infants
Tubular Function in VLBW Babies
Effect of Intrauterine Growth Restriction
ASSESSMENT OF RENAL FUNCTION
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Fractional Excretion of Sodium
Urinary Calcium Excretion
Concentrating Capacity
Urinary Acidification
ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
Causes
Renal Venous Thrombosis
Renal Necrosis
Clinical Features
Diagnostic Evaluation
Initial Management
Subsequent Management
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Nutrition
Dialysis
Continuous Hemofiltration
Outcome
HYPERTENSION
Clinical Features
Investigations
Management
Outcome
ABDOMINAL MASS
HEMATURIA
URINARY TRACT INFECTION
Diagnosis
Treatment
Evaluation Following UTI
DISORDERS OF SODIUM METABOLISM
Aldosterone Biosynthetic Defects
Pseudohypoaldosteronism Type 1 (PHA Type 1)
Neonatal Bartter Syndrome
ANTENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF RENAL AND URINARY TRACT ANOMALIES
Fetal Kidney Function, Renal Dysplasia and Oligohydramnios
FETAL HYDRONEPHROSIS
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Prenatal Intervention
Postnatal Management
Pelviureteric Junction (PUJ) Obstruction
Vesicoureteric Reflux
Ureterovesical Junction (MRU) Obstruction
Posterior Urethral Valve (PUV)
Megaureter
Renal Agenesis
Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)
Abnormalities of the Bladder
26:
Prevention of Renal Diseases
Appendices
APPENDIX I: DRUG DOSAGE
APPENDIX II: ALKALI AND PHOSPHATE SUPPLEMENTS
APPENDIX III: DRUG DOSING IN RENAL FAILURE
Principles
APPENDIX IV: DOSAGE MODIFICATION IN RENAL FAILURE
APPENDIX V: NUTRIENT CONTENTS OF COMMON FOODS
APPENDIX VI: NORMAL VALUES FOR SERUM CREATININE*
APPENDIX VII: NORMAL VALUES FOR GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (AS PER SCHWARTZ FORMULA)
APPENDIX VIII: PREDICTION OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR)
APPENDIX IX: BIPOLAR RENAL LENGTH (mm)
APPENDIX X: TUBULAR REABSORPTION OF PHOSPHATE
APPENDIX XI: ISPD GUIDELINES 2010 UPDATE
TREATMENT OF PERITONITIS IN PATIENTS RECEIVING PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
APPENDIX XII: UNIT CONVERSION
INDEX
TOC
Index
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