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Textbook of Anatomy (Volume 2)
Inderbir Singh
PART 3: THORAX
CHAPTER 16:
Bones Seen in Relation to the Thorax
INTRODUCTION TO THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
INTRODUCTION TO SKELETON OF THE THORAX
STRUCTURE OF A TYPICAL VERTEBRA
Distinguishing Features of Typical Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae
Typical Thoracic Vertebrae
THE STERNUM
THE RIBS
Typical Ribs
CHAPTER 17:
Intervertebral Joints and Joints of Sternum and Ribs
INTERVERTEBRAL JOINTS
Joints between Vertebral Bodies
Intervertebral Discs
Joints between Vertebral Articular Processes
Ligaments Connecting Adjacent Vertebrae
Movements of the Vertebral Column
JOINTS OF THE STERNUM
Manubriosternal Joint
Xiphisternal Joint
JOINTS OF RIBS WITH VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Costovertebral Joints
Costotransverse Joint
JOINTS BETWEEN RIBS, COSTAL CARTILAGES AND STERNUM
Costochondral Joints
Chondrosternal Joints
Interchondral Joints
MOVEMENTS OF RIBS
CHAPTER 18:
Walls of the Thorax
MUSCLES OF THORAX
Intercostal Muscles
Attachments of Intercostal Muscles and Sternocostalis
SOME MUSCLES OF THORAX SEEN ON THE BACK
Serratus Posterior Superior
Serratus Posterior Inferior
Levatores Costarum
THE DIAPHRAGM
Attachments of the Diaphragm
Apertures in the Diaphragm
Actions of the Diaphragm
Nerve Supply
ARTERIES OF THORACIC WALL
Posterior Intercostal Arteries
Superior Intercostal Artery
Subcostal Arteries
Internal Thoracic Artery and Anterior Intercostal Arteries
VEINS OF THE THORACIC WALL
Internal Thoracic Vein
Azygos System of Veins
The Azygos Vein
The Hemiazygos Vein
The Accessory Hemiazygos Vein
Posterior Intercostal Veins
NERVES OF THORACIC WALL
Ventral Rami of Thoracic Nerves
Typical Intercostal Nerves
Lower Intercostal Nerves
First Thoracic Nerve
Second Thoracic Nerve
Subcostal Nerve
Distribution of Thoracic Ventral Rami
Sympathetic Trunk
Lymphatic Drainage of Thoracic Wall
CHAPTER 19:
The Trachea, Bronchi and Lungs
INTRODUCTION TO THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Respiration
Some Other Effects of Respiration
THE THORACIC CAVITY
Superior Thoracic Aperture
Inferior Aperture of Thorax
THE TRACHEA
Relations of the Trachea in the Thorax
THE PRINCIPAL BRONCHI
THE LUNGS
Fissures and Lobes of the Lungs
Further Consideration of Surfaces and Borders of the Lungs
Intrapulmonary Bronchi and Bronchopulmonary Segments
Further Divisions of Bronchi
Blood Vessels of the Lungs
Nerve Supply of the Lungs
Lymphatic Drainage of the Lungs
THE PLEURA
Surface Projection of the Pleura
Surface Projection of the Lung
Nerve Supply of Pleura
Lymphatic Drainage of Pleura
CHAPTER 20:
The Heart and Pericardium
INTRODUCTION TO CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
SOME ELEMENTARY FACTS ABOUT THE HEART
EXTERIOR OF THE HEART
Surfaces of the Heart
INTERIOR OF THE HEART
Interior of the Right Atrium
Interior of the Left Atrium
Interior of the Ventricles
Atrioventricular Orifices
The Tricuspid Valve
The Mitral Valve
Aortic and Pulmonary Orifices
The Interventricular Septum
CONDUCTING SYSTEM OF THE HEART
Blood Suppy of the Heart
Lymphatic Drainage of the Heart
THE PERICARDIUM
SURFACE PROJECTION OF THE HEART
CHAPTER 21:
Blood Vessels of the Thorax
THE PULMONARY TRUNK AND ARTERIES
The Pulmonary Trunk
The Right Pulmonary Artery
The Left Pulmonary Artery
THE AORTA
The Ascending Aorta
The Arch of the Aorta
The Descending Aorta
BRANCHES OF AORTA
The Coronary Arteries
Course of Right Coronary Artery
Course of Left Coronary Artery
Branches of the Right Coronary Artery
Branches of the Left Coronary Artery
BRANCHES OF THE ARCH OF THE AORTA
Brachiocephalic Artery
Left Common Carotid Artery
Left Subclavian Artery
BRANCHES OF DESCENDING THORACIC AORTA
The Bronchial Arteries
Other Arteries in the Thorax
VEINS OF THE THORAX
Veins That Drain the Wall of the Thorax
Veins that Drain the Heart
Large Veins Present in the Mediastinum
VEINS OF THE HEART
The Coronary Sinus
The Great Cardiac Vein
The Small Cardiac Vein
The Middle Cardiac Vein
Other Veins of the Heart
THE PULMONARY VEINS
THE SUPERIOR VENA CAVA
Right Brachiocephalic Vein
Left Brachiocephalic Vein
CHAPTER 22:
The Oesophagus, The Thymus, Lymphatics and Nerves of the Thorax
LYMPH NODES OF THE THORAX
Nodes Present in Relation to Thoracic Wall
Nodes Present in Relation to Contents of the Thorax
Lymphatic Drainage of the Thoracic Wall
Lymphatic Drainage of Thoracic Organs
Lymphatic Drainage of the Lungs
Lymphatic Drainage of the Heart
Lymphatic Drainage of Thymus
Lymphatic Drainage of Trachea
Lymphatic Drainage of Oesophagus
Introductory Remarks
THE PHRENIC NERVES
PRELIMINARY REMARKS ON THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Basic Arrangement of Efferent Autonomic Pathways
Autonomic Plexuses
Basic Arrangement of Parasympathetic Pathways
THE VAGUS NERVE
Course and Relations of Vagus Nerve in the Thorax
Branches of the Vagus Nerve to Structures in the Thorax
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
Basic Arrangement of Sympathetic Pathways
THE SYMPATHETIC TRUNK
Thoracic Part of Sympathetic Trunk
CHAPTER 23:
Surface Marking and Radiological Anatomy of the Thorax
RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF THE THORAX
PART 4: ABDOMEN AND PELVIS
CHAPTER 24:
Bones and Joints of the Abdomen
BONES OF THE ABDOMEN
Other Bones Related to Structures in the Abdomen
LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
Distinguishing Features of Typical Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae
Some Features of Typical Lumbar Vertebrae
Fifth Lumbar Vertebra
THE SACRUM AND COCCYX
The Sacrum
THE COCCYX
JOINTS OF THE ABDOMEN
Intervertebral Joints
Lumbosacral Joint
Pubic Symphysis
Sacroiliac Joints
Sacrotuberous Ligament
Sacrospinous Ligament
CHAPTER 25:
Introduction to the Abdomen and the Anterior Abdominal Wall
REGIONS OF THE ABDOMEN
SOME INTRODUCTORY REMARKS ABOUT THE PERITONEUM
ANTEROLATERAL MUSCLES OF ABDOMINAL WALL
Notes about the External Oblique Muscle
Notes about the Internal Oblique Muscle
Notes about the Transversus Abdominis
Some Structures Closely Related to Anterolateral Muscles
The Linea Alba
The Inguinal Ligament
The Lacunar Ligament
Pectineal Ligament
Superficial Inguinal Ring
Reflected Part of the Inguinal Ligament
The Conjoint Tendon (or Falx Inguinalis)
The Inguinal Canal
Spermatic Cord and its Coverings
Coverings of the Cord
Rectus Abdominis
Pyramidalis
The Rectus Sheath
Nerve Supply of Muscles of Anterior Abdominal Wall
Nerves of Anterior Abdominal Wall
Cutaneous Innervation of Anterior Abdominal Wall
Blood Vessels of Anterior Abdominal Wall
Inferior Epigastric Artery
Deep Circumflex IIiac Artery
Superficial Branches of Femoral Artery that Supply the Abdominal Wall
Cutaneous Arteries
Veins of Anterior Abdominal Wall
Lymphatic Drainage of the Anterior Abdominal Wall
Lymphatic Drainage of the Skin
Lymphatic Drainage of Deeper Tissues
CHAPTER 26:
The Perineum and Related Genital Organs
INTRODUCTION TO THE PERINEUM
The Scrotum
THE TESTIS AND EPIDIDYMIS
Blood Vessels, Lymphatics and Nerves of the Testis
Descent of the Testis and Processus Vaginalis
THE DUCTUS DEFERENS
THE SPERMATIC CORD
Coverings of Spermatic Cord and of Testis
THE PENIS
Vessels and Nerves of Penis
THE PERINEUM
Urogenital Triangle
Contents of Deep Perineal Space
Superficial Perineal Space in the Male
The Following Muscles are Present
Nerve Supply
Actions
Superficial Perineal Space in the Female
Female External Genitalia
Muscles Associated with Female External Genitalia
Nerve Supply
Actions
ANAL TRIANGLE AND ISCHIORECTAL FOSSA
Anal Triangle
Ischiorectal Fossa
Pudendal Canal
The Perineal Body
VESSELS OF THE PERINEUM
Internal Pudendal Artery
The Branches of the Artery are as Follows
NERVES OF THE PERINEUM
The Pudendal Nerve
Sensory Branches
Muscular Branches
Perineal Membrane
Apertures in the Perineal Membrane
CHAPTER 27:
Oesophagus, Stomach and Intestines
ABDOMINAL PART OF OESOPHAGUS
THE STOMACH
THE SMALL INTESTINE
The Duodenum
Features on Interior of Duodenum
THE JEJUNUM AND ILEUM
The Mesentery
THE LARGE INTESTINE
Introductory Remarks about the Large Intestine
The Caecum
Lymphatic Drainage of Caecum
The Ileocaecal Junction
THE VERMIFORM APPENDIX
The Ascending Colon
The Transverse Colon
The Descending Colon
THE SIGMOID COLON
Rectum and Anal Canal
INNERVATION OF THE GUT
Vagus Nerve in the Abdomen
Autonomic Innervation of the Gut
CHAPTER 28:
The Liver, Pancreas and Spleen
THE LIVER
Further Consideration of Peritoneal Folds Attached to the Liver
The Lesser Omentum
The Falciform Ligament
The Coronary Ligament
Peritoneal Spaces around the Liver
Blood Vessels of the Liver
Significance of Ligamentum Teres and Ligamentum Venosum
EXTRAHEPATIC BILIARY APPARATUS
The Gall Bladder
The Bile Duct
Sphincters Related to the Bile and Pancreatic Ducts
THE PANCREAS
Ducts of the Pancreas
THE SPLEEN
Blood Supply and Innervation of the Spleen
CHAPTER 29:
Blood Vessels of Stomach, Intestines, Liver, Pancreas and Spleen
INTRODUCTION
THE COELIAC TRUNK AND ITS BRANCHES
The Left Gastric Artery
The Hepatic Artery
Right Gastric Artery
Gastroduodenal Artery
Right Gastroepiploic Artery
Superior Pancreaticoduodenal Arteries
Supraduodenal Artery
Cystic Artery
Hepatic Branches
The Splenic Artery
SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY
Branches of Superior Mesenteric Artery
INFERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY
Superior Rectal Artery
THE HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEM
Splenic Vein
Portal Vein
Hepatic Veins
CHAPTER 30:
Kidney, Ureter and Suprarenal Gland
INTRODUCTION TO THE URINARY SYSTEM
THE KIDNEYS
Structures in the Hilum
Gross Internal Structure
Renal Capsule
Renal Fascia
THE URETERS
THE SUPRARENAL GLANDS
Structure and Functions of the Suprarenal Glands
Hormones of the Suprarenal Cortex
Hormones of the Suprarenal Medulla
CHAPTER 31:
Posterior Abdominal Wall and Some Related Structures
MUSCLES OF POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL
THE ABDOMINAL AORTA
BRANCHES OF ABDOMINAL AORTA
Lateral Branches of Aorta
Inferior Phrenic Arteries
Middle Suprarenal Arteries
The Renal Arteries
The Testicular Arteries
The Ovarian Arteries
Dorsal Branches of Abdominal Aorta
The Lumbar Arteries
Median Sacral Artery
Common Iliac Arteries
External Iliac Arteries
Branches of External Iliac Artery
The Internal Iliac Arteries
THE INFERIOR VENA CAVA AND ITS MAIN TRIBUTARIES
Direct Tributaries of Inferior Vena Cava
Common Iliac Veins
External Iliac Veins
The Internal Iliac Veins
NERVES OF POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL
Autonomic Nerves of Abdomen and Pelvis
Autonomic Ganglia and Plexuses in Abdomen and Pelvis
Parasympathetic Nerves in Abdomen and Pelvis
Sympathetic Nerves in Abdomen and Pelvis
Lumbar Part of Sympathetic Trunk
Lymphatics of Abdomen
Chief Lymph Nodes of Abdomen and Pelvis
Lymphatic Drainage of Abdominal Wall
CHAPTER 32:
Walls of the Pelvis
MUSCLES AND FASCIA OF PELVIC WALL
Preliminary Remarks
Notes on Levator Ani
Pelvic Diaphragm
The Pelvic Fascia
BLOOD VESSELS OF TRUE PELVIS
Internal Iliac Artery
Branches of Internal Iliac Artery
The Internal Iliac Veins
Veins of the Vertebral Column
NERVES OF THE PELVIS
Autonomic Nerves
Pelvic Part of Sympathetic Trunk
Sacral Parasympathetic Outflow
Lymphatics of Pelvis
CHAPTER 33:
Pelvic Viscera and Peritoneum
THE RECTUM
Curves of the Rectum
Folds in the Rectum
Peritoneal Relations
THE ANAL CANAL
Relations of Anal Canal
Interior of the Anal Canal
Anal Glands
The Anal Musculature
THE URETERS
THE URINARY BLADDER
Interior of the Urinary Bladder
THE URETHRA
The Male Urethra
The Female Urethra
Anatomy of the Male and Female Urethra
Sphincters of the Urethra
Ductus Deferens
The Seminal Vesicles
The Ejaculatory Ducts
THE PROSTATE
Female Reproductive Organs
THE OVARIES
THE UTERINE TUBES
THE UTERUS
THE VAGINA
Some Introductory Remarks about the Peritoneum
Anterior Abdominal Wall
Urinary Bladder, Rectum, Uterus
Liver
Duodenum
The Lesser Sac (Omental Bursa)
Some elementary facts are as follows:
CHAPTER 34:
Lymphatics and Autonomic Nerves of Abdomen and Pelvis
CHIEF LYMPH NODES OF ABDOMEN AND PELVIS
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF ABDOMINAL AND PELVIC VISCERA
Lymphatic Drainage of the Stomach
Lymphatic Drainage of the Duodenum
Lymphatic Drainage of the Jejunum and Ileum
Lymphatic Drainage of Caecum and Appendix
Lymphatic Drainage of Colon
Lymphatic Drainage of Rectum and Anal Canal
Lymphatic Drainage of the Liver
Superficial Vessels
Deep Vessels
Lymphatic Drainage of Gall Bladder and Bile Duct
Lymphatic Drainage of the Pancreas
Lymphatic Drainage of Kidney
Lymphatic Drainage of the Ureter
Lymphatic Drainage of Urinary Bladder
Lymphatic Drainage of Urethra
Lymphatic Drainage of the Prostate and of the Seminal Vesicles
Lymphatic Drainage of Testes and Ovaries
Lymphatic Drainage of the Perineum
Lymphatic Drainage of Uterus and Uterine Tube
Lymphatic Drainage of Abdominal Wall
The Skin
Deeper Tissues
Autonomic Ganglia and Plexuses in Abdomen and Pelvis
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES IN ABDOMEN AND PELVIS
SYMPATHETIC NERVES IN ABDOMEN AND PELVIS
Branches of Thoracic Part of Sympathetic Trunk Entering the Abdomen
Lumbar Part of Sympathetic Trunk
Pelvic Part of Sympathetic Trunk
Afferent Autonomic Pathways
Afferents Related to Cranial Parasympathetic Nerves
Afferents Related to Sacral Parasympathetic Nerves
Afferents Related to Sympathetic Nerves
CHAPTER 35:
Surface and Radiological Anatomy of the Abdomen
REGIONS OF THE ABDOMEN
RELATIONSHIP OF INGUINAL CANAL TO THE SURFACE OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL
SURFACE MARKING OF PARTS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Abdominal Part of Oesophagus
Surface Marking of Stomach
Surface Marking of Duodenum
Surface Projection of Root of Mesentery
Surface Marking of Caecum and Appendix
Surface Marking of Large Intestine
Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Sigmoid Colon
Rectum and Anal Canal
SURFACE MARKING OF BILIARY APPARATUS, PANCREAS AND SPLEEN
Surface Marking of the Liver
Fundus of Gall Bladder
Bile Duct
Surface Marking of Pancreas
Surface Marking of the Spleen
SURFACE MARKING OF URINARY ORGANS
Surface Marking of Kidneys
Surface Marking from the Front
Surface Marking from Behind
Surface Marking of Ureter (Abdominal Part)
SURFACE MARKING OF SOME ARTERIES
Surface Marking of Abdominal Aorta
Surface Marking of Some Branches of Aorta
Coeliac Trunk
Left Gastric Artery
Splenic Artery
Hepatic Artery
Superior Mesenteric Artery
Inferior Mesenteric Artery
Surface Marking of Common Iliac and External Iliac Arteries
SURFACE MARKING OF SOME LARGE VEINS
Inferior Vena Cava
Common and External Iliac Veins
Portal Vein
INDEX
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