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The Chicago Eye and Emergency Manual
Thomas John
CHAPTER 1:
Overview of Symptoms, Signs and Tests
SYMPTOMS
RED EYE
PINK EYE
TEARING
Hyperlacrimation (Excessive Secretion)
Obstruction to Outflow of Normally Secreted Tears (Epiphora)
SANDY SENSATION
FOREIGN BODY SENSATION
DRY EYES
ITCHING OF EYES
PHOTOPHOBIA
DISCHARGE (FIGS 3 AND 4)
BURNING SENSATION
EYE PAIN
EYE DISCOMFORT
BLURRED VISION
DOUBLE VISION
DISTORTED VISION
GLARE
HALOS AROUND LIGHTS
FLASHING LIGHTS
FLOATERS
SEEING COBWEBS
EYELID DROOPING
EYELIDS STICKING TOGETHER IN THE MORNING
TWITCHING OF EYELIDS (MYOKYMIA)
PROMINENT OR BULGING EYES
INABILITY TO CLOSE EYELIDS
SIGNS
LIDS
Blepharitis (Figs 5 And 6A to C)
Meibomian Gland Dysfunction
Entropion
Ectropion
Edema
Erythema
Symblepharon
Ankyloblepharon
CONJUNCTIVA
Drying (Xerosis)
Hyperemia
Chemosis
Hemorrhage
Follicle
Papillae
Membranes (True And Pseudo)
Discolorations
Bleb
Benign Lesions
Malignant Lesions
SCLERA
Episcleritis
Scleritis
CORNEA
Microcornea
Megalocornea
Superficial Punctate Keratitis (Spk) (Figs 14A And B)
Epithelial Defect (Figs 15A to D And 16)
Folds In Descemet'S Membrane
Corneal Melt (Figs 22A to F)
Ulcer
Dellen
Perforation (Figs 23A to C)
Subepithelial Haze
Opacity
Arcus Senilis
Dystrophic Findings
Prominent Corneal Nerves
Pannus (Figs 24A And B And 25)
Keratic Precipitates
K-Line (Khodadoust Line)
ANTERIOR CHAMBER
Iritis
Hypopyon
Hyphema (Figs 26 to 28)
Blood In Schlemm'S Canal
Anterior Chamber Iol
IRIS
Heterochromia
Nevus
Malignant Lesion-Malignant Melanoma
Peripheral Anterior Synechiae (Pas)
Posterior Synechia
Pupillary Membranes
Peripheral Iridectomy
Peripheral Iridotomy
Rubeosis Iridis (Fig. 29)
PUPIL
Afferent Pupillary Defect
Anisocoria
Distorted (Fig. 30)
LENS
Cataract
Subluxation
Dislocation
Posterior Chamber Iol
Intraocular Lens Subluxation/Dislocation
Intumescent Lens
Pseudoexfoliation
VITREOUS
Syneresis
Detachment
Hemorrhage
Asteroid Hyalosis
Infection
RETINA
Macular Edema
Macular Retinal Pigment Epithelium (Rpe) Changes
Macular Scar
Vascular Occlusions
Cotton-Wool Spots
Detachment
Hollenhorst Plaque
Neovascularization Elsewhere (Nve) (Retinal) (Fig. 36)
Roth'S Spots
Periphlebitis
Macular Bull'S Eye Lesion
Commotio Retinae (Berlin'S Edema)
OPTIC NERVE
Enlarged Optic Cups
Disk Swelling
Neovascularization of The Optic Disk (Nvd)
Pale
ORBIT
Preseptal Cellulitis
Orbital Cellulitis
FACIAL
Bell'S Palsy
Rosacea
Rhinophyma
TESTS
COVER TESTS (COVER-UNCOVER AND ALTERNATE COVER)
VISUAL FIELD TEST
Confrontation Visual Field Exam
Tangent Screen Exam Or Goldmann Field Exam
Automated Perimetry Exam
SEIDEL TEST
FORCED DUCTION TEST
AMSLER GRID TEST
CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY of ENDOTHELIUM
CORNEAL PACHYMETRY
CORNEAL HYSTERESIS
SCHIRMER'S TEST
Schirmer I
Schirmer II
TEAR BREAK-UP TIME (TBUT)
INTERPRETING TBUT
TEAR OSMOLARITY
CHAPTER 2:
Cornea
NORMAL CORNEA
TEAR FILM
DRY EYE / KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA (FIGS 2A AND B AND 3A AND B)
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
TESTS
TREATMENT
FILAMENTARY KERATITIS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
TREATMENT
CORNEAL ABRASION
RECURRENT EROSION (FIGS 4A AND B AND 5A TO D)
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
TREATMENT
SHIELD ULCER (FIG. 6)
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
TREATMENT
BACTERIAL INFECTION: KERATITIS AND ULCERATION
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
CORNEAL SMEAR AND CULTURE
TREATMENT
VIRAL INFECTION
HERPES SIMPLEX KERATITIS
General Comments
Types of Infection (Primary and Recurrent)
Primary Herpes Infection in Neonates (Ophthalmia neonatorum)
Primary Herpes Infection in Older Children or Adolescents
Recurrent Herpes Infection—Trigger Factors
Signs
Blepharitis Secondary to HSV
CONJUNCTIVITIS
Epithelial Keratitis
Neurotrophic/Metaherpetic/ Trophic Ulcer
Disciform Keratitis—Stromal Involvement
Immune Ring—Wessley Ring
Necrotizing Interstitial Keratitis
Endothelitis
Etiology
TREATMENT
HERPETIC EYE DISEASE STUDY (HEDS)
HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS (FIG. 16)
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
FUNGAL INFECTION—KERATITIS
GENERAL COMMENTS
OTHER COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
SMEAR AND CULTURE
TREATMENT
PARASITIC INFECTION (FIGS 17A TO D)
ACANTHAMOEBA KERATITIS
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Smear and Culture
Histopathology
Clinical Test
Treatment
MICROSPORIDIA KERATITIS
PERIPHERAL ULCERATIVE KERATITIS (PUK) AND PERIPHERAL CORNEAL THINNING (PCT)
TERRIEN'S MARGINAL DEGENERATION
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
PELLUCID MARGINAL DEGENERATION
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Tests
Treatment
MOOREN'S ULCER (FIGS 19A TO C)
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
FURROW DEGENERATION
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES (RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, WEGENER'S GRANULOMATOSIS, SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, POLYARTERITIS NODOSA, RELAPSING POLYCHONDRITIS)
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
General Comments
Treatment
OTHER VASCULITIDIES: WEGENER'S GRANULOMATOSIS, POLYARTERITIS NODOSA, SCLERODERMA, SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, RELAPSING POLYCHONDRITIS
General Comments
Treatment
RELAPSING POLYCHONDRITIS
General Comments
NEUROTROPHIC KERATOPATHY
THERMAL/ULTRAVIOLET KERATOPATHY
ECTATIC DISORDERS
ANTERIOR KERATOCONUS (FIGS 20A TO C)
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Clinical Test
Treatment
POSTERIOR KERATOCONUS
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Test
Treatment
KERATOGLOBUS
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
POST-LASIK ECTASIA
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
PELLUCID MARGINAL DEGENERATION
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
DYSTROPHY—EPITHELIAL
ANTERIOR BASEMENT DYSTROPHIES (ABMD) (MAP-DOT-FINGERPRINT) (FIGS 24A AND B)
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
MEESMAN'S DYSTROPHY
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
DYSTROPHY—BOWMAN'S
REIS-BüCKLERS DYSTROPHY
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
GELATINOUS DROP-LIKE DYSTROPHY
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
DYSTROPHY—STROMAL
GRANULAR DYSTROPHY
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
LATTICE DYSTROPHY
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
MACULAR DYSTROPHY
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
AVELLINO DYSTROPHY (GRANULAR AND LATTICE)
General Comments
Clinical Features
Etiology
Treatment
FRANÇOIS CENTRAL CLOUDY DYSTROPHY (FIGS 25A TO C)
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
SCHNYDER'S CENTRAL CRYSTALLINE DYSTROPHY
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
FLECK DYSTROPHY (FRANÇOIS-NEETAN'S)
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
PRE-DESCEMET'S DEEP FILIFORM DYSTROPHY
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
CONGENITAL HEREDITARY STROMAL DYSTROPHY (CHSD)
General Comments
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
DYSTROPHY—ENDOTHELIAL
FUCHS’ ENDOTHELIAL DYSTROPHY
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Tests
Treatment (Figs 26A and B)
POSTERIOR POLYMORPHOUS DYSTROPHY (PPMD)
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
CONGENITAL HEREDITARY ENDOTHELIAL DYSTROPHY (CHED)
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
DEGENERATIONS
SALZMANN'S NODULAR DEGENERATION
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
PELLUCID MARGINAL DEGENERATION
TERRIEN'S MARGINAL DEGENERATION
SPHEROIDAL DEGENERATION
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
FURROW DEGENERATION
MOSAIC CROCODILE SHAGREEN
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
CORNEA FARINATA
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
WHITE LIMBAL GIRDLE OF VOGT
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
CORNEAL DEPOSITS
LIPID/CHOLESTEROL (ARCUS SENILIS)
General Comments
CALCIUM/BAND KERATOPATHY
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
IRON (HUDSON-STAHLI LINE, FLEISCHER RING, STOCKER LINE, FERRY LINE, SIDEROSIS, BLOOD STAINING
General Comments
MELANIN (KRUKENBERG SPINDLE)
General Comments
COPPER (WILSON'S DISEASE, CHALCOSIS)
General Comments
CYSTEINE (CYSTINOSIS)
General Comments
CORNEA VERTICILLATA
General Comments
CORNEAL EDEMA (FIGS 27A TO C)
GENERAL COMMENTS
BULLOUS KERATOPATHY: APHAKIC AND PSEUDOPHAKIC
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
TREATMENT
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
DERMOID
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
HAAB'S STRIAE (FIG. 29)
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
POSTERIOR KERATOCONUS
SCLEROCORNEA
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
MICROCORNEA
General Comments
MEGALOCORNEA
General Comments
PROMINENT OR ENLARGED CORNEAL NERVES
GENERAL COMMENTS
TUMORS
INTERSTITIAL KERATITIS
GRAFT REJECTION
ENDOTHELIAL GRAFT REJECTION
General
Symptoms Acronym RSVP
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
EPITHELIAL GRAFT REJECTION
General
Symptoms
Treatment
Comment
STROMAL GRAFT REJECTION
General
Treatment
SUPERIOR LIMBIC KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS (SLK)
PTERYGIUM (FIGS 33A AND B)
GENERAL
SYMPTOMS
Signs
Etiology
Treatment
THYGESON'S SUPERFICIAL PUNCTATE KERATOPATHY
GENERAL
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
TREATMENT
STAPHYLOCOCCAL HYPERSENSITIVITY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
TREATMENT
PHLYCTENULOSIS
GENERAL
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
CONTACT LENS-RELATED DISORDERS
GENERAL SYMPTOMS
MICROBIAL KERATITIS
NONINFECTIOUS STERILE KERATITIS
TIGHT LENS SYNDROME
GIANT PAPILLARY KERATITIS (GPC)
TOXIC KERATOPATHY
CORNEAL NEOVASCULARIZATION
CONTACT LENS DEPOSITS (FIGS 35A TO C)
CORNEAL WARPAGE
DAMAGED CONTACT LENS
FAMILIAL DYSAUTONOMIA (RILEY-DAY SYNDROME)
METABOLIC DISEASES
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
TREATMENT
CHAPTER 3:
Eyelids and Conjunctiva
BLEPHARITIS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
MEIBOMIAN GLAND DYSFUNCTION (MGD)
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
HORDEOLUM (STYE)
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
CHALAZION
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
FLOPPY EYELID SYNDROME
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS (FIG. 5)
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
BLEPHAROSPASM: ESSENTIAL
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
BELL'S PALSY
DEFINITION
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
WORK-UP
TREATMENT
TRICHIASIS (FIG. 6)
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
ENTROPION
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
TYPES
TREATMENT
ECTROPION
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
TYPES
TREATMENT
CONGENITAL EYELID ANOMALIES
PTOSIS
LACRIMAL OBSTRUCTION
MYOTONIC MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY (MMD)
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS (MG)
FACIAL PALSY
DERMATOCHALASIS
DEFINITION
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
BLEPHAROPTOSIS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TYPES
TREATMENT
CANALICULITIS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
TREATMENT
DACRYOCYSTITIS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
TREATMENT
NASOLACRIMAL DUCT OBSTRUCTION (NLDO)
DEFINITION
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY/DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
MALIGNANT EYELID TUMORS
SYMPTOMS
KEY POINTS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
CONJUNCTIVITIS
ACUTE
Symptoms
Bacterial
Signs
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Follow-up
GONOCOCCAL
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Follow-up
VIRAL
Symptoms
Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment of Adenoviral Conjunctivitis
Follow-up
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
Symptoms
Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Follow-up
HERPES ZOSTER VIRUS
Symptoms
Signs
Diagnosis
Work-up
Treatment
Follow-up
ALLERGIC
Symptoms
Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
VERNAL KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS (VKC)
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
FOLLOW-UP
ATOPIC KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS (AKC)
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
TOXIC CONJUNCTIVITIS (FIG. 12)
Symptoms
Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
CHRONIC
CHLAMYDIA INCLUSION CONJUNCTIVITIS (FIG. 13)
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Follow-up
MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM
Symptoms
Signs
Diagnosis
Work-up
Treatment
GIANT PAPILLARY CONJUNCTIVITIS (GPC) (FIG. 14)
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Follow-up
TOXIC CONJUNCTIVITIS
LIGNEOUS CONJUNCTIVITIS
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
PARINAUD'S OCULOGLANDULAR CONJUNCTIVITIS
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Diagnosis
Work-up
TREATMENT
Follow-up
OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM
GENERAL COMMENTS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
WORK-UP
TREATMENT
FOLLOW-UP
SUBCONJUNCTIVAL HEMORRHAGE (FIG. 15)
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSIS
ETIOLOGY
WORK-UP
TREATMENT
SUPERIOR LIMBIC KERATO-CONJUNCTIVITIS (SLK) (FIG. 16)
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
WORK-UP
TREATMENT
FOLLOW-UP
OCULAR CICATRICIAL PEMPHIGOID (OCP) (FIG. 17)
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS (FIGS 18 AND 19)
ETIOLOGY
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME (SJS) (FIGS 20A TO D AND 21A TO D)
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
ETIOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
CYSTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
DIAGNOSIS
ETIOLOGY
TREATMENT
PAPILLOMA
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSIS
ETIOLOGY
TREATMENT
CONJUNCTIVAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA (CIN) (FIG. 22)
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGIES/RISK FACTORS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
FOLLOW-UP
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGIES/RISK FACTORS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
MELANOCYTIC
OCULAR MELANOCYTOSIS
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Follow-up
NEVUS
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Follow-up
NEVUS OF OTA (OCULODERMAL MELANOCYTOSIS)
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Follow-up
ACQUIRED MELANOSIS
PRIMARY ACQUIRED MELANOSIS (PAM)
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Follow-up
SECONDARY ACQUIRED MELANOSIS
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
MALIGNANT MELANOMA
General Comments
Symptoms
Signs
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
JUVENILE XANTHOGRANULOMA (JXG)
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
KAPOSI'S SARCOMA
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
LYMPHANGIECTASIS (FIGS 25A AND B)
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
CAVERNOUS HEMANGIOMA
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PYOGENIC GRANULOMA (FIG. 26)
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
FOLLOW-UP
MALIGNANT LYMPHOMA
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
CHAPTER 4:
Refractive Surgery
REFRACTIVE SURGERY-CORNEAL
LASER IN-SITU KERATOMILEUSIS (LASIK) (FIGS 1A TO C)
Purpose of Procedure
Contraindications
Description of Technique
Post-Procedure Care
Complications
PHOTOREFRACTIVE KERATECTOMY (PRK) (FIGS 11A TO C)
Purpose of Procedure
Contraindications
Description of Technique
Post-Procedure Care
Complications
LASER ASSISTED SUB-EPITHELIAL KERATOMILEUSIS (LASEK)
Purpose of Procedure
Contraindications
Description of Technique
Post-Procedure Care
Complications
CONDUCTIVE KERATOPLASTY (CK) (FIG. 15)
Elective Procedure
Purpose of Procedure
Procedure
Post-Procedure Care
Prognosis
DIFFUSE LAMELLAR KERATITIS (ALSO CALLED “SANDS OF SAHARA”) (FIG. 16)
Symptoms
Slit-Lamp Examination
Etiology
Treatment
Prognosis
EPITHELIAL INGROWTH (FIGS 17A AND B)
Symptoms
Slit-Lamp Examination
Etiology
Treatment
Prognosis
UNDERCORRECTION AFTER LASIK/PRK/LASEK
Symptoms
Etiology
Treatment
Prognosis
OVERCORRECTION AFTER LASIK/PRK/LASEK
Symptoms
Etiology
Treatment
Prognosis
INCOMPLETE FLAP
Symptoms
Etiology
Treatment
Prognosis
BUTTONHOLE FLAP/IRREGULAR FLAP
Symptoms
Etiology
Treatment
Prognosis
HAZE ACCOMPANIED BY REGRESSION AFTER PRK/LASEK
Symptoms
Etiology
Treatment
Prognosis
FLAP DISPLACEMENT (FIG. 20)
Symptoms
Etiology
Treatment
Prognosis
KERATECTASIA
Symptoms
Etiology
Treatment
Prognosis
WRINKLES AND STRIAE IN FLAPS (FIG. 21)
Symptoms
Etiology
Treatment
Prognosis
REFRACTIVE SURGERY-PHAKIC INTRAOCULAR LENSES (FIG. 22)
PATIENT SELECTION
PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
TYPES OF PHAKIC INTRAOCULAR LENSES (IOLS)
MANAGEMENT OF ASTIGMATISM
COMPLICATIONS
POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
FUTURE OF PHAKIC IOLS
REFRACTIVE LENS EXCHANGE
PATIENT SELECTION
TYPES OF LENSES
COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 5:
Glaucoma
PRIMARY OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
TESTS
TREATMENT GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
TREATMENT OF PRIMARY OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA (FIGS 10 TO 17)
SECONDARY OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA
INFLAMMATORY
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
PIGMENTARY
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
PSEUDOEXFOLIATION (FIGS 18 AND 19)
Etiology and Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Symptoms
Signs
Comments
Treatment
PHACOLYTIC
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
LENS-PARTICLE
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
HEMOLYTIC
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
GHOST CELL
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
ELEVATED EPISCLERAL VENOUS PRESSURE
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
NONGLAUCOMATOCYCLITIC CRISIS OR POSNER-SCHLOSSMAN SYNDROME
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
ANGLE RECESSION GLAUCOMA
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
STEROID RESPONSE GLAUCOMA
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
INTRAVITREAL STEROID INJECTION GLAUCOMA
NORMAL (LOW) TENSION GLAUCOMA
DEFINITION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
RISK FACTORS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
ANGLE-CLOSURE GLAUCOMA
PRIMARY ANGLE-CLOSURE WITH PUPILLARY BLOCK (FIG. 20)
Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma (Table 1)
PRIMARY ANGLE–CLOSURE WITHOUT PUPILLARY BLOCK (PLATEAU IRIS)
Symptoms
Signs
Types
Tests
Treatment
SECONDARY ANGLE CLOSURE WITH PUPILLARY BLOCK
Phacomorphic Glaucoma
Ectopia Lentis
SECONDARY ANGLE CLOSURE WITHOUT PUPILLARY BLOCK
Aqueous Misdirection Syndrome (Malignant Glaucoma)
Iridocorneal Endothelial (ICE) Syndrome (Fig. 22)
Neovascular Glaucoma (Fig. 25)
CHRONIC ANGLE CLOSURE
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA
ETIOLOGY
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Aniridia
POSTSURGICAL GLAUCOMA
EARLY POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD
Causes
UVEITIS, GLAUCOMA, HYPHEMA (UGH) SYNDROME (FIGS 27 AND 28)
Features
Symptoms
Signs
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Comments
OTHER ISSUES IN GLAUCOMA
FILTERING BLEB INFECTION (BLEBITIS)
Features
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
POST–FILTER: LOW IOP; HIGH IOP
Post Filter: Low IOP
Post Filter: High IOP
CHAPTER 6:
Lens
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
COLOBOMA
Features
LENTICONUS AND LENTIGLOBUS
Etiology
Association
Features
MITTENDORF DOT
Etiology
Symptoms
CONGENITAL CATARACT
ACQUIRED CATARACT (SENILE CATARACT) (FIGS 3A AND B)
FEATURES
Types
ETIOLOGY
SECONDARY CATARACT (POSTERIOR CAPSULAR OPACIFICATION)
DESCRIPTION
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
TREATMENT
APHAKIA
FEATURES
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
TREATMENT
PSEUDOPHAKIA
FEATURES
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
TREATMENT
HOMOCYSTINURIA
FEATURES
MARFAN'S SYNDROME
INHERITANCE
FEATURES
CHAPTER 7:
Sclera
EPISCLERITIS (FIG. 1)
FEATURES
Simple Episcleritis
Nodular Episcleritis
SCLERITIS
ETIOLOGY
TYPES
ANTERIOR SCLERITIS (98%) (FIG. 2)
Features
DIFFUSE NON-NECROTIZING ANTERIOR SCLERITIS
Features
Lab
Treatment
NODULAR NON-NECROTIZING ANTERIOR SCLERITIS
Features
Lab
Treatment
NECROTIZING ANTERIOR SCLERITIS WITH INFLAMMATION
Features
Lab
Treatment
NECROTIZING ANTERIOR SCLERITIS WITHOUT INFLAMMATION (SCLEROMALACIA PERFORANS) (FIG. 3)
Features
Lab
Treatment
POSTERIOR SCLERITIS (2%)
Features
Differential Diagnosis
Lab
Treatment
SCLERAL DISCOLORATION
ICTERUS
Features
SENILE SCLERAL PLAQUE
Features
BLUISH DISCOLORATION (THIN SCLERA)
Features
STAPHYLOMA (ECTASIA)
Features
BROWN DISCOLORATION (ALKAPTONURIA)
Features
CHAPTER 8:
Retina, Vitreous and Choroid
BRANCH RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION (FIGS 2A AND B)
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
CENTRAL RETINAL VEINOCCLUSION (FIGS 3A AND B)
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
BRANCH RETINAL ARTERYOCCLUSION (FIG. 4)
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOM
SIGNS
Acute Stages
Subacute
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERYOCCLUSION (FIGS 5A AND B)
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOM
SIGNS
Acute Stages
Subacute
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
MACULAR DEGENERATION
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
EXUDATIVE (FIG. 7)
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
CYSTOID MACULAR EDEMA (FIGS 8A AND B)
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
MACULAR HOLE (FIGS 9A AND B)
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE (FIG. 10)
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
RETINAL BREAK
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
RETINAL DETACHMENT
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGN
INVESTIGATION
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS (FIG. 13)
TREATMENT
COMMENT
RETINOSCHISIS (FIGS 14A AND B)
GENERAL
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATION
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
DIABETIC RETINOPATHY (FIGS 15 TO 19)
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY (FIG. 21)
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATION
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
MYOPIC DEGENERATION (FIG. 23)
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOM
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
MYELINATED NERVE FIBERS (FIG. 24)
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATION
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
ANGIOID STREAKS (FIG. 25)
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATION
TREATMENT
COMMENT
RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA (FIG. 26)
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATION
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
ALBINISM (FIG. 27)
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATION
TREATMENT
COMMENT
OCULAR HISTOPLASMOSIS (PRESUMED) (FIG. 28)
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATION
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
SICKLE CELL RETINOPATHY (FIG. 29)
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATION
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
TOXICITY
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATION
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
PHENOTHIAZINES
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
CONE DYSTROPHIES
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
STARGARDT'S DISEASE (FIG. 30)
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATION
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
BEST DISEASE (FIG. 32)
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATION
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
GYRATE ATROPHY (FIG. 33)
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
TOXEMIA OF PREGNANCY
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
RADIATION RETINOPATHY
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATION
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) RETINOPATHY (FIG. 34)
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY (FIG. 35)
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATION
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
OPTIC PIT
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATION
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
OCULAR ISCHEMIC SYNDROME (FIG. 36)
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATION
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
PERIPHERAL RETINAL DEGENERATION
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATION
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATION
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
POSTERIOR VITREOUS DETACHMENT (FIGS 38A AND B)
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATION
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
VITREOUS HEMORRHAGE (FIGS 39A AND B)
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATION
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
CHOROIDAL DETACHMENT (FIGS 40A AND B)
ETIOLOGY
SIGNS
SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATION
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
CHOROIDEREMIA (FIG. 41)
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMMENT
CHOROIDAL MELANOMA (FIGS 42A TO C)
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATION
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
CHOROIDAL METASTASIS (FIG. 45)
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATION
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PRIMARY INTRAOCULAR LYMPHOMA
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATION
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
CHAPTER 9:
Uveitis
UVEITIS CLASSIFICATION
AGE-RELATED CONSIDERATIONS IN UVEITIS
ACUTE ANTERIOR UVEITIS
FEATURES
ETIOLOGY
LENS INDUCED
POSTSURGICAL UVEITIS
UVEITIS-GLAUCOMA-HYPHEMA (UGH) SYNDROME
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
CHRONIC ANTERIOR UVEITIS
CAUSES
CLINICAL FEATURES
COMPLICATIONS
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
INTERMEDIATE UVEITIS
FEATURES
ETIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
COMPLICATIONS
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
POSTERIOR UVEITIS
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
COMPLICATIONS
TESTS
TREATMENT OF POSTERIOR UVEITIS
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS IN UVEITIS MANAGEMENT
SARCOIDOSIS
FEATURES
OCULAR INVOLOVEMENT (25 TO 75%)
SYSTEMIC INVOLVEMENT
SYNDROMES
PATHOLOGY
LAB TESTS
TREATMENT
TOXOPLASMOSIS (FIG. 23)
ETIOLOGY: PARASITE TOXOPLASMA GONDII
Types
Clinical Features
Comment
Lab Tests
Indications for Treatment
Posterior Pole Lesions
Peripheral Lesions
Pyrimethamine (Daraprim)
Sulfadiazine
Clindamycin
Azithromycin
Tetracycline
Atovaquone
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)
Other Comments
BEHÇET DISEASE
General Features
Clinical Features
Tests
Diagnostic Criteria of Behçet's Disease (Figs 24A to C)
Treatment
VOGT-KOYANAGI-HARADA SYNDROME
General Features
Clinical Features
Tests
Treatment
ACUTE RETINAL NECROSIS (ARN) (FIGS 26 AND 27)
General Features
Clinical Features
Complications
Tests
Treatment
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS
General Features
Clinical Features
Complications
Tests
Treatment
Ocular Surgery
HIV RETINOPATHY (FIG. 28)
General Features
Clinical Features
Tests
Treatment
SYPHILIS
AQUIRED SYPHILIS
Clinical Features
Treatment
CONGENITAL SYPHILIS
Tests
Treatment
ENDOPHTHALMITIS
Sterile Endophthalmitis
Panophthalmitis
Etiology
Risk Factors for Endophthalmitis
General Features
Clinical Features
Evaluation and Tests
Treatment
SYMPATHETIC OPHTHALMIA
Features
Symptoms
Signs
Differential Diagnosis
Tests
Treatment
CHAPTER 10:
Oculoplastic Disease
PRESEPTAL CELLULITIS
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
ORBITAL CELLULITIS
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
ORBITAL INFLAMMATORY PSEUDOTUMOR
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
THYROID EYE DISEASE (AKA THYROID-RELATED ORBITOPATHY)
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
PROPTOSIS
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
CHILDREN
CAPILLARY HEMANGIOMA
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
DERMOID AND EPIDERMIS CYSTS
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
RHABDOMYOSARCOMA
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
LYMPHANGIOMA
COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
LEUKEMIA
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
NEUROFIBROMA
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
NEUROBLASTOMA
GENERAL COMMENTS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
METASTASIS
SYMPTOMS/SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
CAVERNOUS HEMANGIOMA
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS/SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS/DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
LYMPHOID TUMORS
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS/SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
MUCOCELE
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS/SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS/DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
MENINGIOMA OF OPTIC SHEATH
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS/SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS/DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS/SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS/DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
ECTROPION
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
ENTROPION
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
COLOBOMA
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
PTOSIS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
CHALAZION/HORDEOLUM
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
IMPETIGO
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
NECROTIZING FASCIITIS
GENERAL COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
HERPES SIMPLEX
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
EPIDERMOID CYST
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
SQUAMOUS CELL PAPILLOMA
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
BASAL CELL PAPILLOMA
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
ACTINIC KERATOSIS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
KERATOACANTHOMA (MOLLUSCUM SEBACEUM)
COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
NEVI
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
XANTHELASMA
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
SEBACEOUS CELL CARCINOMA
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
LENTIGO MALIGNA
COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
MELANOMA
COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
KAPOSI SARCOMA
COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
MERKEL CELL CARCINOMA
COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
ACUTE DACRYOADENITIS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
BENIGN MIXED CELL TUMOR (PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA)
COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
MALIGNANT MIXED CELL TUMOR (PLEOMORPHIC ADENOCARCINOMA)
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
ADENOID CYSTIC CARCINOMA (CYLINDROMA)
COMMENTS
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
CHAPTER 11:
Neuro-Ophthalmology
ISOLATED CRANIAL NERVE PALSY
ISOLATED THIRD NERVE PALSY
Etiology
Clinical Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Work-up
Treatment
Follow-Up
ISOLATED FOURTH NERVE PALSY
Etiology
Clinical Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Work-up
Treatment and Follow-Up
ISOLATED SIXTH NERVE PALSY
Etiology
Clinical Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Work-up
Management and Follow-Up
ISOLATED SEVENTH NERVE PALSY
Etiology
Clinical Presentation
Work- Up
Management
CAVERNOUS SINUS LESIONS (MULTIPLE CRANIAL NERVE PALSY)
Etiology
Clinical Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Work-up
Management
CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE EXTERNAL OPHTHALMOPLEGIA (CPEO)
Definition
Symptoms
Signs
Differential Diagnosis
Work-up
Treatment
INTERNUCLEAR OPHTHALMOPLEGIA (INO)
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Differential Diagnosis
Work-up
Treatment
ANISOCORIA
Definition
Causes of Anisocoria
Clinical Evaluation
PUPILLARY ABNORMALITIES
HORNER'S SYNDROME
Etiology
Presentation
Signs
Diagnosis and Work-up
Management
ADIE'S TONIC PUPIL
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Differential Diagnosis
Work-up
Treatment
ARGYLL-ROBERTSON PUPIL
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Differential Diagnosis
Work-up
Treatment
NYSTAGMUS
Definition
Types
CONGENITAL/INFANTILE NYSTAGMUS
Definition
Etiology
Congenital Manifest Nystagmus
Congenital Latent Nystagmus
Nystagmus Blockage Syndrome
Spasmus Nutans
Work-up
Management
ACQUIRED FORMS OF NYSTAGMUS
Types
Etiology
Work-up
Management
OPTIC NEURITIS
Definition
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Differential Diagnosis
Work-up
Treatment
Follow-up
OPTIC NEUROPATHY
ARTERITIC ISCHEMIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY (GIANT CELL ARTERITIS)
Definition
Symptoms
Signs
Differential Diagnosis
Work-up
Management
Follow-Up
NONARTERITIC ISCHEMIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Differential Diagnosis
Work-up
Treatment
Follow-up
IDIOPATHIC INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION (IIH)
Definition
Symptoms
Signs
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Work-up
Management
Follow-up
PAPILLEDEMA (FIGS 9A AND B)
Definition
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Differential Diagnosis
Work-up
Treatment
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS (MG)
Definition
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Differential Diagnosis
Work-up
Treatment
HEADACHE
Etiology
Warning Signs
Work-up
Management
CLUSTER HEADACHE
Clinical Presentation
Work-up
Management
MIGRAINE HEADACHE
Types
Clinical Presentation
Work-up
Treatment
AMAUROSIS FUGAX
Etiology
Clinical Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Work-up
Management
CORTICAL BLINDNESS
Etiology
Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Work-up
Management
VERTEBROBASILAR ARTERY INSUFFICIENCY
Etiology
Clinical Presentation
Work-up
Management
CHAPTER 12:
Pediatric Ophthalmology
CONGENITAL NASOLACRIMAL DUCT OBSTRUCTION
COMMENT
SIGNS
TREATMENT
OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM
COMMENT
ONSET
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
TREATMENT
Chemical Conjunctivitis
Gonococcal Conjunctivitis
Herpes Virus Conjunctivitis
Chlamydia Conjunctivitis
Other Bacterial Conjunctivitis
CONGENITAL SYPHILIS
COMMENT
SIGNS
Hutchinson's Triad
TREATMENT
LEUKOCORIA: “WHITE PUPIL”
COMMENT
TREATMENT
AMBLYOPIA
COMMENT
ETIOLOGY
TREATMENT
CONGENITAL CATARACT
COMMENT
TREATMENT
Surgery
CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA
DEVELOPMENTAL ANTERIOR SEGMENT ANOMALIES
COMMENT
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
OCULAR DEVIATIONS
STRABISMUS
Esodeviations
Exodeviations
Constant Exotropia (XT)
Incomitant Exotropia
Strabismus Syndromes
CONGENITAL PTOSIS
RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY (ROP)
DEFINITION
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
SCREENING
CLASSIFICATION
TREATMENT
FOLLOW-UP
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE OPTIC DISK
COMMENT
CHAPTER 13:
Ocular Emergencies
TRAUMA
CHEMICAL INJURY: ACID AND ALKALI
Comment
Acids
Alkalis
CORNEAL ABRASION/EROSION
Comment
Symptoms
Signs
Therapy
TRAUMATIC IRITIS
Comment
Symptoms and Signs
Treatment
HYPHEMA
Comment
Therapy
Foreign Bodies
Lacerations
Ruptured Globe
Commotio Retinae
TRAUMATIC CHOROIDAL RUPTURE
Comment
Signs
Prognosis
Treatment
TRAUMATIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY
Comment
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
TRAUMATIC RETROBULBAR HEMORRHAGE
Comment
Signs
Symptoms
Investigation
Treatment
ORBITAL FRACTURES
a. Blowout Fracture
ENDOPHTHALMITIS (FIG. 14)
SUDDEN VISUAL LOSS
COMMENT
CLASSIFICATION
INVESTIGATIONS
Laboratory Studies
Imaging Studies
Other Tests
Prognosis
KERATITIS AND CORNEAL ULCER
RETINAL DETACHMENT
ACUTE ANGLE-CLOSURE GLAUCOMA ATTACK
CHAPTER 14:
Ocular Therapeutic Agents
OCULAR LUBRICANTS
ANESTHETICS
DILATORS
ALLERGY MEDICATIONS
GLAUCOMA MEDICATIONS
ANTI-INFECTIVES
ANTI-INFLAMMATORIES
CORTICOSTEROIDS INIHIBIT MACROCORTIN FORMATION
CORTICOSTEROID/ANTIBIOTIC COMBINATION
IMMUNOMODULATOR INHIBITS THE TRANSCRIPTION OF INTERLEUKIN 2 AND INCREASES TEAR PRODUCTION
INDEX
TOC
Index
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