JaypeeDigital | eBook Reader

Anand’s Human Anatomy for Dental Students Mahindra Kumar Anand

SECTION-1: GENERAL AND SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
CHAPTER 1:Introduction and Anatomical Terms
- SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
- TERMINOLOGY USED IN ANATOMY
CHAPTER 2:Cell
- INTRODUCTION
- CELL MEMBRANE
  - Glycocalyx
- TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE
- CYTOPLASM
- NUCLEUS
CHAPTER 3:Tissues
- INTRODUCTION
- EPITHELIAL TISSUE
- GLANDS
  - Classification of Glands
- CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- SUPPORTING TISSUES
- BONE AND CARTILAGE
- BLOOD AND LYMPH
- MUSCULAR TISSUE
- NERVOUS TISSUE
CHAPTER 4:Organization of Body
- INTRODUCTION
  - Composition of Body
- THORACIC CAGE
- STERNUM
  - Anatomical Features
- RIBS
  - Classification of Ribs
  - Anatomical Features of a Typical Rib
  - First Rib
  - Second Rib
  - 10th Rib
  - 11th Rib
  - 12th Rib
  - Costal Cartilages (Fig. 4.5)
- THORACIC VERTEBRAE
  - Features of Thoracic Vertebra (Fig. 4.12)
- INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES (Fig. 4.13)
- THORACIC CAVITY
  - Mediastinum
    - Contents
- LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
  - Features of Typical Lumbar Vertebra
    - 5th lumbar vertebra is atypical and presents the following features
- SACRUM
- COCCYX
- BONY PELVIS
- ABDOMINAL CAVITY
  - Peritoneum (Fig. 4.22)
    - Functions of the Peritoneum
    - Peritoneal Cavity
- PELVIS
- PERINEUM
  - Parts of Upper Limb
- BONES OF THE UPPER LIMB (Figs 4.28 TO 4.36)
  - Clavicle
    - Characteristics of Clavicle
  - Humerus
  - Scapula
  - Radius
  - Ulna
  - Bones of the Hand
    - Sesamoid Bones of Upper Limb
- JOINTS OF UPPER LIMB
- MUSCLES OF UPPER LIMB
  - Muscles of Pectoral Region (Fig. 4.37)
  - Muscles of Shoulder and Scapular Region (Figs 4.38 to 4.40)
  - Muscles of Upper Back—Related To Upper Limb (Figs 4.41 to 4.43)
  - Muscles of Arm (Figs 4.43 and 4.44)
  - Muscles of Flexor Compartment of Forearm (Figs 4.44 to 4.46)
  - Intermediate Group (Figs 4.44 and 4.45)
  - Deep group (Figs 4.44 and 4.46)
  - Muscles of Extensor Compartment of Forearm (Fig. 4.47)
- MUSCLES OF HAND
  - Parts of Lower Limb
- BONES OF THE LOWER LIMB- 31+2 IN NUMBER (Fig. 4.52)
  - Hip Bone (Figs 4.53 and 4.54)
  - Acetabulum
  - Obturator Foramen
  - Femur (Figs 4.55 and 4.56)
  - Patella
  - Tibia
  - Fibula
  - Bones of the Foot
  - Sesamoid Bones of Lower Limb
- MAIN JOINTS OF THE LOWER LIMB
- MUSCLES OF LOWER LIMB
  - Muscles of Front of Thigh (Fig. 4.62)
  - Muscles of Medial Compartment of Thigh (Fig. 4.62)
  - Muscles of Gluteal Region (Fig. 4.63)
  - Muscles of Back of Thigh
  - Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Leg and Dorsum of Foot
  - Muscles of Lateral Compartment of Leg (Fig. 4.65)
  - Muscles of Posterior Compartment of Leg
  - Layers of the Sole
  - Anatomical Features of a Vertebra (Fig. 4.76)
CHAPTER 5:Skeletal System
- SKELETON (Fig. 5.1)
- BONES
- BLOOD SUPPLY OF BONES
- CARTILAGE
  - Structure of Cartilage
    - Characteristic Features of Cartilage
  - Types of Cartilage
- JOINTS
CHAPTER 6:Muscular System
- INTRODUCTION
- SKELETAL OR STRIATED MUSCLE
  - Attachment of Skeletal Muscles
  - Classification of Striated Muscles
- SMOOTH OR NON-STRIATED MUSCLE
  - Arrangement of Smooth Muscles
- CARDIAC MUSCLE
CHAPTER 7:Nervous System
- INTRODUCTION
  - Parts of Nervous System (Fig. 7.1)
  - Functional Subdivision of Nervous System
- NEURON
  - Soma or Cell Body (Perikaryon)
  - Axons and Dendrites (Figs 7.5 and 7.8)
- FUNCTIONS OF NERVE CELL
- NERVE
  - Structure of Nerve Fiber and Nerve Trunk
  - Type of Nerve Fibers and their Functions
- SYNAPSES
- NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
- GLIAL CELLS
- GANGLIA
- GREY AND WHITE MATTER
- SPINAL NERVES (Fig. 7.11)
  - Functional Components of a Spinal Nerve
  - Typical Spinal Nerve (Figs 7.11 and 7.12)
- PERIPHERAL NERVES
- CRANIAL NERVES (Fig. 7.4)
- SENSORY RECEPTORS (Fig. 7.13)
- CUTANEOUS RECEPTORS
- SENSORY PATHWAY (ASCENDING PATHWAY)
- MOTOR PATHWAY (DESCENDING PATHWAY)
- EFFECTOR ORGAN
- REFLEXES
  - Monosynaptic Reflexes
  - Polysynaptic Reflex
- CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)
  - Ventricular System
    - In Brain
    - In Spinal Cord
- CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES (Figs 7.2 and 7.16)
  - Functional Areas of Cerebral Cortex (Figs 7.17 and 7.18)
  - White Matter of Cerebrum
- BASAL GANGLIA (Fig. 7.20)
- DIENCEPHALON
  - Parts of Diencephalon
  - Dorsal Thalamus (Thalamus) (Fig. 7.21)
  - Hypothalamus
- LIMBIC SYSTEM
  - Components of Limbic System (Fig. 7.23)
- RETICULAR FORMATION
- MID BRAIN
  - Components of Midbrain
- PONS
- MEDULLA OBLONGATA
- CEREBELLUM
- SPINAL CORD
- SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
  - Parts of Sympathetic Nervous System
  - Components of Sympathetic System
- PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
  - Parts of Parasympathetic Nervous System
  - Components of Parasympathetic System
CHAPTER 8:Cardiovascular System
- INTRODUCTION
- PERICARDIUM (Fig. 8.1)
- HEART
- BLOOD VESSELS
- ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF BODY
- VENOUS DRAINAGE OF BODY (Fig. 8.19)
CHAPTER 9:Blood and Its Components
- INTRODUCTION
- RED BLOOD CORPUSCLES OR CELLS (RBCS)/ERYTHROCYTES (Figs 9.1 AND 9.2)
  - Haemoglobin (Hb)
  - Hemopoesis
    - Erythropoesis
    - Blood Groups
- WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBCs)/LEUCOCYTES
  - Leucopoesis
- PLATELETS
  - Megakaryocytopoiesis or Thrombopoiesis
- PLASMA
  - Plasma Proteins
- CLOTTING OF BLOOD
CHAPTER 10:Lymphatic System
- INTRODUCTION
- LYMPHOID TISSUE
  - Lymph Nodes
- SPLEEN
  - Anatomical Features
- THYMUS
- MUCOSA ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE (MALT)
- LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF BODY
- IMMUNITY
CHAPTER 11:Respiratory System
- INTRODUCTION
- BRONCHIAL TREE
- LUNG
- PLEURA (Figs 11.8 and 11.10)
  - Pleural Cavity
- THORACIC CAGE (Fig. 11.11)
  - Boundaries of Thoracic Cage
    - Functions of Thoracic Cage
  - Intercostal Spaces
    - Contents of intercostal spaces
    - Intercostal Muscles
- DIAPHRAGM (Fig. 11.15)
  - Nerve Supply of Diaphragm
- ANATOMICAL BASIS OF RESPIRATION
  - Mechanism of Respiration
CHAPTER 12:Digestive System
- INTRODUCTION
  - Parts of Digestive System
- STOMACH
  - Anatomical Features
- SMALL INTESTINE
  - Duodenum (Fig. 12.5)
    - Nerve supply of duodenum:
  - Jejunum and Ileum
- LARGE INTESTINE
- LIVER
  - Anatomical Features
    - Borders of Liver
  - Lobes of Liver
- EXTRA HEPATIC BILIARY SYSTEM
  - Gall Bladder (Fig 12.14)
    - Functions of Liver and Gall Bladder
- PANCREAS
  - Anatomical Features
    - Lymphatic Drainage of Pancreas
    - Nerve Supply of Pancreas
CHAPTER 13:Urinary System
- INTRODUCTION
- KIDNEYS
  - Presenting Parts (Fig. 13.3)
    - Functions of Kidneys
- URETERS
  - Parts of Ureter
- URINARY BLADDER
  - Presenting Parts (Fig. 13.5)
  - Inner Aspect of Bladder
- URETHRA
  - Male Urethra
    - Parts of Male Urethra
  - Female Urethra
CHAPTER 14:Endocrine System
- INTRODUCTION
  - Endocrine Glands
  - Hormones
    - The various endocrine glands are (Fig. 14.1)
- PINEAL BODY
- HYPOTHALAMUS
  - Nuclei of Hypothalamus
  - Connections of Hypothalamus
    - Functions of Hypothalamus
- PITUITARY GLAND
- THYROID GLAND
- PARATHYROID GLAND
- PANCREAS
- SUPRARENAL GLANDS (ADRENAL GLANDS)
  - Right Suprarenal Gland
  - Left Suprarenal Gland
    - Nerve Supply of Adrenal Gland
    - Endocrine Function of Adrenal Gland
CHAPTER 15:Reproductive System
- INTRODUCTION
- EXTERNAL FEMALE GENITALIA
- INTERNAL FEMALE GENITALIA
- MALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA
- MALE INTERNAL GENITALIA
CHAPTER 16:Skin and Its Appendages
- INTRODUCTION
- STRUCTURE OF SKIN (Fig. 16.1)
  - Epidermis
  - Dermis
- APPENDAGES OF SKIN
CHAPTER 17:Review of General and Systemic Anatomy
SECTION-2: HEAD AND NECK
CHAPTER 18:Osteology of Head and Neck
- SKULL
  - Parts of the Skull
  - Anatomical Position of Skull
  - External Features of the Skull
- NORMA VERTICALIS: SUPERIOR ASPECT OF SKULL (Fig. 18.1)
  - Anatomical Features
- NORMA OCCIPITALIS:POSTERIOR ASPECT OF THE SKULL (Fig. 18.2)
  - Anatomical Features
- NORMA FRONTALIS: ANTERIOR ASPECT OF THE SKULL (Fig. 18.3)
  - Anatomical Features
  - Muscle Attachment on the Bones of Norma Frontalis are shown in Fig. 18.4
- NORMA LATERALIS: LATERAL ASPECT OF THE SKULL (Figs 18.5 to 18.7)
  - Anatomical Features
- NORMA BASALIS: INFERIOR ASPECT OF SKULL (Figs 18.8 to 18.10)
  - Anatomical Features in the Anterior Part of Norma Basalist
  - Anatomical Features in the Middle Part of Norma Basalis
  - Anatomical Features in the Posterior Part of Norma Basalis
  - Muscle Attachments on Norma Basalis are shown in Fig. 18.10
- INTERNAL SURFACE OF VAULT OF SKULL (Fig. 18.11A)
  - Anatomical Features of Vault of Skull
- INTERNAL SURFACE OF THE BASE OF SKULL
  - Anterior Cranial Fossa (Figs 18.11B, 18.11C and 18.12)
    - Anatomical Features
  - Middle Cranial Fossa (Figs 18.11B, 18.11C and 18.12)
    - Anatomical Features
  - Posterior Cranial Fossa (Figs 18.11B and 18.13)
    - Anatomical Features
- NEWBORN SKULL (Figs 18.14 TO 18.18)
  - Fontanelles
- MANDIBLE (Figs 18.19 TO 18.23)
  - Anatomical Features
  - Nerves Related to the Mandible
  - Changes in Mandible with Age
  - Anatomical Position of Mandible
- MAXILLA (Figs 18.24 TO 18.26)
  - Anatomical Features
    - Body
    - Four Processes
  - Maxillary Sinus Antrum of Highmore)
    - Parts of Maxillary Sinus
  - Attachments on Maxilla (Fig. 18.26)
  - Anatomical Position of Maxilla
- TEMPORAL BONES (Figs 18.27 AND 18.28)
  - Anatomical Features
  - Attachments on Temporal Bone (Figs 18.10 and 23.5 to 23.8)
- PARIETAL BONES (Figs 18.29 AND 18.30)
  - Anatomical Features
  - Attachments of Parietal Bone (Figs 18.10, 19.6 and 23.5)
- ZYGOMATIC BONES (Fig. 18.31)
  - Anatomical Features
    - Body
    - Two Processes
- FRONTAL BONE (Figs 18.32 AND 18.33)
  - Anatomical Features
- OCCIPITAL BONE (Figs 18.34 AND 18.35)
  - Anatomical Features
  - Attachment on Occipital Bone (Fig. 18.10)
- SPHENOID BONE (Figs 18.36, 18.37 AND 18.11B AND C)
  - Anatomical Features
  - Attachments of Sphenoid Bone (Fig. 18.10)
- ETHMOID BONE (Figs 18.38 AND 18.39)
  - Anatomical Features
- PALATINE BONES
  - Anatomical Features
    - Perpendicular Plate
    - Horizontal Plate
- VOMER (Figs 18.8 AND 18.9)
- NASAL BONES (Fig. 18.3)
- LACRIMAL BONES (Figs 18.3, 20.5 and 20.6)
- INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE (Fig. 28.5)
- HYOID BONE (Figs 18.40 AND 18.41)
  - Anatomical Features
  - Attachments on Hyoid Bone (Fig. 18.42)
- CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
  - General Features of Cervical Vertebrae (Fig. 18.43)
  - Classification
- FIRST CERVICAL VERTEBRA (Figs 18.45 TO 18.47)
- SECOND CERVICAL VERTEBRA (Figs 18.48 AND 18.49)
- SEVENTH CERVICAL VERTEBRA (Figs 18.50 AND 18.51)
- OSSIFICATION OF SKULL BONES AND MANDIBLE
  - Occipital Bone
  - Sphenoid Bone
  - Temporal Bone
  - Parietal Bone
  - Frontal Bone
  - Ethmoid Bone
  - Inferior Nasal Concha
  - Nasal Bone
  - Vomer
  - Lacrimal Bone
  - Zygomatic Bone
  - Palatine Bone
  - Maxilla
  - Mandible
CHAPTER 19:Scalp and Face
- SCALP
- FACE
- FACIAL NERVE (Fig. 19.13)
CHAPTER 20:Eye and Orbit
- EYELIDS
  - Structure of the Eyelid (Fig. 20.1)
    - Each eyelid made up of five layers. From without inwards these are:
  - Blood Supply of Eyelids
  - Lymphatic Drainage of Eyelids
  - Nerve Supply of Eyelids
- CONJUNCTIVA (Fig. 20.1)
- LACRIMAL APPARATUS
  - Lacrimal Gland
  - Conjunctival Sac (Fig 20.2)
  - Lacrimal Puncta and Canaliculi (Fig 20.2)
  - Lacrimal Sac (Fig 20.2)
  - Nasolacrimal Duct (Fig 20.2)
  - Tears or Tear Film
- BONY ORBIT (Fig 20.4)
  - Boundaries of the Orbit (Fig 20.5 and 20.6)
  - Contents of the Orbit (Fig 20.7)
    - Major Openings in Relation to Orbit
  - Superior Orbital Fissure (Fig 20.5, 20.6 and 20.8)
  - Inferior Orbital Fissure (Fig 20.5 and 20.6)
    - Structures passing through inferior orbital fissure
  - Optic Canal
    - Structures passing through optic canal
- MUSCLES OF THE ORBIT
  - Extraocular Muscles of the Eyeball (Fig 20.8 and 20.9)
    - Nerve supply of extra-ocular muscles
  - Action of Extraocular Muscles
    - Associated s of the two eyeballs (Fig 20.27)
  - Involuntary Extra Ocular Muscles
- NERVES OF ORBIT
  - Optic Nerve (Fig 20.29)
    - Relations of Optic Nerve
    - Peculiarities of Optic Nerve
  - Oculomotor Nerve (Fig 20.30)
    - Distribution
  - Ciliary Ganglion
  - Trochlear Nerve (Fig 20.31)
    - Distribution
    - Peculiarity of Trochlear Nerve
  - Abducent Nerve (Fig 20.32)
    - Distribution
  - Ophthalmic Nerve (Fig. 23.2)
  - Infraorbital Nerve
  - Zygomatic Nerve
- OPHTHALMIC ARTERY (Fig 20.33)
  - Branches of Ophthalmic Artery
- INFRAORBITAL ARTERY (Fig. 23.3)
- OPHTHALMIC VEINS
- LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF ORBIT
- FASCIAL SHEATH OF EYEBALL OR FASCIA BULBI (Fig 20.7)
- EYE BALL (BULBUS OCULI) (Fig 20.34)
  - Sclera
  - Cornea
  - Middle Coat of Eyeball (Fig 20.34)
    - Features of Ciliary Body
  - Retina—The Inner Nervous Coat of Eyeball (Fig 20.34 and Fig 20.37)
- COMPARTMENTS OF EYE BALL
- LENS (Fig 20.39)
- FUNCTIONS OF THE EYE
  - Refractive Media of the Eye
- OPTICS OF EYE
- VISUAL PATHWAY (Fig 20.41)
- PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX PATHWAY (Fig 20.43)
- NEAR VISION REFLEX PATHWAy (Fig 20.44)
- CORNEAL AND CONJUNCTIVAL REFLEX PATHWAY
- VISUAL FIELDS
- BINOCULAR VISION
- COLOUR VISION
CHAPTER 21:Dura Mater, Intra Cranial Venous Sinuses
- MENINGES
- DURAMATER (Fig. 21.1)
- INTR ACRANIAL DURAL VENOUS SINUSES (Fig. 21.1)
- CAVERNOUS SINUS (Fig. 21.3)
  - Relations of Cavernous Sinus
    - Structures passing through the sinus
    - Communications of the Cavernous Sinus (Fig. 21.4)
  - Emissary Veins (Fig. 21.5)
CHAPTER 22:Pituitary Gland
CHAPTER 23:Temporal and Infratemporal Regions
- TEMPORAL FOSSA (Figs 23.1, 18.6)
  - Contents of Temporal Fossa
    - Temporal Fascia
- INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA (Fig. 23.1)
  - Contents of Infratemporal Fossa
- PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA (Fig. 23.1)
  - Contents of Pterygopalatine Fossa
- TRIGEMINAL NERVE (Fig. 23.2)
- OPHTHALMIC NERVE (Fig. 23.2)
- MAXILLARY NERVE (Fig. 23.2)
- PTERYGOPALATINE GANGLION (SPHENOPALATINE GANGLION) (Fig. 23.2)
  - Roots or Connections
- MANDIBULAR NERVE (Fig. 23.2)
- OTIC GANGLION Fig. 23.2)
  - Roots or Connections
- MAXILLARY ARTERY (INTERNAL MAXILLARY ARTERY) (Fig. 23.3)
  - Parts of Maxillary Artery
  - Branches of Maxillary Artery
    - Characteristics of Branches of Maxillary Artery
- MAXILLARY VEIN
- PTERYGOID PLEXUS OF VEINS (Fig. 23.4)
- MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
- TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT (Fig. 23.7 AND 23.8)
CHAPTER 24:Parotid and Submandibular Regions
- SALIVARY GLANDS
- PAROTID GLAND (G:PARA = NEAR, OTIS = EAR) (Figs 24.1 to 24.6)
- SUBMANDIBULAR SALIVARY GLAND (Figs 24.7 to 24.11)
- SUBLINGUAL SALIVARY GLAND (Fig. 24.8 and 24.10)
  - Vascular and Nerve Supply (Fig. 24.11)
  - Comparison Between the Large Salivary Glands
- SUBMANDIBULAR GANGLION (Figs 24.11 and 24.12)
  - Roots or Communications
CHAPTER 25:Neck and its Triangles
- INTRODUCTION
- SKIN AND SUPERFICIAL FASCIA OF NECK
  - Platysma (Fig. 19.6)
  - Vascular and Lymphatic Supply of Skin and Fascia of Neck
  - Cutaneous Nerve Supply of Neck (Fig. 25.17)
- ANTERIOR JUGULAR VEIN
- EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN (Fig. 25.2)
- DEEP FASCIA OF NECK (DEEP CERVICAL FASCIA)
  - Investing Layer of Deep Cervical Fascia (Figs 25.3 and 25.4)
    - Attachments
  - Pretracheal Fascia (Figs 25.3 and 25.4)
    - Extent
  - Prevertebral Fascia (Figs 25.3 and 25.4)
    - Extent
  - Carotid Sheath (Fig. 25.3)
    - Extent
    - Contents of Carotid Sheath
  - Buccopharyngeal Fascia
  - Retropharyngeal Space
    - Contents of Retropharyngeal Space
  - Lateral Pharyngeal Space
    - Contents of Lateral Pharyngeal Space
- ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF NECK
- ANTERIOR TRIANGLE OF NECK (Figs 25.5 AND 25.6)
  - Submental Triangle (Figs 25.5 and 25.6)
    - Contents of Submental Triangle
  - Digastric Triangle (Figs 25.5 to 25.7)
    - Contents of Digastric Triangle
  - Carotid Triangle (Fig. 25.5, 25.6 and 25.8)
    - Contents of Carotid Triangle
  - Muscular Triangle (Figs 25.5 to 25.7)
- STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID MUSCLE (Fig. 25.5 AND 25.9)
  - Important Relations of the Muscle
- SUPRAHYOID MUSCLES OF ANTERIOR TRIANGLE OF NECK (Fig. 25.6)
- INFRAHYOID MUSCLES OF ANTERIOR TRIANGLE OF NECK (Fig. 25.6)
- COMMON CAROTID ARTERY (Fig. 25.10)
  - Course
  - Relations
  - Branches of Common Carotid Artery
  - Carotid Sinus (Fig. 25.11)
  - Carotid Body (Fig. 25.11)
- EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY (Fig. 25.10)
  - Course
  - Relations
    - Anterior (From above downwards)
    - Posterior (From below upwards)
  - Branches
- ASCENDING PHARYNGEAL ARTERY
- SUPERIOR THYROID ARTERY
  - Branches
- LINGUAL ARTERY (Figs 25.10 AND 27.9)
  - Branches
- FACIAL ARTERY (Figs 25.10 AND 19.8)
  - Course
  - Important Relations of Facial Artery
  - Branches
    - From cervical part (in the neck)
    - From the facial part (in the face)
- OCCIPITAL ARTERY
  - Branches
- POSTERIOR AURICULAR ARTERY
- SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL ARTERY
  - Branches
- MAXILLARY ARTERY (Fig. 23.3)
- INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY (Figs 25.10 AND 25.12)
  - Course and Branches
    - The internal carotid is divided into four parts
- OPHTHALMIC ARTERY (Fig. 20.3)
- INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN (Fig. 25.13)
  - Extent
  - Course
  - Tributaries of Internal Jugular Vein
- ANSA CERVICALIS (Figs 25.8 AND 25.19)
  - Distribution
- POSTERIOR TRIANGLE OF NECK (Figs 25.14 TO 25.17)
  - Occipital Triangle
    - Contents (From above downwards)
  - Supraclavicular Triangle
    - Contents
- ACCESSORY NERVE (Fig. 25.18)
  - Functional Components
  - Nuclear Origin
  - Intracranial Course
  - Extracranial Course
  - Branches
- CERVICAL PLEXUS (Fig. 25.19)
  - Branches of Cervical Plexus
- PHRENIC NERVE
  - Origin
  - Course
  - Accessory Phrenic Nerve
- SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY (Fig. 25.20)
  - Course
  - Parts and Relations of Subclavian Artery
  - Branches
- VERTEBRAL ARTERY (Fig. 25.20)
  - Origin
  - Course
  - Parts
  - Branches
- INTERNAL THORACIC ARTERY (INTERNAL MAMMARY ARTERY)
- THYROCERVICAL TRUNK
  - Branches of Thyrocervical Trunk
- COSTOCERVICAL TRUNK
- DORSAL SCAPULAR ARTERY
- SUBCLAVIAN VEIN
  - Extent
  - Course
  - Relations
  - Tributaries
CHAPTER 26:Back of Neck and The Back
- SKIN AND FASCIA OF BACK
- SKELETAL FRAMEWORK OF BACK
- MUSCULATURE OF BACK (Fig. 26.1)
- BACK OF NECK (Figs 26.1 and 26.2)
  - Suboccipital Triangles (Fig. 26.3)
    - Contents of Suboccipital Triangle
  - Suboccipital Muscles
    - Actions
    - Suboccipital Muscles
CHAPTER 27:Oral Cavity
- INTRODUCTION
- ORAL CAVITY PROPER (Figs 27.1 AND 27.2)
  - Boundaries
  - Communication
    - Oropharyngeal Isthmus
- VESTIBULE (Fig. 27.2)
  - Openings in the Vestibule of the Mouth
- LIPS AND CHEEKS
- TEETH (Fig. 27.3)
- TYPE OF TEETH
- ERUPTION OF TEETH
- TONGUE (Figs27.4 AND 27.6)
- HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (Fig. 27.12)
- FLOOR OF ORAL CAVITY
  - Mylohyoid (Figs 27.13 and 27.14)
    - Relations
  - Geniohyoid (Fig. 27.2)
- PALATE (Figs 27.2 AND 27.15)
CHAPTER 28:Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
- INTRODUCTION
- EXTERNAL NOSE (Fig. 28.1)
  - Skeleton of External Nose
- NASAL CAVITY
- OLFACTORY NERVE (Fig. 28.9)
- PARANASAL AIR SINUSES (Fig. 28.10)
CHAPTER 29:Pharynx
- INTRODUCTION
- NASOPHARYNX (Figs 29.1 AND 29.2)
- OROPHARYNX (Figs 29.1 AND 29.2)
  - Palatine Tonsil (Fig. 29.3)
  - Waldeyer's Lymphatic Ring (Fig. 29.5)
- LARYNGOPHARYNX (Figs. 29.1 AND 29.2)
- STRUCTURE OF PHARYNX
- GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE (Fig. 29.9)
- PHARYNGOTYMPANIC TUBE (AUDITORY TUBE) (Fig. 29.10)
CHAPTER 30:Larynx
- INTRODUCTION
- SKELETON OF THE LARYNX
- CARTILAGES OF LARYNX (Fig. 30.1)
- LIGAMENTS AND MEMBRANES OF THE LARYNX (Fig. 30.4)
  - Extrinsic Ligaments and Membranes of Larynx
  - Intrinsic Ligaments and Membranes of Larynx
- CAVITY OF THE LARYNX (Fig. 30.5)
- MUSCLES OF LARYNX
- VAGUS NERVE (Fig. 30.10)
CHAPTER 31:Ear
- INTRODUCTION
- EXTERNAL EAR (Figs 31.1 TO 31.3)
  - Pinna or Auricle (Fig. 31.1)
  - External Auditory/Acoustic Meatus (Fig. 31.3)
    - Blood Supply of External Auditory Meatus
    - Nerve Supply of External Auditory Meatus
- TYMPANIC MEMBRANE (SYN. EAR DRUM) (Figs 31.3 AND 31.4)
  - Anatomical Features
    - Blood Supply of Tympanic Membrane
    - Nerve Supply of Tympanic Membrane
- MIDDLE EAR (SYN.: TYMPANIC CAVITY) (Figs 31.3 AND 31.5)
- INTERNAL EAR
  - Bony Labyrinth (Fig 31.7)
  - Membranous Labyrinth (Fig. 31.8)
- VESTIBULO-COCHLEAR NERVE (Fig. 31.10)
CHAPTER 32:Cervical Viscera and Deep Muscles of Neck
- THYROID GLAND (Figs 32.1A, 32.1B and 32.2)
- PARATHYROID GLANDS (Fig. 32.3)
  - Superior Parathyroids
  - Inferior Parathyroids
- TRACHEA (Fig. 32.4)
  - Extent
  - Relations of Trachea in the Neck (Figs 32.1 and 32.4)
- ESOPHAGUS (Fig. 32.5)
  - Extent
  - Relations of Esophagus in the Neck
- DEEP MUSCLES OF NECK
CHAPTER 33:Lymphoid Tissue and Joints of Head and Neck
- DEEP CERVICAL LYMPH NODES (Fig. 33.1)
- SUPERFICIAL CERVICAL LYMPH NODES
- LYMPHATICS ALONG THE VISCERA
- WALDEYER'S LYMPHATIC RING
- PALATINE TONSIL
- JOINTS OF HEAD AND NECK
  - Atlanto-occipital Joints (Fig. 33.2)
  - Atlanto-axial Joints (Fig. 33.3)
CHAPTER 34:Surface Anatomy of Head and Neck
- BONYLANDMARKS OF HEAD AND NECK (Figs 34.1 to 34.5)
- SURFACE LANDMARKS OF HEAD AND NECK (Fig. 34.6)
- SOFT TISSUE LANDMARKS OF HEAD AND NECK
  - Muscles of Head and Neck
- ARTERIES OF HEAD AND NECK
- VEINS OF HEAD AND NECK
- NERVES OF HEAD AND NECK
CHAPTER 35:Review of Head and Neck
- HEAD AND NECK
SECTION-3: HISTOLOGY
CHAPTER 36:Histological Techniques
- HISTOLOGY
- HISTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
- MICROSCOPE
  - Light Microscope
- MONOCULAR COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE
  - Optical System of the Microscope
  - Illumination System of Microscope
- ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
CHAPTER 37:Epithelial Tissue and Glands
- EPITHELIAL TISSUE
- GLANDS
  - Classification of Exocrine Glands
CHAPTER 38:Connective Tissue
- INTRODUCTION
- COMPONENTS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
CHAPTER 39:Cartilage and Bone
- CARTILAGE
  - Structure of Cartilage
  - Histology of Various Types of Cartilage
- BONES
CHAPTER 40:Muscle
- INTRODUCTION
- SKELETAL MUSCLE (Figs 40.1 TO 40.7)
  - Structure of Skeletal Muscle
  - Histology of Skeletal Muscle
- SMOOTH OR NON-STRIATED MUSCLE
  - Structure of Smooth Muscle (Figs 40.8 to 40.11)
  - Histology of Smooth Muscle
- CARDIAC MUSCLE (Figs 40.12 AND 40.13)
  - Structure of Cardiac Muscle
  - Histology of Cardiac Muscle (Figs 41.12 and 40.13)
    - Differences in the microscopic structure of the three types of muscle fibers.
CHAPTER 41:Nervous System
- INTRODUCTION
- NEURON
  - Structure of Neuron
    - Cytoplasmic Organelles and Inclusions
- NEUROGLIAL CELLS
  - Structure of Neuroglial cells
- NERVE FIBER (Figs 41.1 TO 41.3)
- PERIPHERAL NERVE TRUNK
  - Structure of Peripheral Nerve Trunk (Figs 41.3 to 41.5)
  - Histology of Peripheral Nerve Trunk (Figs 41.3 to 41.5)
- GANGLION
- SPINAL CORD
  - Structure of Spinal Cord
  - Histology of Spinal Cord (Fig. 41.12)
- CEREBRUM (Fig. 41.13)
- CEREBELLUM (Fig. 41.14)
CHAPTER 42:Cardiovascular System
- INTRODUCTION
- HEART
- GENERAL HISTOLOGY OF BLOOD VESSELS
CHAPTER 43:Lymphatic system
- INTRODUCTION
- LYMPH NODES (Figs 43.1 to 43.3)
  - Structure of Lymph Nodes
  - Histology of Lymph Node (Figs 43.2 and 43.3)
- SPLEEN (Figs 43.4 and 43.5)
  - Structure of Spleen
  - Histology of Spleen (Figs 43.4 and 43.5)
- THYMUS (Figs 43.6 and 43.7)
CHAPTER 44:Respiratory System
- INTRODUCTION
- NASAL CAVITY
- NASOPHARYNX AND OROPHARYNX
  - Histology of Pharynx
- LARYNX
  - Histology of Larynx
  - Epiglottis (Fig. 44.3 and 44.4)
- TRACHEA, BRONCHI AND BRONCHIOLES (Figs 44.5 TO 44.7)
  - Histology of Trachea and Extrapulmonary Bronchi
  - Histology of Bronchi and Bronchioles (Fig. 44.8 and 44.9)
- ALVEOLI (Figs 44.8 TO 44.10)
  - Different Types of Cells Present in Respiratory Tract (Fig. 44.11)
- LUNG (Figs 44.8 TO 44.10)
  - Histology of Lung (Fig. 44.8 to 44.10)
    - Characteristic histological features of different parts of airway present in the lung (Fig. 44.9)
CHAPTER 45:Digestive System
- INTRODUCTION
  - Tongue (Figs 45.1 to 45.2)
  - Histology of Tongue
    - Functional Correlation
- SALIVARY GLANDS
  - Histology of Salivary Gland
- GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT (GIT)
- LIVER
  - Histology of Liver (Figs 45.22 to Figs 45.25)
- GALL BLADDER
  - Histology of Gall Bladder (Fig 45.26)
- PANCREAS (Fig 45.27 AND Fig 45.28)
  - Histology of Pancreas
    - Functional correlation
CHAPTER 46:Urinary System
- INTRODUCTION
- KIDNEYS
  - Structure of Kidney
  - Histology of Kidney (Fig 46.3A, Fig 46.3B and Fig 46.4)
- URETER
  - Histology of Ureter (Fig 46.5 and 46.6)
- URINARY BLADDER
  - Histology of Urinary Bladder (Fig 46.7 and 46.8)
- URETHRA
  - Histology of Male Urethra
  - Histology of Female Urethra
CHAPTER 47:Male Reproductive System
- INTRODUCTION
- TESTES
  - Histology of Testis (Figs 47.1 to 47.5)
- EPIDIDYMIS
  - Histology of Epididymis (Figs 47.6 to 47.7)
- DUCTUS DEFERENS
  - Histology of Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens) (Figs 47.8 to 47.10)
- SEMINAL VESICLES
  - Histology of Seminal Vesicles (Figs 47.11 to 47.13)
- PROSTATE
  - Histology of Prostate (Figs 47.14 to 47.16)
- PENIS
  - Histology of Penis (Figs 47.17)
CHAPTER 48:Female Reproductive System
- INTRODUCTION
- UTERUS
  - Histology of Body of Uterus (Figs 48.1 and 48.2)
  - Histology of Uterine Cervix
- UTERINE TUBES (Figs 48.3 AND 48.4)
  - Histology of Uterine Tubes
    - Functional Correlation
- OVARIES
  - Histology of Ovaries (Figs 48.5 to 48.8)
    - Functional Correlation
- VAGINA
  - Histology of Vagina (Fig. 48.9)
- MAMMARY GLANDS
  - Structure of Female Mammary Gland
  - Histology of Breast (Fig. 48.10 and 48.12)
- PLACENTA
  - Structure of Placenta
  - Histology of Placenta (Fig. 48.13)
- UMBILICAL CORD
  - Histology of Umbilical Cord (Fig. 48.14)
CHAPTER 49:Endocrine System
- INTRODUCTION
- THYROID GLAND
  - Structure of Thyroid Gland
  - Histology of Thyroid Gland (Figs 49.1 to 49.5)
- PITUITARY GLAND
  - Structure of Pituitary Gland
  - Histology of Pituitary Gland (Figs 49.6 to 49.8)
- PINEAL GLAND (EPIPHYSIS CEREBRI)
  - Histology of Pineal Gland (Figs 49.9 and 49.10)
- PARATHYROID GLANDS
  - Histology of Parathyroid Glands (Figs 49.11 and 49.12)
- ADRENAL GLANDS
  - Histology of Suprarenal (Adrenal) Gland (Figs 49.13 to 49.16)
CHAPTER 50:Review of Histology
SECTION-4: GENETICS
CHAPTER 51:Cell Division
- CELL CYCLE
  - Regulation of Cell Cycle
- MITOSIS
- MEIOSIS
CHAPTER 52:Cytogenetics, Chromosome and Chromosomal Abnormalities
- CHROMOSOME
  - Cytogenetics
  - Karyotyping
- CHROMOSOMAL ANALYSIS
- CLASSIFICATION OF CHROMOSOMES (Fig. 52.8)
  - Denner-London System Classification
    - Denner-London system classification
- CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES
  - Numerical Abnormalities
  - Clinical Conditions with Numerical Abnormalities
    - Cause and risk factors of trisomy
    - The common conditions are described below:
- STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES
  - Reciprocal Translocation
  - Robertsonian Translocation
    - Various clinical conditions and their structural defects in chromosomes
CHAPTER 53:Molecular Basis of Genetics
- STRUCTURE OF DNA (Fig. 53.1)
- MODES OF INHERITANCE
- INHERITANCE OF SINGLE GENE DISORDERS
- PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS
- PRENATAL DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
  - Non-invasive Tests
  - Invasive Tests
- METHODS OF DETECTION OF GENETIC ABNORMALITY
CHAPTER 54:Review of Genetics
SECTION-5: ESSENTIALS OF EMBRYOLOGY
CHAPTER 55:General Embryology
- INTRODUCTION
- MALE GAMETE AND SPERMATOGENESIS
  - Male Gemete
  - Spermatogenesis
- FUNCTIONS OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
- FEMALE GAMETE AND OOGENESIS
- FUNCTIONS OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
- FERTILIZATION (Figs 55.15 TO 55.21)
  - Mechanism of Fertilization
- PREIMPLANTATION DEVELOPMENT (Fig. 55.22)
- IMPLANTATION (Figs 55.23 AND 55.24)
- POST IMPLANTATION
- EXTRA EMBRYONIC TISSUE
- FORMATION OF AMNIOTIC CAVITY, CHORIONIC CAVITY, YOLK SAC AND CONNECTING STALK
- FORMATION OF PLACENTA (Fig. 55.30)
  - Formation of Villi
- FORMATION OF EMBRYONIC TISSUES
- DEVELOPMENT AND DERIVATIVES OF ECTODERM, MESODERM AND ENDODERM
- DEVELOPMENT OF BODY CAVITIES (Figs 55.44 AND 55.45)
  - Formation of Pericardial, Pleural and Peritoneal Cavities
- DEVELOPMENT OF DIAPHRAGM
  - Fetal Circulation (Fig. 55.46)
CHAPTER 56:Development of Musculoskeletal System
- INTRODUCTION
- DEVELOPMENT OF SKULL
  - Development of Neurocranium
  - Development of Viscerocranium
- DEVELOPMENT OF VERTEBRAE AND VERTEBRAL COLUMN (Figs 56.5 to 56.8)
  - Formation of Vertebrae
- DEVELOPMENT OF RIBS AND STERNUM
  - Development of Ribs
  - Development of Sternum
- DEVELOPMENT OF MUSCULAR SYSTEM
CHAPTER 57:Development of Head and Neck
- INTRODUCTION
- DEVELOPMENT OF BRANCHIAL ARCHES (PHARYNGEAL ARCHES) (Fig. 57.1)
- DEVELOPMENT OF PALATINE TONSIL
- DEVELOPMENT OF TONGUE (Fig. 57.7A and B)
- DEVELOPMENT OF THYROID GLAND (Fig. 57.8)
  - Process of Development
- DEVELOPMENT OF SALIVARY GLANDS
- DEVELOPMENT OF PITUITARY GLAND (Figs 57.9 and Figs 57.10)
- DEVELOPMENT OF FACE (Fig. 57.11)
  - Process of Development of Face
- Development of Palate (Figs 57.12 and Fig 57.13
  - Process of Deveopment of Palate
- DEVELOPMENT OF NASAL CAVITIES
- DEVELOPMENT OF SKULL
- DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH (Fig. 57.14)
CHAPTER 58:Development of Nervous System
- INTRODUCTION
- DEVELOPMENT OF BRAIN (Fig. 58.8)
- DEVELOPMENT OF SPINAL CORD (Fig. 58.10)
- DEVELOPMENT OF BRAIN MATTER, CRANIAL NERVES, DORSAL AND VENTRAL COLUMNS OF SPINAL CORD
  - Development of Autonomic Nervous System
- SUPRARENAL GLAND
  - Development of Suprarenal Gland
CHAPTER 59:Molecular Regulation of Development
CHAPTER 60:Review of Essentials of Embryology
SECTION-6: RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND ANATOMICAL BASIS OF CLINICAL EXAMINATION
CHAPTER 61:Radiological Anatomy
- RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY
  - X-ray Techniques
    - Wavelength of different rays of electromagnetic spectrum (Fig. 61.1):
- DIFFERENT METHODS OF X-RAY EXAMINATION
- THORAX
  - Radiograph of Chest
    - Chest X-Ray—PA View (Fig. 61.6)
    - X-ray Chest—Lateral View (Fig. 61.7)
- ABDOMEN AND PELVIS
  - Plain X-ray Abdomen
    - X-Ray Abdomen—AP View (Fig. 61.8)
- HEAD AND NECK
CHAPTER 62:Anatomical Basis of Clinical Examination
- PALPATION OF ARTERIES IN BODY
- SURFACE ANATOMY OF HEART (Fig. 62.7)
- SITES OF AUSCULTATION OF HEART SOUNDS (FIG. 62.8)
- SURFACE LANDMARKS OF ANTERIOR CHEST WALL AND ABDOMINAL WALL
- QUADRANTS AND PLANES OF ABDOMEN
  - Planes of Abdomen (Fig. 62.10)
- DISPOSITION OF INTRA-ABDOMINAL VISCERA (FIGs 62.11 to 62.16)
- SITES OF INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION
- SITE OF INTRA VENOUS INJECTION (Figs 62.20)
  - Median Cubital Vein

INDEX

TOC
Index

×

Chapter Notes