Index

RSSDI Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus (2 Volumes) V Mohan, BB Tripathy, HB Chandalia, AK Das, PV Rao, SV Madhu

SECTION 1: PREAMBLE
CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2:LANDMARKS IN THE HISTORY OF DIABETES
- INTRODUCTION
- THE ANCIENT ERA (Up to 600 AD)
- MEDIEVAL PERIOD (600-1500 AD)
- ADVENT OF THE MODERN ERA (1500-1750 AD)
- PROGRESS OF MODERN ERA
- CLINICAL TYPES OF DIABETES (CLASSIFICATION)
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- COMPLICATIONS
- DIABETES AND PREGNANCY
- CONTROL AND COMPLICATIONS
- ANIMAL MODELS FOR STUDY OF DIABETES
  - Animal Models of Type 1 Diabetes
    - Spontaneous Diabetes
    - Experimental Diabetes
  - Animal Models of Type 2 Diabetes
- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DIABETES—INDIAN SCENARIO
- NEWER DEVELOPMENTS IN DIABETES TREATMENT
SECTION 2: PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM
CHAPTER 3:INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM AND HORMONAL REGULATION
- INTRODUCTION
- MAJOR METABOLIC PATHWAYS AND CONTROL SITES2–36
- STAGES OF EXTRACTION OF ENERGY FROM FOODSTUFFS
- RECURRING MOTIFS IN METABOLIC REGULATIONS
- MAJOR PATHWAYS OF METABOLISM AND THE PRINCIPAL SITES FOR THEIR CONTROL
- HORMONAL REGULATION OF INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM
- INSULIN
  - Incretins37
- GLUCAGON
- EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE
- SOMATOSTATIN
- GLUCOCORTICOIDS40
- GROWTH HORMONE41
  - Physiological and Biochemical Actions
- PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE
- FED STATE39
- FASTED (POST-ABSORPTION) STATE39 (FIGURE 3.17)
- STARVATION
  - Gluconeogenesis
- PROLONGED STARVATION (FIGURE 3.18)
- DIABETES MELLITUS1,11,30,38
CHAPTER 4:MORPHOLOGY OF PANCREATIC ISLETS
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- THE ISLETS
- EXOCRINE-ENDOCRINE INTERACTION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 5:INSULIN BIOSYNTHESIS AND SECRETION
- INTRODUCTION
- ORGANIZATION OF ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
- ISLET STRUCTURE
- INSULIN GENE EXPRESSION AND ITS REGULATION
- INSULIN BIOSYNTHESIS: POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL EVENTS
- FATE OF THE MATURE SECRETORY GRANULE
- GLUCOSE AND SIGNAL RECOGNITION
- FAIL-SAFE REGULATION OF INSULIN SECRETION
  - Time-dependent Potentiation
  - Time-dependent Suppression of Insulin Release
- CONTROL OF CALCIUM LEVEL: ATP SENSITIVE K+ CHANNELS
- MOLECULAR IDENTITY OF THE KATP CHANNEL
- INSULIN SECRETION VIA KATP CHANNEL INDEPENDENT PATHWAYS
- POTENTIATION OF SECRETION BY VARIOUS AGENTS
- SECOND MESSENGERS AND THE REGULATION OF INSULIN SECRETION
- EFFECTOR SYSTEMS FOR INSULIN SECRETION
- INSULIN SECRETION AND DIABETES
- CONCLUSION
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 6:BIOLOGY OF INSULIN ACTION
- INTRODUCTION
- BIOLOGICAL FIRSTS ABOUT INSULIN
- STRUCTURE-ACTION RELATIONSHIP OF INSULIN MOLECULE
- INSULIN RECEPTOR
- POSTRECEPTOR EVENTS AND DOWNSTREAM SIGNALING
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 7:ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI-ATHEROSCLEROTIC EFFECTS OF INSULIN—EFFECTS BEYOND GLYCEMIC CONTROL
- INTRODUCTION
- ATHEROSCLEROSIS
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 3: DIAGNOSIS AND CLASSIFICATION
CHAPTER 8:DEFINITION, DIAGNOSIS AND CLASSIFICATION
- DEFINITION
  - Brief
  - Comprehensive
- DIAGNOSIS
- CLASSIFICATION
  - History and Development
  - Current Status
    - Recent Progress in Classification
    - Comments
- MODIFIED CLASSIFICATION
CHAPTER 9:LATENT AUTOIMMUNE DIABETES IN ADULTS
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION: CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS
- PATHOGENESIS
  - Immunology
  - Genetics of LADA
- CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS IN LADA
- LADA IN THE INDIAN POPULATION
- SCREENING FOR LADA
- MANAGEMENT OF LADA
- NEWER POTENTIAL THERAPIES FOR LADA
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 10:IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND IMPAIRED FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE
- INTRODUCTION
- PREVALENCE OF IGT
- INSTABILITY OF IGT
- ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF IGT
- CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF IGT
  - Conversion to Diabetes
- RISK FACTORS FOR DETERIORATION TO DIABETES
- ASSOCIATION WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE MORTALITY
- INTERVENTION STUDIES IN IGT
- IMPAIRED FASTING GLUCOSE
- CONCLUSION
- SUMMARY
SECTION 4: EPIDEMIOLOGY
CHAPTER 11:DIABETES MELLITUS IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPE 1 DIABETES
- TYPE 2 DIABETES
- GESTATIONAL DIABETES
CHAPTER 12:EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DIABETES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: THE SCENARIO IN ASIA
- INTRODUCTION
- SCENARIO IN SOUTH EAST ASIA
- RISING PREVALENCE OF DIABETES
  - Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) and Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG)
- RISK FACTORS
- CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES
- TYPE 2 DIABETES IN CHILDREN
- SCENARIO IN THE MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES
- OTHER FORMS OF DIABETES
- PREVENTION OF DIABETES
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 13:EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DIABETES MELLITUS IN INDIA
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS
- TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
  - Factors Implicated in Causation of DM in Asian Indians
- IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE (IGT)
  - Impact of Revised Criteria
  - Screening for High-risk Groups
- COMPLICATIONS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 14:EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DIABETES IN INDIAN AND OTHER MIGRANT POPULATIONS AND SPECIAL GROUPS
- INTRODUCTION
- OVERSEAS/TRANSCONTINENTAL STUDIES
  - United Kingdom
  - Other Countries
- MIGRATION WITHIN INDIA
- OTHER MIGRANTS AND SPECIAL POPULATIONS
  - Do Migrants have an Influence on Diabetes Rates in the Local Population?
SECTION 5: ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF DIABETES MELLITUS
CHAPTER 15:ETIOLOGY OF DIABETES: AN OVERVIEW
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPE 1 (A) DIABETES MELLITUS
  - Genetic Factors
  - Environmental Agents
- TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
- GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS (GDM)
- OTHER TYPES
CHAPTER 16:TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS: PATHOGENESIS AND METABOLIC ALTERATIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS OF T1DM
- ENVIRONMENT AND T1DM
- INITIATION OF AUTOIMMUNITY
- PREDICTION OF TYPE 1 DIABETES
- ONSET OF DIABETES
- IMMUNE INTERVENTION TRIALS
- METABOLIC ALTERATIONS IN T1DM—AN OVERVIEW
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 17:PATHOGENESIS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES
- INTRODUCTION
- GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS
  - Derangement in Homeostasis
- INSULIN RESISTANCE (IR)
- IMPAIRED β-CELL FUNCTION
- THE NATURAL HISTORY OF TYPE 2 DIABETES
  - Progressive β-Cell Decompensation
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 18:INSULIN RESISTANCE
- INTRODUCTION: CONCEPT OF HORMONE RESISTANCE
- EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF INSULIN RESISTANCE
- MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS IN INSULIN SIGNALING
- DIETARY FAT AND INSULIN RESISTANCE
  - Elaboration of the Thrifty Genotype
  - Therapeutic Implications of Insulin Resistance
CHAPTER 19:ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC ROLE OF ADIPOSE TISSUE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETES MELLITUS
- INTRODUCTION
- LEPTIN
- RESISTIN
- TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-α (TNF-α)
- INTERLEUKIN-6 (IL-6)
- ADIPONECTIN
  - Adiponectin Levels in Indians
- FREE FATTY ACIDS: ANOTHER PLAYER FOR INSULIN RESISTANCE
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 20:ROLE OF INTRAUTERINE AND INFANTILE MALNUTRITION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETES
- INTRODUCTION
- MALNUTRITION AND DIABETES MELLITUS
- MECHANISMS LINKING MALNUTRITION AND DIABETES
- PREVENTION OF DIABETES
  - Improving Maternal Health
  - Care of the Low Birth Weight Individual
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 21:BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND HORMONAL PROFILE IN DIABETES
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES
- GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN (GHb)
  - HbA1c Assays
  - HbA1c
- DYSLIPIDEMIA IN DIABETES
- SERUM ELECTROLYTES
- KIDNEY FUNCTION TESTS
- INSULIN AND DIABETES
- CLASSIFICATION OF DIABETES
  - Identification of Individuals with High-risk of Diabetes
- STUDY OF HYPOGLYCEMIA
  - Hypoglycemia
- MODE OF ACTION OF DRUGS
- PROINSULIN AND INSULIN RATIOS
- OTHER HORMONES INVOLVED IN GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS
  - Glucagon
- HYPOGLYCEMIA AND GLUCAGON SECRETION
- HYPERGLYCEMIA AND GLUCAGON
  - In Nondiabetic
  - In Diabetic
- LEPTIN AND ADIPONECTIN
  - Hormones from Adipose Tissue
- GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE (GLP-1)
- HOMOCYSTEINE
- QUALITY CONTROL
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 22:PATHOLOGY OF PANCREAS IN DIABETES MELLITUS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPE 1 DIABETES
  - Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes
  - Idiopathic Type 1 Diabetes
    - Macroscopic Changes
    - Microscopic Changes
- TYPE 2 DIABETES
- OTHER SPECIFIC TYPES OF DIABETES
SECTION 6: GENETICS AND IMMUNOLOGY
CHAPTER 23:GENETICS OF DIABETES: AN OVERVIEW
- INTRODUCTION
- GENETICS OF TYPE 1 DIABETES
- GENETICS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 24:IMMUNOGENETICS OF TYPE 1 DIABETES
- INTRODUCTION
- IMMUNOLOGIC ASPECTS OF TYPE 1 DIABETES AUTOANTIBODIES
- AUTOIMMUNE ANTIBODIES IN AUTOIMMUNE DIABETES
  - GAD65 Autoantibodies
- ICA512/IA-2 ANTIBODIES
  - Insulin Autoantibodies
  - Immune Markers in Autoimmune Diabetes
- CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE AND CYTOKINES
- GENETIC ASPECTS OF TYPE 1 DIABETES
  - HLA Associations
  - Association with Other Genes
- NATURAL HISTORY OF TYPE 1 DIABETES
  - Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA)
- ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN TYPE 1 DIABETES
- POSSIBLE ENVIRONMENTAL MECHANISMS
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 25:MONOGENIC FORMS OF DIABETES MELLITUS AND MATURITY ONSET DIABETES OF YOUNG
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION OF MONOGENIC FORMS OF DIABETES
- MATURITY ONSET DIABETES OF YOUNG (MODY)
- OTHER MONOGENIC FORMS OF DIABETES
  - Mitochondrial Diabetes
  - Clinical Features
- RARER FORMS OF MONOGENIC DIABETES
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 26:STUDIES ON GENETICS OF DIABETES IN ETHNIC INDIANS
- INTRODUCTION
- FAMILIAL AGGREGATION OF DIABETES IN INDIANS
- IS INSULIN RESISTANCE ALSO GENETICALLY INHERITED IN INDIANS?
- STUDIES ON GENES RELATED TO TYPE 1 DIABETES
- STUDIES ON GENES RELATED TO MODY IN INDIANS
- STUDIES ON GENES ASSOCIATED WITH INSULIN SECRETION IN INDIANS
- STUDIES ON GENES ASSOCIATED WITH INSULIN RESISTANCE IN INDIANS
- STUDIES ON GENES ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY IN INDIANS
- STUDIES ON GENES RELATED TO FCPD IN INDIANS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 27:IMMUNOLOGICAL AND GENETIC STUDIES ON DIFFERENT CLINICAL TYPES OF PATIENTS FROM INDIA
- INTRODUCTION
- AUTOIMMUNITY IN DIABETES
  - Clinical Clues for Autoimmunity in T2DM Patients
- AUTOIMMUNITY AND GENETICS IN INDIAN DIABETIC PATIENTS (TYPES 1 AND 2)
SECTION 7: CLINICAL PROFILE
CHAPTER 28:TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS: CLINICAL FEATURES
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSES OF TYPE 1 DIABETES
- DISTRIBUTION
- ETIOLOGY
- NATURAL HISTORY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
CHAPTER 29:CLINICAL FEATURES OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF DIABETES
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- NATURAL HISTORY OF TYPE 2 DM
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- COMPLICATIONS OF TYPE 2 DM AT DIAGNOSIS
  - Low Body Weight Type 2 DM
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 30:TYPE 2 DIABETES IN THE LEAN
- INTRODUCTION
- PECULIARITIES IN CLINICAL PROFILE AND MORTALITY
- GLYCEMIC STATUS AND HEPATIC CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
- HEPATIC MICROSOMAL ENZYME SYSTEM AND GLYCEMIC STATUS
- HORMONAL PROFILE AND RESPONSE
- BIOCHEMICAL MILIEU VIS-À-VIS COMPLICATIONS
- BETA-CELLS AND AUTOIMMUNE STATUS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 31:MALNUTRITION MODULATED DIABETES MELLITUS
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
- DISTRIBUTION
- CLINICAL FEATURE
- INVESTIGATIONS
- IMMUNOLOGICAL AND GENETIC STUDIES
- CRITERIA FOR DIAGNOSIS
- COMPLICATIONS
- ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
- MANAGEMENT
- COMMENTS
CHAPTER 32:FIBROCALCULOUS PANCREATIC DIABETES
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION AND TERMINOLOGY
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND PREVALENCE
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- PATHOLOGY
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - Tests of Pancreatic Structure
  - Tests of Pancreatic Functions
    - Exocrine Pancreatic Function
    - Endocrine Function
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Complications Due to Chronic Pancreatitis
  - Complications Related to Diabetes
- LONG-TERM SURVIVAL ANALYSIS
- NATURAL HISTORY
- MANAGEMENT
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 33:DIABETES IN THE YOUNG: THE INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
- INTRODUCTION
- PREVALENCE
- ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL ASPECTS
- COMPLICATIONS AND MORTALITY
- MANAGEMENT
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 34:SECONDARY DIABETES
- INTRODUCTION
- DISEASES OF EXOCRINE PANCREAS
- ENDOCRINOPATHIES THAT INDUCE DIABETES
- OTHER ENDOCRINE CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETES
- GENETIC DEFECTS IN INSULIN ACTION
- GENETIC SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETES
- VIRUSES AND DIABETES
  - Cytomegalovirus
  - Rubella Virus
- DRUGS CAUSING DIABETES
  - New Onset Diabetes after Transplantation (NODAT)
    - Which Drugs Produce NODAT?
    - Management of NODAT
- IMMUNE-MEDIATED DIABETES
  - Stiffman Syndrome
  - Insulin Receptor Antibodies
- SECONDARY DIABETES IN CHILDREN
  - Diagnosis
  - Management
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
SECTION 8: MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 35:AN APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS
- INTRODUCTION: IMPORTANCE AND OVERVIEW
- DIABETES AND INTERNIST
- APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT
- PRINCIPLES OF THERAPY
- TREATMENT GOALS
- INITIAL AND FOLLOW-UP EVALUATION OF DIABETIC PATIENTS
- PROBLEMS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH DIABETES IN INDIA
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 36:PATIENT EDUCATION IN DIABETES CARE
- INTRODUCTION
- OBJECTIVES FOR DIABETES EDUCATION
- ORGANIZATION OF EDUCATION PROGRAM
  - Who Should Organize the Education Program?
  - What Should be Included in the Education of Diabetic Patients?
- METHODS OF DIABETIC EDUCATION
- EVALUATING DIABETES EDUCATION
- DETAILS OF PROGRAMS ADOPTED FOR EDUCATION
  - Individual One-to-One Education
  - Systematic Group Care
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 37:NUTRITION MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS
- INTRODUCTION
  - Goals
- BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR PLANNING DIET FOR DIABETICS
- NUTRITION RECOMMENDATIONS AND PRINCIPLES1,2
- GOALS OF MEDICAL NUTRITION THERAPY
  - For Type 1 Diabetes
  - For Type 2 Diabetes
- REALISTIC DIET PRESCRIPTION STRATEGIES
- OTHER NUTRITIONAL FACTORS TO REDUCE CARDIAC RISK
- MEAL PLANNING
  - Food Groups
  - Notes on Meal Planning in the Indian Context
CHAPTER 38:NUTRITION MANAGEMENT IN SPECIAL SITUATIONS
- NUTRITION MANAGEMENT IN UNDERNUTRITION AND OBESITY
- NUTRITION MANAGEMENT THROUGH JOURNEY OF LIFE
- NUTRITION MANAGEMENT IN VARIOUS TREATMENT MODALITIES
  - Insulin Therapy
  - Intensive Insulin Therapy and Insulin Pump Therapy
- NUTRITION MANAGEMENT IN VARIOUS LIFE SITUATIONS
- NUTRITION MANAGEMENT IN COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES
- FOOD LABELING AND INTERPRETATION
CHAPTER 39:PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND YOGA IN DIABETES MELLITUS
- INTRODUCTION
- EXERCISE IN NORMAL SUBJECTS
  - Exercise in Type 1 Diabetes
    - General Recommendations for Exercise in Type 1 Diabetes
  - Exercise in Type 2 Diabetes
- EXERCISE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES
- BENEFITS OF EXERCISE
  - Improving Cardiovascular Fitness
- GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR EXERCISE IN DIABETES
- EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT BEFORE EXERCISE
- EXERCISE IN THE ELDERLY
- YOGIC PRACTICES IN DIABETES MELLITUS
- RISKS OF EXERCISE
- SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS
- ROLE OF EXERCISE IN PREVENTION OF DIABETES
CHAPTER 40:ORAL ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS: AN OVERVIEW
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
- CLASSIFICATION
- FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 41:INSULIN SECRETAGOGUES
- INTRODUCTION
- ROLE OF INSULIN SECRETAGOGUES IN TREATMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
- CLASSIFICATION OF INSULIN SECRETAGOGUES
  - Sulfonylureas
  - Glinides (Meglitinides)
    - Structure and Mechanism of Action
    - Side Effects
- INSULIN SECRETAGOGUES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
- CHOOSING THE RIGHT SECRETAGOGUE
- TIMING OF SECRETAGOGUE ADMINISTRATION
- COMPARISON OF VARIOUS SECRETAGOGUES
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 42:ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC AGENTS (Insulin Sensitizers And Others)
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- INSULIN SENSITIZERS (METFORMIN AND PHENFORMIN)
- INSULIN SENSITIZERS (THIAZOLIDINEDIONES)
- ALPHA GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORS (ACARBOSE AND MIGLITOL)
  - Mechanisms of Action
  - Therapeutic Considerations
- NEWER antiHYPERGLYCEMICS:FUTURE DIRECTIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 43:INSULIN THERAPY
- HISTORY OF INSULIN DEVELOPMENT
- INSULIN MANUFACTURE AND FORMULATION
  - Method of Insulin Production
    - Animal Insulin
    - Human Insulin
- PURIFICATION AND STANDARDIZATION OF INSULIN
- TYPES OF INSULIN
  - Species
  - Molecular Structure
  - Purity
  - Time Duration and Effect
  - Physical Characteristics and pH
  - Potency
- INSULIN PHARMACOKINETICS
- AIM OF INSULIN THERAPY
- INDICATIONS FOR INSULIN
  - Regular Use
    - Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
    - Type 2 Patients with OHA Failure
  - Intermittent or Occasional Use
- INITIATING INSULIN THERAPY
  - Type 1 Diabetes
  - Type 2 Diabetes
- INSULIN REGIMENS
  - Conventional Subcutaneous Insulin Therapy
    - Split Mix Regimen
    - Premixed Regimen
  - Multiple Subcutaneous Insulin Injections (Basal-Bolus Regimen)
  - Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion
- ADJUSTING INSULIN DOSE
- FACTORS INFLUENCING INSULIN THERAPY
  - Factors Influencing Compliance
    - Education, Attitude and Support System
    - Insulin Regimen
  - Factors Influencing Insulin Requirements
  - Factors Influencing Insulin Kinetics
- COMPLICATIONS OF INSULIN THERAPY
- ADVANCES IN INSULIN THERAPY
  - Insulin Analogs (Designer Insulin)
  - Fast-Acting Analogs
  - Long-acting Insulin Analogs
  - Premixed Analogs
  - Selective Action Analogs
- SAFETY ISSUES
- ADVANTAGES
- ADVANCES IN INSULIN DELIVERY SYSTEMS
  - Pen Injectors
  - Insulin Pumps
  - Jet Injectors
  - Other Delivery Systems
    - Peroral Delivery
    - Pulmonary
  - Nasal
  - Inhalation
  - Oral Insulin
  - Transdermal Insulin Delivery
- MYTHS AND CONCERNS ABOUT INSULIN USE IN TYPE 2 DIABETES
  - Type 2 Means Noninsulin Requiring Diabetes
  - Once on Insulin Always on Insulin
  - Insulin Use is Associated with Increased Risk of Hypoglycemia
  - Patients Resist Insulin Therapy
  - Exogenous Insulin Leads to Weight Gain
- PRACTICAL TIPS
  - Mixing Insulin
  - Storing Insulin
- INTRODUCTION
- IMMUNOGENICITY
- METABOLIC EFFECTS
- SKIN REACTIONS
- AVAILABILITY AND ECONOMICS
- SUMMARY
  - Future of Animal Insulins
CHAPTER 44:SHORT-TERM MONITORING OF GLYCEMIC CONTROL
- INTRODUCTION
- EVALUATION AT THE INITIAL HOSPITAL VISIT12
- MONITORING GLYCEMIC CONTROL
- BLOOD GLUCOSE
- EVALUATING SMBG SYSTEMS
- SELF-MONITORING OF BLOOD GLUCOSE
- CONTINUOUS (AMBULATORY) BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING
  - Advantages
  - Clinical Applications
- NEW MONITORING DEVICE DEVELOPMENTS
  - Fructosamine and Glycated Albumin69
  - Serum 1,5-Anhydroglucitol
CHAPTER 45:MONITORING GLYCEMIC CONTROL: LONG-TERM PARAMETERS
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL ASPECTS
- PROCESS OF GLYCATION OF HEMOGLOBIN
- METHODOLOGY TO ESTIMATE GLYCATED HEMOGLOBIN
- METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS, SELECTION OF METHOD AND QUALITY CONTROL
- CLINICAL RELEVANCE AND APPLICATION OF GLYCATED HEMOGLOBIN
- GLYCATED ALBUMIN AND FRUCTOSAMINE
- SERUM 1,5-ANHYDROGLUCITOL
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 46:MONITORING BEYOND GLYCEMIC CONTROL
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL MONITORING
  - Anthropological/Physical Parameters
- LABORATORY MONITORING
- ORGAN COMPLICATIONS (MICROVASCULAR)
- ORGAN COMPLICATIONS (MACROVASCULAR)
  - Cardiovascular Disease
  - Peripheral Arterial Disease
    - Screening
    - Diagnosis and Evaluation
- OTHER COMPLICATIONS
- MONITORING IN HIGH-RISK POPULATION
  - Prediabetes
- SUMMARY OF COMPREHENSIVE DIABETES CARE
CHAPTER 47:CURRENT STATUS OF INDIGENOUS DRUGS AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS
- INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
- INDIGENOUS DRUGS AND MEDICINAL PLANTS
  - Classic Remedies in Ayurveda
- PHARMACOLOGY AND CLINICAL STUDIES OF ANTIDIABETIC MEDICINAL PLANTS
- MARKETED AYURVEDIC FORMULATIONS
- COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
- AYURVEDIC PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT
- DIETARY AND EXERCISE MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES
- INDIAN HOMEOPATHIC REMEDIES
- SUMMARY
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 48:TRANSPLANTATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS
- INTRODUCTION
  - Justification
- INDICATIONS AND PATIENT SELECTION
- TRANSPLANT OPTIONS
  - Types of Transplant Options
- LIVING DONOR SELECTION CRITERIA
- PROCEDURE
- NUTRITION AFTER TRANSPLANT
- PATIENT AND GRAFT SURVIVAL
- EFFECTS OF TRANSPLANT ON COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES
- PREGNANCY AND PANCREATIC TRANSPLANT
- TRANSPLANTATION ASSOCIATED RISKS
  - Hyperglycemia after Pancreas Transplant
- ISLET CELL TRANSPLANT
  - Clinical Xenotransplantation
- SUMMARY
SECTION 9: COMORBID CONDITIONS
CHAPTER 49:COMORBID CONDITIONS: OBESITY AND DYSMETABOLIC SYNDROME
- DEFINITION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF COMORBID CONDITIONS
- TOBACCO ABUSE
  - Tobacco Cessation Strategies
- OBESITY
- METABOLIC SYNDROME (Multimetabolic Syndrome, Syndrome X)
- HYPERURICEMIA
  - Etiology
  - Management
- HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 50:HYPERTENSION IN DIABETES
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY OF HYPERTENSION IN DIABETES
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY
- COMPLICATIONS
- SCREENING FOR HYPERTENSION IN DIABETES
- MANAGEMENT OF HYPERTENSION IN DIABETES
- THE INDIAN SCENARIO
- CONCLUSION
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 51:DYSLIPIDEMIA IN DIABETES
- INTRODUCTION
- LIPOPROTEIN PHYSIOLOGY
- LIPOPROTEINS AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS
- NATURE OF DYSLIPIDEMIA IN DIABETES
- SCREENING FOR DYSLIPIDEMIA IN DIABETES
  - Frequency
  - Tests
- TREATMENT OF DYSLIPIDEMIA IN DIABETES
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 10: COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 52:DIABETES COMPLICATIONS: OVERVIEW
- INTRODUCTION
- DIABETES EXPOSURE AND RISK OF COMPLICATIONS
- IMPORTANCE OF GLYCEMIC CONTROL IN DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS
  - Diabetes Control and Complications Trial1
  - Studies in Type 2 DM
- MECHANISMS OF DIABETIC TISSUE DAMAGE4,18-20
- CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF HYPERGLYCEMIA-INDUCED CELLULAR DAMAGE
- ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS
- UNIFYING HYPOTHESIS FOR DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS76-79
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 53:ACUTE METABOLIC COMPLICATIONS
- DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS
- HYPERGLYCEMIC HYPEROSMOLAR NONKETOTIC STATE
- LACTIC ACIDOSIS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 54:HYPOGLYCEMIA
- DEFINITIONS
  - For Adults
  - For Neonates
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY (TABLE 54.1)
- PATHOGENESIS
  - Glucose Issues in Newborn
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- COURSE AND PROGNOSIS
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Somogyi Effect
  - Hypoglycemia Unawareness
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 55:ACUTE INFECTIONS IN DIABETES MELLITUS
- INTRODUCTION
- COMMON MICROORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH INFECTIONS IN DIABETIC PATIENTS
- URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
- RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
- ABDOMINAL AND GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS
- SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS
- RHINOCEREBRAL MUCORMYCOSES
- MALIGNANT OTITIS EXTERNA
- FOOT INFECTIONS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 56:CHRONIC INFECTIONS IN DIABETES MELLITUS
- INTRODUCTION
- SECONDARY FACTORS
- CHRONIC INFECTIONS
- HEPATITIS C AND DIABETES
- DIABETES MELLITUS AND TUBERCULOSIS
- HIV INFECTION AND DIABETES
- RHINOCEREBRAL MUCORMYCOSIS
- CHOLECYSTITIS
- CHRONIC PYELONEPHRITIS AND CYSTITIS
- CHRONIC INFECTIONS IN DIABETIC FOOT
- FUNGAL INFECTIONS IN DIABETES
  - Infections Strongly Associated with DM
  - Measures for Prevention of Infections in Diabetes
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 57:MACROVASCULAR DISORDERS IN DIABETES: DETERMINANTS AND RISK FACTORS
- INTRODUCTION
- BURDEN OF MACROVASCULAR DISEASE IN DIABETES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INDIAN
- DISTRIBUTION AND PROFILE OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN DIABETIC VERSUS NONDIABETIC PERSONS
- LIKELY DETERMINANTS/RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MACROVASCULAR DISEASE
CHAPTER 58:ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN DIABETES: PATHOGENESIS
- INTRODUCTION
- ARTERIAL VESSEL WALL STRUCTURE
- PATHOLOGY OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS
- FIBRINOLYSIS AND COAGULATION
- LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN
- ADHESION MOLECULES AND CHEMOTACTIC PROTEINS
- EARLY ATHEROSCLEROTIC CHANGES IN DIABETIC SUBJECTS
- INFLAMMATION
- PLAQUE RUPTURE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 59:CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN DIABETES
- INTRODUCTION
- CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN DIABETES: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ROLE OF RISK FACTORS
- METABOLIC SYNDROME AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION, COMPLICATIONS AND MORTALITY
- PREDIABETES AND CORONARY HEART DISEASE
- PRIMARY PREVENTION OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN PREDIABETES
  - Lifestyle Modification
  - Pharmacological Approaches
- PRIMARY PREVENTION OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN DIABETES
- MANAGEMENT OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN DIABETES
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 60:EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN DIABETES
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE—GLOBAL, INDIAN AND IN IMMIGRANT INDIANS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS
  - Type 1 DM having Diabetic Nephropathy
- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN TYPE 2 DM—SPECIAL FEATURES
- IMPACT OF DIABETES ON CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN WOMEN
- IMPACT OF DIABETES ON CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE MORTALITY64–66
- CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN TYPE 2 DM HAVING DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY
  - Prognosis of CAD in Diabetes Mellitus
- CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN DIABETES—INDIAN STUDIES
- CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN PREDIABETES
- PREVALENCE OF PRE-CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE MARKERS IN DIABETES MELLITUS
- SUMMARY
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 61:NON-CORONARY CARDIAC COMPLICATIONS IN DIABETES
- INTRODUCTION
- DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY AND HEART FAILURE IN DIABETES
- CARDIOVASCULAR AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY IN DIABETES
- SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH IN DIABETES
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 62:DIABETES AND CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE
- INTRODUCTION
- DIABETES AS A RISK FACTOR FOR STROKE: THE EVIDENCE-BASED STUDIES
- DIABETES ASSOCIATED OTHER RISK FACTORS FOR STROKE
- PATHOGENESIS OF STROKE AND CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE IN DIABETES1,18
  - Other Possible Mechanisms to Explain Hyperglycemia-induced Worsening of Cerebral Ischemia
- STROKE SUBTYPES AND PATTERN OF VASCULAR DISEASE IN DIABETES
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 63:PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE IN DIABETES
- INTRODUCTION
  - Incidence, Pathophysiology and Diagnosis
- INCIDENCE AND COMORBIDITY
- DIAGNOSIS OF PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE IN DIABETES—NONINVASIVE STUDIES
- CLINICAL PROBLEMS AND MANAGEMENT
- MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
  - Percutaneous Interventions and Thrombolytic Therapies for PAD in Diabetes
- SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 64:DIABETIC FOOT SYNDROME
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- SOCIOECONOMICS
- CLASSIFICATION
- PATHOGENESIS
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Neuropathic Foot
  - Osteomyelitis
- MANAGEMENT
- PREVENTION
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 65:PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETIC MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES
- MECHANISMS OF HYPERGLYCEMIA-INDUCED DAMAGE
- SUMMARY
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CHAPTER 66:OCULAR COMPLICATIONS IN DIABETES
- INTRODUCTION
- MEDIATORS AND MECHANISMS OF OCULAR DAMAGE IN DIABETES MELLITUS
- EXTRARETINAL OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS
- RETINAL MANIFESTATIONS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 67:DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Symptoms
  - Signs4,5
    - Findings in the Retina
- CLASSIFICATION
- PREVALENCE OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY— INDIAN SCENARIO
- PATHOGENESIS
- EVALUATION
- MANAGEMENT
- SUMMARY
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 68:DIABETES AND KIDNEY
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- RISK FACTORS FOR DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY
- PREDICTING THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF NEPHROPATHY
  - Factors Predicting Risk of Nephropathy in Patients with Diabetes8
  - Factors Predicting Progression of Disease in Patients with Established Diabetic Nephropathy
- PATHOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- PATHOGENESIS OF HISTOLOGICAL LESIONS
- CLINICAL COURSE AND NATURAL HISTORY
- MANAGEMENT
- POST-TRANSPLANT DIABETES MELLITUS (PTDM)
  - Effect of Immunosuppressives on Blood Glucose
  - ADA Diagnostic Criteria for New Onset DM After Transplant and Goals for Glycemic Control92
- OTHER RENAL MANIFESTATIONS in DIABETICS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 69:NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES
- NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS IN DIABETES—AN OVERVIEW
- DIABETIC PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
- CONCLUSION
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 70:DIABETES MELLITUS AND GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
- INTRODUCTION
- DIABETES AND THE GUT
- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) SYMPTOMS IN DIABETES
- DIABETIC GASTROPARESIS
- DIABETIC DIARRHEA
- ANORECTAL DYSFUNCTION
- OTHER GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) SYMPTOMS
- HEALTH RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE ISSUES
- LIVER DISEASE AND DIABETES
  - Hepatitis C
- NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE
- HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
- GALLBLADDER DISEASES
  - Gallstones
    - Diabetic Cholecystoparesis
- DIABETES AND PANCREAS
  - Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs and Gastrointestinal Symptoms
- THERAPEUTIC MODULATION OF GASTRIC EMPTYING
- GUT PEPTIDES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 71:SKIN DISEASES AND DIABETES
- INTRODUCTION
- SKIN MARKERS OF DIABETES MELLITUS (TABLES 71.1 AND 71.2)
- CUTANEOUS INFECTIONS
- FOOT INFECTIONS
- MISCELLANEOUS manifestations (FIGURES 71.13 TO 71.18)
- CUTANEOUS COMPLICATIONS OF THERAPY
  - Oral Hypoglycemic Agents
  - Insulin
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 72:BONE DISEASE IN DIABETES MELLITUS
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS OF BONE DISEASE IN DIABETES MELLITUS
- BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN DIABETES MELLITUS
- FRACTURES IN DIABETES MELLITUS
- APPROACH TO A PATIENT WITH DIABETES FOR BONE DISEASE
- MANAGEMENT OF LOW BONE DENSITY AND/OR OSTEOPOROSIS IN THE DIABETIC POPULATION
- MONITORING OF THERAPY
- SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES
- SUMMARY
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 73:RHEUMATOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS
- INTRODUCTION
- HYPEROSTOSIS
- DIABETIC CHEIROARTHROPATHY (LIMITED JOINT MOBILITY SYNDROME)
- DIABETIC MUSCULAR INFARCTION
- ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS OF THE SHOULDER (PERIARTHRITIS)
- NEUROPATHIC ARTHROPATHY
- DUPUYTREN'S CONTRACTURE
- PALMAR FLEXOR TENOSYNOVITIS (TRIGGER FINGER)
- OSTEOPENIA
- CARPAL-TUNNEL SYNDROME
- GOUT
- OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA)
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 74:SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION IN DIABETES
- INTRODUCTION
- PHYSIOLOGY OF PENILE ERECTION
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- CLINICAL EVALUATION
- PSYCHOGENIC OR ORGANIC
- CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
- VASCULAR ASSESSMENT
- NEUROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
- HORMONAL ASSESSMENT
- TREATMENT OF DIABETIC ERECTILE FAILURE (TABLE 74.5)
- SEXUAL PROBLEMS IN DIABETIC WOMEN
- CONCLUSION
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 75:IMPACT OF GLYCEMIC CONTROL ON COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HYPERGLYCEMIA
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND—EARLY TRIALS
- TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS—GLYCEMIC CONTROL AND COMPLICATIONS
- TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS—GLYCEMIC CONTROL AND COMPLICATIONS
- IMPACT OF INTENSIVE GLYCEMIC CONTROL IN THE CRITICAL CARE SETTING
- RECENT TRIALS
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GLYCEMIC CONTROL
- HAZARDS OF INTENSIVE GLYCEMIC CONTROL
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 11: DIABETES THROUGH LIFE AND EVENTS
CHAPTER 76:DIABETES MELLITUS IN NEONATES AND INFANTS
- INTRODUCTION
- TRANSIENT NEONATAL DIABETES MELLITUS
- PERMANENT NEONATAL DIABETES MELLITUS
- CONCLUSION
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 77:DIABETES IN CHILDREN
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
  - Other Varieties of Diabetes in Childhood
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Entities that are Sometimes Confused with Diabetes in a Child
- STAGES OF DIABETES IN CHILDHOOD
- DAY-TO-DAY MANAGEMENT
- GROWTH AND PUBERTAL DEVELOPMENT
  - Growth Hormone (GH), Igf-1 and Insulin Resistance during Puberty
  - Pubertal Changes in Diabetic Children
- DIABETES RELATED EMERGENCIES IN CHILDREN
- PATIENT EDUCATION
- PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS
CHAPTER 78:DIABETES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF DIABETES SEEN IN THE YOUNG
- TYPE 1 DIABETES
- TYPE 2 DIABETES IN YOUNG
- MATURITY ONSET DIABETES OF YOUNG (MODY)
  - Pathogenesis
    - Clinical Features of Subtypes of MODY Glucokinase (MODY 2)
    - Transcription Factor MODY (MODY 1, MODY 3 and MODY 5)
- FIBROCALCULOUS PANCREATIC DIABETES
- MALNUTRITION MODULATED DIABETES MELLITUS
- DIABETES SECONDARY TO ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
- GENETIC SYNDROMES AND DIABETES
- POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 79:DIABETES IN ELDERLY
- INTRODUCTION
- DEMOGRAPHICS OF DIABETES IN THE ELDERLY
- CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN THE ELDERLY
- SCREENING AND DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES
- MANIFESTATIONS OF DIABETES IN THE ELDERLY
- COMMON GERIATRIC SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETES
- ACUTE COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES IN THE ELDERLY
  - Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic State and Diabetic Ketoacidosis
  - Hypoglycemia
- CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES IN THE ELDERLY
- TREATMENT OF DIABETES IN THE ELDERLY
- MANAGEMENT OF THE ELDERLY DIABETIC IN SPECIAL SITUATIONS
  - Hospitalized Elderly Patient with Diabetes
  - Nursing Home or House-bound Patient
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 80:DIABETES AND PREGNANCY (GESTATIONAL DIABETES)
- INTRODUCTION
- FUEL METABOLISM IN NORMAL PREGNANCY
- PATHOGENESIS OF GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE DEVELOPING DURING PREGNANCY
  - Genetic Factors
  - Gestational Factors
    - Islet Secretion
    - Insulin Resistance and Hormones of Gestation
- FUEL METABOLISM IN DIABETIC PREGNANCY
  - Consequences of the Changes in Fuel Metabolism during Pregnancy on the Fetal Development
  - Neonatal Complications
- CONSEQUENCES OF DIABETES ON THE PREGNANT MOTHER
- PREGESTATIONAL DIABETES
- GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS
- SCREENING FOR GDM
  - Methods
  - Impaired Gestational Glucose Tolerance (IGGT)/Isolated Abnormal Plasma Glucose (IAPG)
- MANAGEMENT
- FOLLOW-UP OF GDM
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 81:SURGERY AND DIABETES
- INTRODUCTION
- METABOLIC ISSUES
- EFFECT OF SURGERY ON DIABETES
- MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY
- PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
  - History
  - Laboratory Evaluation
- PREOPERATIVE RECOMMENDATION FOR TYPE 2 DIABETICS ON ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS (OHA)
- TYPE 2 DIABETICS ON INSULIN
  - Regimens of Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes Undergoing Surgery under General Anesthesia (GA)
- SURGERY IN TYPE 1 DIABETIC
- MODERATE CONTROL OF DIABETES
- POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
- INFECTIONS
- ANESTHESIA IN A DIABETIC PATIENT
- GENERAL ANESTHESIA
- SPECIAL SITUATION
  - Autonomic Neuropathy
- OPEN HEART SURGERY
- EMERGENCY SURGERY IN A DIABETIC WITH KETOACIDOSIS
- LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY
- CESAREAN SECTION
- SUMMARY
SECTION 12: LIVING WITH DIABETES
CHAPTER 82:PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF DIABETES
- INTRODUCTION
- PSYCHOLOGY AND DIABETES—A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
- DIABETES-CARE PROVIDERS
- LIFESTYLE AND BEHAVIOR, PERCEPTION OF LIFE
- BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL OF DIABETES MANAGEMENT
- STUDIES IN CHILDREN WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS
- STUDIES IN PARENTS OF CHILDREN WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES
- STUDIES IN TYPE 2 DIABETES
- PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN CHILDHOOD DIABETES
  - Cognitive Function in Childhood Diabetes
  - Diabetes and Child Development
- MODEL FOR LIVING EFFECTIVELY WITH DIABETES
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 83:PSYCHIATRIC PROBLEMS IN DIABETES
- INTRODUCTION
- COEXISTENCE OF DIABETES AND PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS
- PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS CAUSED BY SCREENING AND DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT OF COMMON MENTAL PROBLEMS
- PSYCHIATRIC COMORBIDITY IN TYPE 1 DIABETES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 84:ECONOMIC ASPECTS, INSURANCE, DRIVING AND EMPLOYMENT PROBLEMS IN DIABETICS
- INTRODUCTION
- DIABETES AND LIFE INSURANCE
- DIABETES AND PERSONAL INSURANCE
- MEDICAL INFIRMITIES AND DRIVING RESTRICTIONS UNDER INSURANCE POLICIES
  - Medical Studies on Diabetics as Drivers
  - Driving, Employment and the Alcoholic
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
- APPENDIX I: FORM A-III
- APPENDIX II: FORM C
- APPENDIX III: THE SECOND SCHEDULE
SECTION 13: HEALTH CARE DELIVERY
CHAPTER 85:ORGANIZING A DIABETES CLINIC
- INTRODUCTION
- RATIONALE OF ORGANIZED DIABETES CARE
- COMPONENTS OF A DIABETES CLINIC
- IMPROVED DIABETES CARE IN PRACTICE—THE ORGANIZATION PROCESS
- HOW DOES ORGANIZED DIABETES CARE BECOME EFFECTIVE?
- FOLLOW EVIDENCE-BASED CLINICAL GUIDELINES
- GUIDELINE IMPLEMENTATION
- PATIENT SELF-MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
  - Evaluation of the Impact of the Program
- ADVANTAGES OF ORGANIZED DIABETES CARE
  - Improvement in Short-term Clinical Outcomes
  - Improvement in Long-term Clinical Outcomes
- IMPACT OF ORGANIZED DIABETES CLINIC CARE ON VARIOUS HEALTH CARE PRACTICES
  - The Nigam Diabetes Center Experience
- A DAY AT THE DIABETES CLINIC
- CONCLUSION
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 86:COMPUTERS IN DIABETES MANAGEMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORDS
- LINKING ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORDS TO HOSPITAL INFORMATION SYSTEM
- SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORDS AND HOSPITAL INFORMATION SYSTEM
- ACCESSING MEDICAL INFORMATION
- BIOINFORMATICS
  - Overview of Bioinformatics
    - Concept of Systems Biology and Computational Physiology
  - Application of Bioinformatics Research in Diabetes Mellitus
CHAPTER 87:ORGANIZATION OF HEALTH CARE FOR PERSONS WITH DIABETES
- INTRODUCTION
- THE SAINT VINCENT DECLARATION
- DIABETES PATIENT EDUCATION
- PROBLEMS IN INDIA
- PROPOSED APPROACH TO DIABETES CARE IN INDIA
CHAPTER 88:ROLE OF PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIANS
- INTRODUCTION
- RECOMMENDED STANDARDS OF MEDICAL CARE FOR DIABETIC PATIENTS1
- ROLE OF DIETITIAN
- SELF MANAGEMENT
- PATIENT EDUCATION
- LACUNAE IN MEDICAL CARE
- PRIMARY CARE-BASED MODELS
- PRIMARY CARE SETTING
CHAPTER 89:ROLE OF PARAMEDICAL PERSONNEL
- INTRODUCTION
- NEEDS OF PEOPLE WITH DIABETES
- PARAMEDICAL PERSONNEL AND STRICT GLYCEMIC CONTROL
- CONCEPT OF SELF CARE AND SELF-MANAGEMENT
- DIABETES HEALTH CARE TEAMS
- ROLE OF DIABETES EDUCATOR IN DIABETES MANAGEMENT
- ROLE OF THE DIETITIAN IN DIABETES MANAGEMENT
- ROLE OF THE NURSING PERSONNEL IN DIABETES MANAGEMENT
- EMPOWERING THE PARAMEDICAL PERSONNEL
SECTION 14: PREVENTION
CHAPTER 90:PREDICTION AND PREVENTION OF TYPE 1 DIABETES
- INTRODUCTION
- IMMUNE AND GENETIC MARKERS USED IN PREDICTION OF TYPE 1 DIABETES
- PREDICTION OF TYPE 1 DIABETES
- RISK GROUPS LIKELY TO BENEFIT FROM PREVENTION APPROACH
- PREVENTION TRIALS
- VACCINE STRATEGIES FOR THE PREVENTION OF TYPE 1 DIABETES
CHAPTER 91:PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES
- INTRODUCTION
- TARGET POPULATION
- DIABETES PREVENTION STUDIES
  - Lifestyle Intervention
  - Pharmacological Intervention
- LESSONS FROM EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PREFERRED STRATEGY FOR PREVENTION
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 92:PREVENTION OF DIABETES—INDIAN ANGLE
- INTRODUCTION
- PRIMARY PREVENTION OF DIABETES
- IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE (IGT) AND IMPAIRED FASTING GLUCOSE (IFG)
  - Lifestyle Modification and Pharmacotherapy
  - Education
- SECONDARY PREVENTION
  - Prevention of Complications
- CONCLUSION
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 93:YOUTH-ONSET DIABETES IN INDIA: NATURE OF DIABETES AND USE OF BOVINE INSULIN IN THEIR TREATMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- SUBTYPES OF YOUTH-ONSET DIABETES IN NORTHERN INDIA
- INSULIN ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO BOVINE INSULIN THERAPY AND ITS FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE AMONG INSULIN REQUIRING YOUNG DIABETICS IN INDIA
CHAPTER 94:PREVENTION OF COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES
- INTRODUCTION
- PREVALENCE OF MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS IN INDIAN POPULATION
- PREVALENCE OF MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS IN INDIAN POPULATION
- DIABETES COMPLICATIONS—ECONOMIC BURDEN
- PREVENTION OF COMPLICATIONS
- FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 95:GLIMPSE INTO THE FUTURE
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
  - Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
  - Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
- SELF-MONITORING OF BLOOD GLUCOSE AND GLUCOSE SENSORS
- THERAPY OF DIABETES
- COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
- DIABETES RELATED MEASUREMENTS
- LIPID PROFILE
- RENAL FUNCTION TESTS
- URINARY ANALYSIS

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes