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Essentials of Pharmacology for Dentistry
KD Tripathi
SECTION I: GENERAL PHARMACOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
CHAPTER 1:
Introduction, Routes of Drug Administration
INTRODUCTION
Drug nomenclature
ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
LOCAL ROUTES
SYSTEMIC ROUTES
1. Oral
2. Sublingual (s.l.) or buccal
3. Rectal
4. Cutaneous
5. Inhalation
6. Nasal
7. Parenteral
CHAPTER 2:
Pharmacokinetics
ABSORPTION
BIOAVAILABILITY
DISTRIBUTION
BIOTRANSFORMATION (Metabolism)
INHIBITION OF DRUG METABOLISM
MICROSOMAL ENZYME INDUCTION
Consequences of microsomal enzyme induction
Possible uses of enzyme induction
FIRST PASS (PRESYSTEMIC) METABOLISM
EXCRETION
RENAL EXCRETION
KINETICS OF ELIMINATION
PROLONGATION OF DRUG ACTION
CHAPTER 3:
Pharmacodynamics
PRINCIPLES OF DRUG ACTION
MECHANISM OF DRUG ACTION
I. ENZYMES
II. ION CHANNELS
III. TRANSPORTERS
IV. RECEPTORS
Basic evidences for drug action through receptors
Receptor occupation theory
The two-state receptor model
Nature of receptors
ACTION-EFFECT SEQUENCE
Transducer mechanisms
Receptor regulation
DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP
Drug potency and efficacy
COMBINED EFFECT OF DRUGS
SYNERGISM
ANTAGONISM
DRUG DOSAGE
FACTORS MODIFYING DRUG ACTION
CHAPTER 4:
Adverse Drug Effects
SECTION II: SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY
CHAPTER 5:
Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System
ORGANIZATION OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
NEUROHUMORAL TRANSMISSION
Steps in neurohumoral transmission
Cotransmission
CHOLINERGIC TRANSMISSION
Synthesis, storage and destruction of ACh
Cholinoceptors
CHOLINERGIC DRUGS (Cholinomimetic, Parasympathomimetic)
ACTIONS (of ACh as prototype)
A. Muscarinic actions
B. Nicotinic actions
C. CNS actions
CHOLINOMIMETIC ALKALOIDS
ANTICHOLINESTERASES
ANTICHOLINESTERASE POISONING
Treatment
ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS (Muscarinic receptor antagonists, Atropinic, Parasympatholytic)
CLASSIFICATION
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS (Atropine as prototype)
PHARMACOKINETICS
ATROPINE SUBSTITUTES
USES (of atropine and its congeners)
SIDE EFFECTS AND TOXICITY
Interactions
DRUGS ACTING ON AUTONOMIC GANGLIA
Ganglionic stimulants
Ganglion blocking agents
CHAPTER 6:
Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System
ADRENERGIC TRANSMISSION
ADRENERGIC DRUGS (Sympathomimetics)
ACTIONS
Adverse effects and contraindications
THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION OF ADRENERGIC DRUGS
SELECTIVE β2 STIMULANTS
NASAL DECONGESTANTS
ANORECTIC AGENTS
THERAPEUTIC USES
ANTIADRENERGIC DRUGS (ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS)
α ADRENERGIC BLOCKING DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
GENERAL EFFECTS OF α BLOCKERS
USES OF α BLOCKERS
β ADRENERGIC BLOCKING DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
PHARMACOKINETICS
INTERACTIONS
ADVERSE EFFECTS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
OTHER β BLOCKERS
USES
α + β ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS
CHAPTER 7:
Autacoids and Related Drugs
HISTAMINE
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES
H1 ANTAGONISTS (Conventional antihistaminics)
SECOND GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS
USES
5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE (5-HT, Serotonin)
5-HT ANTAGONISTS
ERGOT ALKALOIDS
DRUG THERAPY OF MIGRAINE
PROSTAGLANDINS AND LEUKOTRIENES (Eicosanoids)
CHEMISTRY, BIOSYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION
PROSTAGLANDINS, THROMBOXANES AND PROSTACYCLIN
Actions
Patho-physiological roles
LEUKOTRIENES
PROSTANOID RECEPTORS
LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTORS
USES
PLATELET ACTIVATING FACTOR (PAF)
CHAPTER 8:
General Anaesthetics and Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
GENERAL ANAESTHETICS
CLASSIFICATION
Inhalational
Intravenous
INHALATIONAL ANAESTHETICS
INTRAVENOUS ANAESTHETICS
INDUCING AGENTS
SLOWER ACTING DRUGS
COMPLICATIONS OF GENERAL ANAESTHESIA
DRUG INTERACTIONS
CONSCIOUS SEDATION
PREANAESTHETIC MEDICATION
SKELETAL MUSCLE RELAXANTS
PERIPHERALLY ACTING MUSCLE RELAXANTS
I. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
II. Directly Acting Agents
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Competitive block (Nondepolarizing block)
ACTIONS
PHARMACOKINETICS
INTERACTIONS
TOXICITY
USES
DIRECTLY ACTING MUSCLE RELAXANTS
CENTRALLY ACTING MUSCLE RELAXANTS
CLASSIFICATION
Uses of centrally acting muscle relaxants
CHAPTER 9:
Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System
SEDATIVE-HYPNOTICS
CLASSIFICATION
BARBITURATES
Pharmacological actions
1. CNS
2. Other systems
Pharmacokinetics
Uses
Adverse effects
BENZODIAZEPINES (BZDs)
Site and mechanism of action
Pharmacokinetics
Adverse effects
Interactions
NON-BENZODIAZEPINE HYPNOTICS
USES
BENZODIAZEPINE ANTAGONIST
ETHYL ALCOHOL (Ethanol)
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
PHARMACOKINETICS
INTERACTIONS
FOOD VALUE
TOXICITY
CLINICAL USES
METHYL ALCOHOL (Methanol, Wood alcohol)
Treatment
ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
Phenobarbitone
Phenytoin (Diphenylhydantoin)
Carbamazepine
Ethosuximide
Valproic acid (Sodium valproate)
Clonazepam
Diazepam
TREATMENT OF EPILEPSIES
ANTIPARKINSONIAN DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
LEVODOPA
Actions
Pharmacokinetics
Adverse effects
Interactions
PERIPHERAL DECARBOXYLASE INHIBITORS
DOPAMINERGIC AGONISTS
MAO-B INHIBITOR
COMT INHIBITORS
DOPAMINE FACILITATOR
CENTRAL ANTICHOLINERGICS
CHAPTER 10:
Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System
ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS (Neuroleptics)
CLASSIFICATION
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
PHARMACOKINETICS
ADVERSE EFFECTS
I. Based on pharmacological actions (dose related)
II. Hypersensitivity reactions
INTERACTIONS
USES
ANTIMANIC (MOOD STABILIZING) DRUGS
LITHIUM CARBONATE
Actions and mechanism
Pharmacokinetics and control of therapy
Adverse effects
Interactions
Use
ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
MAO INHIBITORS
Reversible inhibitors of MAO-A (RIMAs)
Moclobemide
TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS (TCAs)
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
Mechanism of action
Tolerance and dependence
PHARMACOKINETICS
ADVERSE EFFECTS
Acute poisoning
INTERACTIONS
SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS (SSRIs)
ATYPICAL ANTIDEPRESSANTS
USES
ANTIANXIETY DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
Benzodiazepines
Buspirone
β Blockers (see Ch. 6)
CHAPTER 11:
Cardiovascular Drugs
ANGIOTENSIN
ACTIONS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES
ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS
USES
ANGIOTENSIN ANTAGONISTS
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
USES
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
DIURETICS
β-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS
β + α ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS
α-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS
Prazosin (See Ch. 6)
CENTRAL SYMPATHOLYTICS
VASODILATORS
TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION
Hypertensive emergencies and urgencies
ANTIANGINAL DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
NITRATES (GTN as prototype)
USES
β BLOCKERS
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
POTASSIUM CHANNEL OPENERS
OTHER ANTIANGINAL DRUGS
DRUG THERAPY IN MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
CHAPTER 12:
Cardiovascular Drugs
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
PHARMACOKINETICS
ADVERSE EFFECTS
PRECAUTIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
INTERACTIONS
USES
1. Congestive heart failure
2. Cardiac arrhythmias
TREATMENT OF CHF
ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
CLASS I
Subclass IA
Subclass IB
Subclass IC
CLASS II
CLASS III
CLASS IV
Relevance to dentistry
CHAPTER 13:
Drugs Acting on Kidney
RELEVANT PHYSIOLOGY OF URINE FORMATION
DIURETICS
CLASSIFICATION
HIGH CEILING (LOOP) DIURETICS
Use of high ceiling diuretics
THIAZIDE AND RELATED DIURETICS (Inhibitors of Na+-Cl− symport)
Uses
Complications of high ceiling and thiazide-type diuretic therapy
Interactions
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS
Acetazolamide
POTASSIUM SPARING DIURETICS
Spironolactone (Aldosterone antagonist)
Inhibitors of renal epithelial Na+ channel
OSMOTIC DIURETICS
Mannitol
ANTIDIURETICS
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
Actions
VASOPRESSIN ANALOGUES
Uses
THIAZIDES
CHAPTER 14:
Hormones and Related Drugs
INTRODUCTION
ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES
GROWTH HORMONE (GH)
PROLACTIN (Prl)
Bromocriptine
Actions
GONADOTROPINS (Gns)
Uses
THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH, THYROTROPIN)
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH, CORTICOTROPIN)
ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS
INSULIN
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC DRUGS
SULFONYLUREAS
Interactions
Adverse effects
BIGUANIDES
MEGLITINIDE/PHENYLALANINE ANALOGUES
THIAZOLIDINEDIONES
α GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORS
DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE-4 (DPP-4) INHIBITORS
Oral hypoglycaemics in diabetes mellitus
GLUCAGON
CORTICOSTEROIDS
ACTIONS
Mineralocorticoid actions
Glucocorticoid actions
Mechanism of action at cellular level
PHARMACOKINETICS
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES
ADVERSE EFFECTS
USES
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Implications in dentistry
CHAPTER 15:
Hormones and Related Drugs
ANDROGENS (Male sex hormones)
Actions
Pharmacokinetics
Side effects
Uses
ANABOLIC STEROIDS
IMPEDED ANDROGENS / ANTIANDROGENS
5 α-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR
ESTROGENS
Actions
Adverse effects
Uses
PROGESTINS
Actions
Pharmacokinetics
Adverse effects
Uses
ANTIPROGESTIN
HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES
TYPES OF METHODS
MECHANISM OF ACTION
ADVERSE EFFECTS
Contraindications
UTERINE STIMULANTS (Oxytocics, Abortifacients)
Oxytocin
Ergometrine, Methylergometrine
UTERINE RELAXANTS (Tocolytics)
CHAPTER 16:
Hormones and Related Drugs
THYROID HORMONE
THYROID INHIBITORS
CLASSIFICATION
ANTITHYROID DRUGS
IODINE AND IODIDES
RADIOACTIVE IODINE
β ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS
HORMONES REGULATING CALCIUM
CALCIUM
Use
PARATHYROID HORMONE (Parathormone)
CALCITONIN
VITAMIN D
Actions
Use
BISPHOSPHONATES
CHAPTER 17:
Drugs Affecting Blood
HAEMATINICS
IRON
Iron absorption, transport and excretion
Parenteral iron preparations
Use
VITAMIN B12
Uses
FOLIC ACID
Uses
ERYTHROPOIETIN
COAGULANTS
ANTICOAGULANTS
HEPARIN
Actions
Adverse effects
Heparin antagonist
ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS
FIBRINOLYTICS (Thrombolytics)
ANTIFIBRINOLYTICS
ANTIPLATELET DRUGS (Antithrombotic drugs)
HYPOLIPIDAEMIC DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (Statins)
Bile acid sequestrants (Resins)
Fibric acid derivatives
Nicotinic acid
Ezetimibe
CHAPTER 18:
Drugs for Gastrointestinal Disorders
DRUGS FOR PEPTIC ULCER
H2 ANTAGONISTS
Pharmacological actions
PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS (PPIs)
ANTICHOLINERGICS (See Ch.7)
PROSTAGLANDIN ANALOGUES
ANTACIDS
SYSTEMIC ANTACIDS
NONSYSTEMIC ANTACIDS
ULCER PROTECTIVES
Colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS; Tripotassium dicitratobismuthate)
ANTI-HELICOBACTER PYLORI DRUGS
ANTIEMETICS
CLASSIFICATION
ANTICHOLINERGICS (See Ch. 5)
H1 ANTIHISTAMINICS (See Ch. 7)
NEUROLEPTICS (see Ch. 10)
PROKINETIC DRUGS
Metoclopramide
5-HT3 ANTAGONISTS
ADJUVANT ANTIEMETICS
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
LAXATIVES (Aperients, Purgatives, Cathartics)
CLASSIFICATION
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Bulk purgatives
Stool softener
Stimulant purgatives
Osmotic purgatives
USES OF PURGATIVES
TREATMENT OF DIARRHOEAS
ORAL REHYDRATION
ANTIMICROBIALS
NONSPECIFIC ANTIDIARRHOEAL AGENTS
1. Antisecretory drugs
2. Antimotility drugs
CHAPTER 19:
Drugs for Respiratory Disorders
DRUGS FOR COUGH
ANTITUSSIVES
DRUGS FOR BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
CLASSIFICATION
SYMPATHOMIMETICS (see Ch. 6)
METHYLXANTHINES
ANTICHOLINERGICS (see Ch. 5)
LEUKOTRIENE ANTAGONISTS
MAST CELL STABILIZERS
Sodium cromoglycate (Cromolyn sod.)
CORTICOSTEROIDS
Choice of treatment
CHAPTER 20:
Vitamins
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN A
Physiological role and actions
VITAMIN E
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
THE VITAMIN B COMPLEX GROUP
Thiamine (Aneurine, B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Pyridoxine (B6)
VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID)
Therapeutic uses
CHAPTER 21:
Anticancer and Immunosuppressant Drugs
ANTICANCER DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
General toxicity of cytotoxic drugs
Oral complications of cancer chemotherapy
NOTES ON DRUGS
Alkylating agents
Antimetabolites
Vinca alkaloids
Taxanes
Epipodophyllotoxins
Camptothecin analogues
Antibiotics
Miscellaneous cytotoxic drugs
HORMONES
GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN CHEMOTHERAPY OF CANCER
IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT DRUGS
CHAPTER 22:
Antirheumatoid and Antigout Drugs
ANTIRHEUMATOID DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
1. Immunosuppressants (see Ch. 21)
2. Sulfasalazine (see Ch. 18)
3. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (see Ch. 33)
4. Leflunomide
5. Gold
6. d-Penicillamine
7. Biologic response modifiers
8. Corticosteroids (see Ch. 14)
DRUGS USED IN GOUT
ACUTE GOUT
1. NSAIDs
2. Colchicine
3. Corticosteroids
CHRONIC GOUT
1. Probenecid
2. Sulfinpyrazone
3. Allopurinol
SECTION III: ANTIMICROBIALS AND DRUGS IMPORTANT IN DENTAL THERAPEUTICS
CHAPTER 23:
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and Antipyretic-Analgesics
CHAPTER 24:
Opioid Analgesics and Antagonists
OPIOID ANALGESICS
MORPHINE
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
PHARMACOKINETICS
ADVERSE EFFECTS
PRECAUTIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
Interactions
CLASSIFICATION OF OPIOIDS
OPIOID RECEPTORS
COMPLEX ACTION OPIOIDS AND OPIOID ANTAGONISTS
PURE OPIOID ANTAGONISTS
ENDOGENOUS OPIOID PEPTIDES
Opioids in dental pain
CHAPTER 25:
Local Anaesthetics
CHAPTER 26:
Antimicrobial Drugs: General Considerations
CHAPTER 27:
Sulfonamides, Cotrimoxazole, Quinolones and Nitroimidazoles
SULFONAMIDES
COTRIMOXAZOLE
QUINOLONES
FLUOROQUINOLONES
Ciprofloxacin (prototype)
NITROIMIDAZOLES
CHAPTER 28:
Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
PENICILLINS
PENICILLIN-G (BENZYL PENICILLIN)
Pharmacokinetics
Preparations and dose
Adverse effects
Uses
SEMISYNTHETIC PENICILLINS
CLASSIFICATION
ACID-RESISTANT ALTERNATIVE TO PENICILLIN-G
Phenoxymethyl penicillin (Penicillin V)
PENICILLINASE-RESISTANT PENICILLINS
EXTENDED SPECTRUM PENICILLINS
1. Aminopenicillins
Uses
2. Carboxy penicillins
3. Ureidopenicillins
BETA-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS
CEPHALOSPORINS
FIRST GENERATION CEPHALOSPORINS
SECOND GENERATION CEPHALOSPORINS
THIRD GENERATION CEPHALOSPORINS
FOURTH GENERATION CEPHALOSPORINS
MONOBACTAMS
CARBAPENEMS
CHAPTER 29:
Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol and Aminoglycoside Antibiotics
TETRACYCLINES
CHLORAMPHENICOL
AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS
MECHANISM OF ACTION
MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE
SHARED TOXICITIES
PRECAUTIONS AND INTERACTIONS
Streptomycin
Uses
Gentamicin
Kanamycin
Tobramycin
Amikacin
Sisomicin
Netilmicin
Neomycin
Uses
Framycetin
CHAPTER 30:
Macrolide and Other Antibacterial Antibiotics
MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTICS
ERYTHROMYCIN
Uses
NEWER MACROLIDES
MISCELLANEOUS ANTIBIOTICS
OXAZOLIDINONE
Fusidic acid
POLYPEPTIDE ANTIBIOTICS
URINARY ANTISEPTICS
CHAPTER 31:
Antitubercular and Antileprotic Drugs
ANTITUBERCULAR DRUGS
NEWER DRUGS
TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS
SHORT COURSE CHEMOTHERAPY (SCC)
ANTILEPROTIC DRUGS
TREATMENT OF LEPROSY
Multidrug therapy (MDT) of leprosy
Reactions in leprosy
CHAPTER 32:
Antifungal and Antiviral Drugs
ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
POLYENE ANTIBIOTICS
Amphotericin B (AMB)
Nystatin
HETEROCYCLIC BENZOFURAN
Griseofulvin
FLUCYTOSINE (5-FC)
IMIDAZOLES AND TRIAZOLES
Ketoconazole (KTZ)
Fluconazole
Itraconazole
Voriconazole
TERBINAFINE
OTHER TOPICAL ANTIFUNGALS
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
ANTI-HERPES VIRUS DRUGS
Idoxuridine
Acyclovir
ANTI-RETROVIRUS DRUGS
TREATMENT OF HIV INFECTION
Prophylaxis of HIV infection
ANTI-INFLUENZA VIRUS DRUGS
Amantadine
NONSELECTIVE ANTIVIRAL DRUGS
Interferon α
CHAPTER 33:
Antiprotozoal and Anthelmintic Drugs
ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
OBJECTIVES AND USE OF ANTIMALARIALS
CHLOROQUINE
MEFLOQUINE
QUININE
Uses
PROGUANIL (CHLOROGUANIDE)
PYRIMETHAMINE
SULFONAMIDE-PYRIMETHAMINE (S/P) COMBINATION
PRIMAQUINE
ARTEMISININ DERIVATIVES
ANTIAMOEBIC DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
Emetine
Chloroquine
Diloxanide furoate
8-Hydroxyquinolines
DRUGS FOR GIARDIASIS
DRUGS FOR TRICHOMONIASIS
DRUGS FOR LEISHMANIASIS
ANTHELMINTIC DRUGS
CHAPTER 34:
Antiseptics, Disinfectants and Other Locally Acting Drugs
ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS
CLASSIFICATION
1. PHENOLS
2. OXIDIZING AGENTS
3. HALOGENS
4. BIGUANIDE
5. QUATERNARY AMMONIUM (CATIONIC) ANTISEPTICS
6. SOAPS
7. ALCOHOLS
8. ALDEHYDES
9. ACIDS
10. METALLIC SALTS
11. DYES
12. FURAN DERIVATIVES
LOCALLY ACTING DRUGS
CHAPTER 35:
Drugs and Aids with Specific Application in Dental Disorders
ANTIPLAQUE AND ANTIGINGIVITIS AGENTS
ANTIBIOTICS IN PERIODONTAL DISEASE
ANTICARIES DRUGS
DESENSITIZING AGENTS
OBTUNDANTS
MUMMIFYING AGENTS
BLEACHNG AGENTS
DISCLOSING AGENTS
DENTIFRICES
CHAPTER 36:
Drug Interactions
MECHANISMS OF DRUG INTERACTIONS
INDEX
TOC
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