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Publish and Flourish: A Practical Guide for Effective Scientific Writing
Amar A Sholapurkar
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
1:
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS SCIENTIFIC WRITING?
WHAT IS SCIENTIFIC PAPER?
WHY TO WRITE A PAPER?
SECTION 2: PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS IN WRITING A SCIENTIFIC PAPER
2:
Planning to Write a Paper
INTRODUCTION
WHAT TO WRITE AND WHEN?
WHAT NOT TO WRITE?
WHERE TO SUBMIT A PAPER?
Determine the Prestige Factor
Read the Instructions to Authors
Obtaining the Instructions to Authors
3:
Deciding on Authorship (Who Should be the Authors?)
INTRODUCTION
THE DONT'S OF DECIDING AN AUTHOR
NUMBER OF AUTHORS
ORDER OF AUTHORS
HOW TO LIST THE NAMES, QUALIFICATION AND ADDRESS?
What is the Purpose of Providing Address?
GHOST AUTHORS
4:
Preparing to Write a Paper
DETERMINING THE JOURNALS REQUIREMENTS
COMPOSING THE WORKING TITLE AND ABSTRACT
ORGANIZING THE PAPER [MASTER PLAN]
COLLECTING THE MATERIAL
DESIGNING THE TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS
COPYRIGHT
SECTION 3: WRITING A ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER
5:
Writing the First Draft-Preliminary Considerations
INTRODUCTION
THINGS TO REMEMBER WHILE YOU WRITE THE FIRST DRAFT
6:
Preparing the Title
INTRODUCTION
HOW SHOULD BE A GOOD TITLE?
What is a “Running title”?
7:
Preparing the Abstract
INTRODUCTION
FEATURES OF ABSTRACT
WHAT IS STRUCTURED ABSTRACT AND UNSTRUCTURED ABSTRACT?
Structured Abstract
Unstructured Abstracts
SUMMARY
8:
Writing the Keywords
9:
Writing the Introduction
INTRODUCTION
TIPS TO WRITE AN INTRODUCTION
SUMMARY
10:
Describing How to Write the Materials and Methods
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS
METHODS
STATISTICAL EVALUATION
COMMON PROBLEMS
SUMMARY
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Retrospective study showing how subjects were recruited*
Example 2: Definitions of inclusion and exclusion criteria**
Example 3: Selection of control and study groups*
Example 4: Details of animal subjects, including ethical approval**
Example 5: Ethical approval and informed consent from parents*
Example 6: Details of equipment used**
Example 7: Details of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis***
Example 8: Evaluation of ultrasonographical images and evaluation criteria*
Example 9: Proof of diagnosis by histological criteria**
Example 10: Proof of diagnosis using biochemical criteria*
Example 11: Description of statistical tests**
11:
Interpretation and Use of Statistics in Publication
INTRODUCTION
TESTS FOR CATEGORICAL DATA
Pearson's Chi-square test for nominal data
Requirements
Situation and Null Hypothesis
Assumptions
Chi-square test of Goodness-of-Fit
Chi-square Test for Trend in Proportion
McNemar's Test for Paired Data
TESTS FOR QUANTITATIVE (CONTINUOUS) DATA AND SYMMETRIC DISTRIBUTIONS (PARAMETRIC TESTS)
One-Sample T-Test
The two independent sample t-test
The paired t-test
One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Assumptions
Hypotheses
Reporting
TESTS FOR ORDINAL DATA OR SKEWED DISTRIBUTIONS (NONPARAMETRIC TESTS)
The Mann-Whitney Test
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR REPORTING STATISTICS
12:
Preparing Effective Tables
INTRODUCTION
DESIGNING THE TABLES
What does a table consist of?
Numbering of the Tables
Title of the Table
How to write Column Headings?
Units of Measurements
Main Body of the Table
REQUIREMENTS/INDICATIONS FOR USING A TABLE
Use of Footnotes
Use of Abbreviations
13:
Preparing Effective Illustrations (Graphs, Photographs, Photomicrographs)
INTRODUCTION
PREPARATION OF GRAPHS
When to use Graph?
How to Prepare Graphs?
PREPARING EFFECTIVE PHOTOGRAPHS
Submission Format
Cropping
Necessary Keys and Guides
Legend to Illustrations
SUMMARY
14:
Writing the Results
INTRODUCTION
PRESENTING THE RESULTS
USE OF TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS TO PRESENT RESULTS
ORGANIZING THE RESULTS
COMMON PROBLEMS
SUMMARY
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Actual p-values are given in this table*
Example 2: Use of table to summarize numerical data and statistical results**
Example 3: Use of bar chart*
Example 4: Mammograms and photomicrographs used as illustrations**
Example 5: Flow diagram used as an illustration*
15:
How to Write the Discussion and Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
COMPONENTS OF THE DISCUSSION
COMMON PROBLEMS
SUMMARY
EXAMPLES
Example 1: The opening statement of Discussion states the main study finding, followed by comparison with previously-published work*
Example 2: Explanation of contradictory findings**
Example 3: Authors’ explanations for their findings and suggestions for further areas of study*
Example 4: Stating study limitations**
Example 5: Conclusion and take-home message*
16:
Quoting the References
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCE
WHY CITE REFERENCES?
WHAT IS ITS PURPOSE?
REFERENCES: MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING
WHAT KIND OF INFORMATION NEEDS A REFERENCE?
COMPONENTS TO CITING REFERENCES
WHICH SOURCES CAN BE USED FOR REFERENCING?
SOME TIPS FOR REFERENCING
TWO MAJOR SYSTEMS OF CITING REFERENCES
VANCOUVER SYSTEM*
Journal Article
Books
Book Chapters
Journal Article on the Internet
Web Pages
Harvard System*
Journal Articles
Journal Articles from an Electronic Source
Book Reference
WHICH SYSTEM SHOULD I CHOOSE?
Vancouver Format
References in the Introduction
References in the Materials and Methods Section
References in the Discussion Section
Abbreviations
17:
Writing the Acknowledgments
INTRODUCTION
CATEGORIES OF ACKNOWLEDGMENT
18:
Submitting the Manuscript
INTRODUCTION
COVER LETTER
IMPORTANT CHECK POINTS BEFORE SUBMITTING A MANUSCRIPT
INTRODUCTION: Refer Chapter 9 for details
METHODS: Refer Chapter 10 for details
What must be stated?
RESULTS: Refer Chapter 14 for details
DISCUSSION: Refer Chapter 15 for details
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Refer Chapter 17 for details
REFERENCES: Refer Chapter 16 for details
GENERAL TIPS
MODE OF SUBMISSION OF A MANUSCRIPT
By Mail or Postage
Electronic Submission
Online Manuscript Submission
SECTION 4: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, META-ANALYSIS AND WRITING A NON-RESEARCH PAPER
19:
Understanding Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
INTRODUCTION
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Advantages of Systematic Reviews
Limitations of Systematic Reviews
Preparing a Systematic Review
Define a Clear, Focused Question/State objective
Define Study Inclusion Criteria
Locate all Studies which Seem to Fulfill Inclusion Criteria with Search Strategy
Select Studies that Fulfill Inclusion Criteria
Appraise Quality of Included Studies
Extract Information Relevant to Review Objective to Pre-designed Data Forms
Systematically Summarize Data and Draw Conclusions
Write a Structured Review
META-ANALYSIS
SUMMARY
20:
How to Write an Invited Review Paper?*
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS OF AN INVITED REVIEW (Box 20.1)
SUMMARY
21:
How to Write a Case Report?
WHAT IS A CASE REPORT?
THE FIRST STEP TO BE TAKEN
WRITING THE CASE
Title
Abstract
Key Words
Introduction
Case Report
Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
22:
How to Write a Letter to the Editor
WHAT IS A LETTER TO THE EDITOR?
WHO SHOULD WRITE A LETTER TO THE EDITOR?
WHY ARE LETTERS IMPORTANT?
WHAT SHOULD BE WRITTEN IN LETTER TO EDITOR?
HOW TO WRITE A LETTER TO the EDITOR?
SECTION 5: MISCELLANEOUS
23:
Managing Scientific Literature: Editor's Note
INTRODUCTION
DEALING WITH SUBMISSIONS
Journal Peer Review Systems
Single Editor, External Review
Editorial Board with Occasional Review
In-house Staff and External Review
Additional Review
DEALING WITH REVIEWERS
Selection of Reviewers
DEALING WITH AUTHORS
Publication Charges
DEALING WITH PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS
24:
How to Deal with Editors
INTRODUCTION
EDITORIAL DECISION
Acceptance without Revision/Outright Acceptance
Outright Rejection
What doesn't help?
Revision Requested
THE ENTIRE PROCESS OF PUBLISHING A PAPER IN A JOURNAL—Refer the figure 24.1
25:
Ethical Considerations in Good Publication Practice
INTRODUCTION
ETHICS AND MEDICAL RESEARCH*
Ethics Review Committee Approval
Scientific Merit
Social Value
Risks and Benefits
Informed Consent
Confidentiality
GUIDELINES ON GOOD PUBLICATION PRACTICE*
Study Design and Ethical Approval
Definition
Data Analysis
Definition
Authorship
Definition
Conflicts of Interest
Definition
Peer Review
Definition
Redundant Publications
Definition
Plagiarisms
Definition
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST IN MEDICAL RESEARCH*
Potential Conflicts of Interest Related to Individual Authors’ Commitments
Potential Conflicts of Interest Related to Commitments of Editors, Journal Staff, or Reviewers
Authors and Reviewers
WEB RESOURCES ON PUBLICATION AND RESEARCH ETHICS
RESEARCH ETHICS
PUBLICATION ETHICS
26:
Understanding Informed Consent
INTRODUCTION
THE MEANING AND NEED FOR INFORMED CONSENT*
What about consent for participation in research?
Does publication of a case report require subject consent?
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES OF INFORMED CONSENT*
1. Respect for Persons
2. Beneficence
3. Justice
INFORMED CONSENT MEASURES*
Additional Elements of Informed Consent*
THE CLINICAL TRIAL VOLUNTEER'S BILL OF RIGHTS**
DIFFICULTIES IN OBTAINING INFORMED CONSENT
SITUATIONS WHERE CONSENT MAY NOT BE OBTAINED
When Consent is not Valid
SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING INFORMED CONSENT DOCUMENTS *
THE USE OF HEADINGS TO FORMAT INFORMED CONSENT DOCUMENTS*
CONCLUSION
27:
English Language, Abbreviations and Acronyms in Medical Writing
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
ABBREVIATION
THE RISE OF THE ACRONYM
28:
Abbreviations for Units of Measurements
INTRODUCTION
UNITS OF TIME
UNITS OF pH
UNITS OF CONCENTRATION
UNITS OF TEMPERATURE
UNITS OF LIQUID VOLUMES
METRIC EQUIVALENTS
ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
UNITS OF VOLUME
Metric Equivalents
English Equivalents
UNITS OF MASS
English Equivalents
29:
Understanding Journal Impact Factor and Citation Index
INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
METHOD OF CREATING JOURNAL CITATION REPORT
SOME DEFINITIONS
Impact Factor
Immediacy Index
Cited Half-life
Journal Impact Factor Versus other Bibliometric Indicators
Number of Authors and Impact Factor
Publication Type and Impact Factor
Journal Size and Impact Factor
Time Lag in Publication and Impact Factor
Title/Abstract and the Impact Factor
Citation Half Life or Impact Factor
END NOTE
30:
Frequently Asked Questions
Appendices
APPENDIX 1
APPENDIX 2
APPENDIX 3
APPENDIX 4
APPENDIX 5
APPENDIX 6
TERMINOLOGIES*
INDEX
TOC
Index
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