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Textbook of Ophthalmology
HV Nema, Nitin Nema
1:
Anatomy of the Eyeball
Anatomy
Eyeball
Tunics of Eyeball
Segments of the Eye
Blood Supply of Eyeball
Blood Supply of Retina
Blood Supply of Uvea
Nerve Supply of Eyeball
Development of Eye
Lens
Lens Plate
Lens Pit
Lens Vesicle
Primary Lens Fibers
Secondary Lens Fibers
Optic Stalk and Optic Fissure
Cornea
Sclera
Anterior Chamber
Uveal Tract
Choroid
Ciliary Body
Iris
Retina
Optic Nerve
Vitreous
Development of Ocular Adnexa
Eyelids
Lacrimal Gland
Lacrimal Passage
Extraocular Muscles
Orbit
Review Questions
2:
Physiology of the Eye
Corneal Transparency
Aqueous Humor
Formation of Aqueous Humor
Circulation of Aqueous Humor
Trabecular Outflow
Uveoscleral Outflow
Intraocular Pressure
Physiology of Vision
Initiation of Visual Sensation
Photochemical Changes
Electrical Changes
Transmission of Visual Impulse
Visual Perceptions
Light Sense
Form Sense
Contrast Sensitivity
Color Sense
Theories of Color Vision
Metabolism of Ocular Tissues
Cornea
Crystalline Lens
Glycolysis
Krebs' Citric Acid Cycle
Hexose Monophosphate (HMP) Shunt or Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Sorbitol Pathway
Review Questions
3:
Neurology of Vision
Visual Pathway
Pupil
Functions of Pupil
Pupillary Pathways and Reactions
Light Reflex
Near Reflex
Convergence Reflex
Accommodation Reflex
Psychosensory Reflex
Examination of Pupil
Review Questions
4:
Elementary Optics
Light
Reflection of Light
Plane Mirror
Curved Mirror
Concave Mirror
Convex Mirror
Refraction of Light
Laws of Refraction
Dispersion of Light
Prisms
Uses of Prism
Lenses
System of Lenses
Review Questions
5:
Physiological Optics
Reduced Eye
Causes of Ametropia
Aberration in Retinal Images
Review Questions
6:
Errors of Refraction
Ametropia
Myopia
Etiology
Types
Developmental Myopia
Simple Myopia
Pathological Myopia
Clinical Features
Treatment
Optical Lenses
Contact Lenses
General Health
Low Vision Aid
Genetic Counseling
Surgical Correction of Myopia
Hyperopia (Hypermetropia)
Etiology
Types
Clinical Features
Treatment
Optical Lenses
Contact Lenses
Surgical Correction of Hyperopia
Astigmatism
Etiology
Types
Regular Astigmatism
Clinical Features
Irregular Astigmatism
Treatment
Optical Lenses
Contact Lenses
Surgical Correction of Astigmatism
Anisometropia
Treatment
Asthenopia
Treatment
Review Questions
7:
Determination of the Refraction
Autorefractometer
Retinoscopy
Procedure
Keratometry (Ophthalmometry
Subjective Verification of Refraction
Correction of Near Vision
Prescription of Spectacles
Material of Lenses
Type of Lenses
Fitting of Lenses
Contact Lenses
Types
Hard Contact Lenses
Gas Permeable Contact Lenses
Soft Lenses
Complications of Soft Contact Lenses
Extended Wear Soft Contact
Disposable Contact Lenses
Disinfection
Special Types
Optics
Indications
Advantages
Disadvantages
Review Questions
8:
Accommodation and its Anomalies
Accommodation
Anomalies of Accommodation
Presbyopia
Clinical Features
Treatment
Optical Correction
Bifocal or Trifocal Contact Lenses
Surgical Correction
Insufficiency of Accommodation
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Paralysis of Accommodation
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Spasm of Accommodation
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Review Questions
9:
Examination of the Eye and Diagnostic Procedures
History Taking
Chief Complaints
Past History
Family History
Examination of the Eye
Examination of the Conjunctiva
Examination of the Lacrimal Apparatus
Syringing
Examination of the Cornea
Corneal Topography
Wavefront Analysis or Aberrometry
Scheimpflug Camera
Staining of Cornea with Vital Dyes
Corneal Opacities
Vascularization of Cornea
Corneal Sensitivity (Esthesiometry)
Slit-lamp Examination of Cornea
Specular Microscopy
Corneal Pachymetry
Confocal Microscopy
Examination of the Sclera
Examination of the Anterior Chamber
Angle of the Anterior Chamber
van Herick's Slit-lamp Grading
Grading
Examination of the Iris
Examination of the Pupil
Pupillary Light Reactions
Examination of the Lens
Subluxated Lens
Purkinje's Images
Ocular Tension
Technique of Recording Ocular Tension
Transillumination
Ophthalmoscopic Examination or Ophthalmoscopy
Distant Direct Ophthalmoscopy
Indirect Ophthalmoscopy
Direct Ophthalmoscopy
Slit-lamp Biomicroscopic Ophthalmoscopy
Fundus Oculi
Optic Disk
Macula
Retinal Vessels
General Fundus
Hemorrhages
Exudates
Drusen
Myelinated Nerve Fibers
Abnormal Pigmentation
Chorioretinal Lesions
Microaneurysms
Neovascularization
Tumors
Retinal Detachment
Examination of Retinal Functions
Distant Visual Acuity
Near Visual Acuity
Malingering
Color Vision
Field of Vision
Macular Function Tests
Photostress Recovery Test
Ancillary Diagnostic Procedures
Fluorescein Angiography
Indocyanine Green Angiography
Electrophysiological Tests
Electroretinogram
Electrooculogram
Visual Evoked Potential
Examination of the Orbit
Exophthalmometry
Ultrasonography (Echography)
Ultrasound Biomicroscopy
Optical Coherence Tomography
Stratus OCT
Visante OCT
Radiography
Tomography
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Review Questions
10:
Ocular Therapeutics
Choice of Antimicrobial Agent
Drug Delivery System
Topical Therapy
Subconjunctival Therapy
Sub-Tenon Therapy
Retrobulbar Therapy
Peribulbar Therapy
Intracameral and Intravitreal Therapy
Iontophoresis
Transscleral Delivery
Systemic Route
Nanocell Drug Delivery
Chemotherapy
Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Cotrimoxazole)
Antibiotics
Mechanisms of Action and Classification
Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Macrolides
Lincosamide
Aminoglycoside
Polypeptides
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol
Fluoroquinolones
Antifungal Agents
Antiviral Agents
Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Corticosteroids
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
Systemic NSAIDs
Topical NSAIDs
Antiallergic Agents
Mast Cell Stabilizers
Antihistamines
Multiple Action Agents
Immunosuppressive Agents
Drugs Acting upon Intraocular Muscles
Mydriatic and Cycloplegic Drugs
Parasympatholytic Drugs
Sympathomimetic Drugs
Miotic Drugs
Parasympathomimetic Miotics
Antiglaucoma Drugs
Cholinergic Drugs
Adrenergic Agonist
Nonselective Adrenergic Agonist
Selective Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonist
Beta-blockers
Prostaglandins (Hypotensive Lipids)
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Systemic Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Topical Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Hyperosmotic Agents
Glycerol
Mannitol
Urea
Isosorbide
Antimetabolites
Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Agents
Viscoelastic Substances
Ocular Side Effects of Systemic Drugs
Review Questions
11:
Diseases of the Conjunctiva
Anatomy
Palpebral Conjunctiva
Bulbar Conjunctiva
Conjunctiva of the Fornix
Histology of the Conjunctiva
Glands of the Conjunctiva
Plica Semilunaris
Caruncle
Blood Supply of the Conjunctiva
Lymphatic Drainage of the Conjunctiva
Nerve Supply of the Conjunctiva
Bacterial Flora of the Conjunctiva
Symptomatic Conditions of the Conjunctiva
Hyperemia of the Conjunctiva
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Chemosis of the Conjunctiva
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Ecchymosis of the Conjunctiva
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Xerosis
Parenchymatous Xerosis
Epithelial Xerosis (Xerophthalmia)
Conjunctival Pigmentation
Inflammation of the Conjunctiva (Conjunctivitis)
Infectious Conjunctivitis
Acute Catarrhal or Mucopurulent Conjunctivitis
Acute Purulent Conjunctivitis
Acute Membranous Conjunctivitis
Herpes Simplex Virus Conjunctivitis
Acute Adenovirus Conjunctivitis
Newcastle Conjunctivitis
Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis
Chronic Conjunctivitis
Angular Conjunctivitis
Follicular Conjunctivitis
Trachoma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Follicle
Papillary Hypertrophy
Trachomatous Cicatrization
Classification
Complications and Sequelae
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment of Trachoma
Trachoma Control
Inclusion Conjunctivitis
Molluscum Contagiosum Conjunctivitis
Granulomatous Conjunctivitis
Tuberculosis of the Conjunctiva
Syphilitic Conjunctivitis
Leprotic Conjunctivitis
Parinaud Oculoglandular Syndrome
Fungal Conjunctivitis
Noninfectious Conjunctivitis
Ophthalmia Nodosa
Oculocutaneous Syndromes
Allergic Conjunctivitis
Acute or Subacute Allergic Conjunctivitis
Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis
Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis
Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis
Phlyctenular Conjunctivitis
Toxic Conjunctivitis
Degenerative Changes in the Conjunctiva
Concretions
Pinguecula
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Pterygium
Etiology
Clinical Features
Surgery of Pterygium
Pseudopterygium
Cysts and Tumors of the Conjunctiva
Cysts of the Conjunctiva
Congenital Epibulbar Dermoid
Dermolipoma
Tumors of the Conjunctiva
Benign Tumors
Malignant Tumors
Review Questions
12:
Diseases of the Cornea
Anatomy
Blood Supply of the Cornea
Nerve Supply of the Cornea
Diseases of the Cornea
Inflammation of the Cornea
Classification
Ulcerative Keratitis
Bacterial Corneal Ulcer
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Complications
Specific Types of Bacterial Corneal Ulcers
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Irrigation
Antibiotics
Cycloplegics
Protection to Eye
General Measures
Surgical Measures
Prevention of Corneal Perforation
Management of Perforated Corneal Ulcer
Viral Corneal Ulcers
Fungal Corneal Ulcer
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Marginal Corneal Ulcer (Catarrhal Ulcer)
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Idiopathic Corneal Ulcer or Mooren's Ulcer (Chronic Serpiginous Ulcer)
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Atheromatous Corneal Ulcer
Corneal Ulcer Associated with Malnutrition
1. Central Marasmic Corneal Ulcer
2. Keratomalacia
Nonulcerative Keratitis
Superficial Keratitis
Superficial Punctate Keratitis
Thygeson's Superficial Punctate Keratitis
Superior Limbic Keratitis
Filamentary Keratitis
Recurrent Corneal Erosions
Photophthalmia
Viral Keratitis
Herpes Simplex Keratitis
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
Vaccinia Keratitis
Protozoal Keratitis
Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Traumatic Keratitis
Keratitis Secondary to Diseases of Conjunctiva
Phlyctenular Keratitis
Vernal Keratitis
Neurotrophic Keratopathy (Neurotrophic Corneal Ulcer)
Keratitis Lagophthalmos (Exposure Keratitis)
Rosacea Keratitis
Deep Keratitis
Interstitial Keratitis
Keratitis Profunda
Disciform Keratitis
Sclerosing Keratitis
Degenerative Conditions of the Cornea
Arcus Senilis (Anterior Embryotoxon)
Arcus Juvenilis
Hassall-Henle Bodies
Spheroidal Degeneration or Climatic Droplet Keratopathy
Salzmann's Nodular Degeneration
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Band-Shaped Keratopathy
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Hereditary Corneal Dystrophies
Classification
Anterior Corneal Dystrophies
Epithelial Corneal Dystrophies
Stromal Corneal Dystrophies
Endothelial Corneal Dystrophies
Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy
Posterior Polymorphous Dystrophy
Ectatic Corneal Dystrophies
Keratoconus
Posterior Keratoconus
Keratoglobus
Pellucid Marginal Degeneration
Congenital Anomalies of the Cornea
Microcornea
Cornea Plana
Megalocornea
Peter's Anomaly
Corneal Dermoid
Symptomatic Conditions of the Cornea
Corneal Edema
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Corneal Opacities
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Vascularization of the Cornea
Treatment
Pigmentation of the Cornea
Operations Upon the Cornea
Keratectomy
Keratoplasty
Indications
Procedure
Prognosis
Complications
Refractive Surgery
Review Questions
13:
Diseases of the Sclera
Anatomy
Blood Supply
Nerve Supply
Inflammation of the Sclera
Episcleritis
Etiology
Types
Clinical Features
Treatment
Scleritis
Etiology
Classification
Clinical Features
Complications
Treatment
Microbial Scleritis
Surgically Induced Necrotizing Scleritis
Staphylomas
Classification
Anterior Staphyloma
Intercalary Staphyloma
Ciliary Staphyloma
Equatorial Staphyloma
Posterior Staphyloma
Treatment
Pigmentation of Sclera
Diffuse Pigmentation of Sclera
Blue Sclera
Yellow Pigmentation of Sclera
Focal Pigmentation of Sclera
Dark-Gray Discoloration
Brown-Black Discoloration of Sclera
Rusty-Brown Discoloration of Sclera
Review Questions
14:
Diseases of the Uveal Tract
Anatomy
Iris
Ciliary Body
Choroid
Blood Supply of the Uveal Tract
Nerve Supply of the Uveal Tract
Diseases of the Uveal Tract
Inflammation of the Uveal Tract (Uveitis)
Sources of Uveal Inflammation
Exogenous Sources
Secondary Sources
Endogenous Sources
Allergic Sources
Autoimmune Disorders
Human Leukocyte Antigens and Uveitis
Pathology
Nongranulomatous Uveitis
Granulomatous Uveitis
Anterior Uveitis (Iridocyclitis)
Acute Anterior Uveitis
Chronic Anterior Uveitis
Treatment of Anterior Uveitis
Posterior Uveitis (Choroiditis)
Nonsuppurative Posterior Uveitis
Suppurative or Purulent Uveitis (Panophthalmitis)
Evisceration of the Eyeball
Endophthalmitis
Bacterial Endophthalmitis
Fungal Endophthalmitis
Noninfectious Endophthalmitis
Infectious Uveitis
Bacterial Uveitis
Tubercular Uveitis
Leprotic Uveitis
Gonorrheal Uveitis
Spirochetal Uveitis
Syphilitic Uveitis
Lyme Disease
Leptospirosis
Viral Uveitis
Herpetic Uveitis
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
Fungal Uveitis
Histoplasmosis
Candidiasis
Parasitic Uveitis
Toxoplasmic Uveitis
Toxocariasis
Onchocerciasis
Cysticercosis
Lens-induced Uveitis
Phacoanaphylactic Uveitis
Phacotoxic Uveitis
Uveitis of Unknown Etiology
Pars Planitis
Fuchs Heterochromic Iridocyclitis
Glaucomatocyclitic Crisis
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome
Sympathetic Ophthalmitis
Retinochoroidopathies
Uveitis Associated with Joint Disorders
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (Still's Disease)
Reiter's Syndrome
Uveitis Associated with Skin Disorder
Behçet's Syndrome
Uveitis Associated with Respiratory Disorder
Sarcoidosis
Uveitis Associated with Gastrointestinal Disorders
Uveitis Associated with Malignancy
Uveitis Associated with Ocular Ischemia
Idiopathic Uveitis
Degenerative Changes in the Uveal Tract
Iris
Choroid
Detachment of the Choroid
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Congenital Anomalies of the Uveal Tract
Heterochromia
Anomalies of Pupil
Aniridia
Persistent Pupillary Membrane
Coloboma of the Uveal Tract
Cysts of the Iris
Neoplastic Disorders
Operations upon the Iris
Iridectomy
Iridectomy for Occlusio Pupillae and Updrawn Pupil
Iridotomy
Review Questions
15:
Glaucoma
Anatomy of the Angle
Trabecular Outflow
Schlemm's Canal
Uveoscleral Outflow
Visualization of the Angle of the Anterior Chamber
Classification of Glaucomas
Terminology
Developmental Glaucoma (Primary Congenital Glaucomas)
Congenital Glaucoma (Buphthalmos)
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Prognosis
Juvenile or Childhood Glaucoma (Late Onset Primary Congenital Glaucoma)
Developmental Glaucoma Associated with Congenital Anomalies
Surgery for Developmental Glaucoma
Goniotomy
Trabeculotomy
Primary Open-angle Glaucoma
Etiology
Risk Factors of POAG
Intraocular Pressure
Central Corneal Thickness
Age and Race
Heredity and Family History
Myopia
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
Clinical Features
Intraocular Pressure
Optic Nerve Head and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer
Causes of Optic Nerve Damage in Glaucoma
Visual Field Defects
Normal Tension Glaucoma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Ocular Hypertension
Diagnosis of POAG
1. Intraocular Pressure
2. Diurnal Variation in IOP
3. Central Corneal Thickness
4. Slit-lamp Examination
5. Gonioscopic Examination
6. Evaluation of Optic Disk
7. Quantitative Measurement of the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer
8. Visual Fields
9. Provocative Test
Treatment of POAG
Surgery for POAG
Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty
Filtration Operations
Trabeculectomy
Indications
Procedure
Antifibrotic Agents
Complications
Nonpenetrating Glaucoma Surgery
Primary Angle-closure Glaucoma
Risk Factors for Developing PACG
Race
Age
Gender
Family History
Personality
Ocular Biometrics
Mechanism of Closure of the Angle of the Anterior Chamber
Clinical Course
Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma Suspect
Subacute or Intermittent Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma
Acute Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma
Chronic Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma
*Absolute Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma
PACG with Plateau Iris
Secondary Glaucomas
Classification
Glaucoma due to Uveitis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Phacogenic Glaucoma
Phacolytic Glaucoma
Lens Particle Glaucoma
Phacoanaphylactic Uveitis and Glaucoma
Phacomorphic Glaucoma
Glaucoma Associated with Dislocated Lens
Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Traumatic Angle-Recession Glaucoma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Glaucoma due to Penetrating Injuries
Etiology
Treatment
Glaucoma Associated with Intraocular Hemorrhage
Hyphema
Hemolytic and Ghost Cell Glaucoma
Postoperative Glaucoma
Aphakic and Pseudophakic Glaucomas
Flat Anterior Chamber Glaucoma
Epithelial and Fibrous Down Growth
Glaucoma Associated with Retinal Surgery
Malignant or Ciliary Block Glaucoma
Glaucoma Associated with Non-rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
Etiology
Glaucoma Associated with Elevated Episcleral Venous Pressure
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Neovascular Glaucoma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Glaucoma Associated with Intraocular Tumors
Pigmentary Glaucoma
Etiology
Treatment
Steroid-Induced Glaucoma
Etiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Features
Treatment
Epidemic Dropsy Glaucoma or Toxic Glaucoma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Other Causes of Secondary Glaucomas
Surgery for Secondary Glaucomas
Setons
Cycloablative Procedures
Review Questions
16:
Diseases of the Lens
Anatomy
Lens Capsule
Lens Epithelium
Lens Fibers
Zonules (Suspensory Ligament)
Diseases of the Lens
Cataract
Morphological Classification
Etiological Classification
Congenital or Developmental Cataract
Punctate Cataract
Anterior Polar Cataract
Posterior Polar Cataract
Central Nuclear Cataract
Sutural Cataract (Stellate Cataract)
Coralliform Cataract
Zonular Cataract (Lamellar or Perinuclear Cataract)
Coronary Cataract
Complete or Total Cataract
Membranous Cataract
Treatment of Developmental Cataract
Basic Considerations
Surgery for Congenital or Developmental Cataract
Complications
Prognosis
Acquired Cataract
Etiology
Aging Changes in the Lens
Senile Cataract
Types
Senile Cortical Cataract
Posterior Subcapsular Cataract
Senile Nuclear Cataract
Clinical Features
Complicated Cataract
Etiology
Clinical Features
Metabolic Cataract
Diabetic Cataract
Tetanic Cataract
Galactosemic Cataract
Lowe's Syndrome
Wilson's Disease
Traumatic Cataract
Contusion or Blunt Injury
Penetrating Injury
Radiation-Induced Cataract
Electric Shock-Induced Cataract
Dermatogenic Cataract
Atopic Dermatitis
Rothmund's Syndrome
Werner's Syndrome
Cataract Associated with Maternal Infections
Rubella
Drug-Induced Cataract (Toxic Cataract)
Corticosteroid Cataract
Phenothiazine Cataract
Miotic Cataract
Cataract Associated with Systemic Diseases
Dystrophia Myotonica
Down's Syndrome
Evaluation and Treatment of Cataract
Management
Prophylaxis
Medical Management
Surgery for Senile Cataract
Preoperative Evaluation
General Health
Ocular History
Visual Functions
Visual Acuity
Visual Field and Projection of Rays
Macular Function Tests
Slit-lamp Examination
Ultrasonography
Measurements
Informed Consent
Preoperative Preparation
Types of Cataract Extraction
Intracapsular Cataract Extraction
Indications for ICCE
Contraindications for ICCE
Advantages of ICCE
Disadvantages of ICCE
Extracapsular Cataract Extraction
Indications for ECCE
Contraindications for ECCE
Advantages of ECCE
Disadvantages of ECCE
Postoperative Care
Small Incision Cataract Surgery
Phacoemulsification
Advantages of Phacoemulsification
Limitations of Phacoemulsification
Complications of Cataract Surgery
Intraoperative Complications
Postoperative Complications
Early Postoperative Complications
Late Postoperative Complications
Intraocular Lens Implantation
Indications
Contraindications of IOL Implantation
Types of IOL Implantation
Dislocation and Subluxation of Lens
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Aphakia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Correction of Pediatric Aphakia
After Cataract or Secondary Cataract
Etiology
Treatment
Congenital Anomalies of the Lens
Review Questions
17:
Diseases of the Vitreous
Anatomy
Parts of Vitreous
Vitreous Cells
Vitreous Attachments
Condensation of Vitreous
Aging Changes in Vitreous
Diseases of the Vitreous
Muscae Volitantes
Vitreous Opacities
Etiology
Treatment
Asteroid Hyalosis
Synchysis Scintillans
Amyloidosis
Degeneration and Detachment of Vitreous
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Vitreous Bands and Membranes
Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous
Hemorrhage in the Vitreous
Etiology
Clinical Features
Complications
Treatment
Parasites in the Vitreous
Prepapillary Vascular Loops
Pars Plana Surgery
Review Questions
18:
Diseases of the Retina
Anatomy
Diseases of the Retina
Congenital and Developmental Anomalies of the Retina
Coloboma of the Retina
Opaque Nerve Fibers
Congenital Pigmentation of the Retina
Vascular Disorders of the Retina
Hyperemia of the Retina
Anemia of the Retina
Edema of the Retina
Retinal Hemorrhages
Coats' Disease
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
Classification
Ischemic Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
Non-Ischemic Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (Lyle-Wybar Syndrome)
Treatment
Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion
Vascular Retinopathies
Diabetic Retinopathy
Classification
Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Treatment
Arteriosclerotic Retinopathy
Hypertensive Retinopathy
Renal Retinopathy
Retinopathy in Toxemia of Pregnancy
Lupus Erythematosus Retinopathy
Retinal Changes in Blood Dyscrasia
Retinopathy in Anemia
Sickle-Cell Retinopathy
Retinopathy in Leukemia
Inflammatory Diseases of the Retina
Retinitis
Syphilitic Retinitis
Retinal Lesions in AIDS
Eales' Disease
Central Serous Choroidopathy
Photoretinitis
Drug-Induced Maculopathy
Degenerative Diseases of the Retina
Age-related Macular Degeneration (Senile Macular Degeneration)
Classification
Non-neovascular AMD
Neovascular AMD
Angioid Streaks
Peripheral Retinal Degeneration
Lattice Degeneration
Snail-track Degeneration
Degenerative Retinoschisis
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Atypical Retinitis Pigmentosa
Secondary Pigmentary Retinopathy
Macular Dystrophies
Juvenile Retinoschisis
Cone Dystrophy
Stargardt's Macular Dystrophy
Fundus Flavimaculatus
Familial Dominant Drusen
Best's Vitelliform Dystrophy
New Formations in the Retina
Phakomatoses
Detachment of the Retina
Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Treatment
Nonrhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
Exudative Retinal Detachment
Tractional Retinal Detachment
Review Questions
19:
Diseases of the Optic Nerve
Anatomy of Optic Nerve
Parts of Optic Nerve
Sheath of Optic Nerve
Blood Supply of Optic Nerve
Lamina Cribrosa
Diseases of Optic Nerve
Congenital Anomalies of Optic Nerve
Coloboma of Optic Disk
Congenital Pit of Optic Disk
Hypoplasia of the Optic Nerve
Morning Glory Syndrome
Optic Disk Drusen
Vascular Disturbances of Optic Nerve
Papilledema or Edema of the Optic Nerve Head (Choked Disk)
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
Diabetic Papillopathy
Inflammation of Optic Nerve (Optic Neuritis)
Etiology
Papillitis
Retrobulbar Neuritis
Acute Retrobulbar Neuritis
Neuroretinitis
Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
Toxic Amblyopia (Chronic Optic Neuropathy)
Tobacco Amblyopia
Methyl Alcohol Amblyopia
Quinine Amblyopia
Ethambutol Amblyopia
Chloroquine Amblyopia
Nutritional Deficiency Amblyopia
Degeneration of Optic Nerve (Optic Atrophy)
Classification of Optic Atrophy
Pathology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Tumors of Optic Nerve
Review Questions
20:
Lesions of the Visual Pathway
Lesions of the Visual Pathway
Lesions of the Retina
Lesions of the Optic Nerve
Lesions of the Optic Chiasma
Lesions of the Optic Tract
Lesions of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
Lesions of the Optic Radiations
Lesions of the Visual Cortex
Symptomatic Visual Disturbances
Amblyopia
Amaurosis
Loss of Vision
Sudden Painless Loss of Vision
Gradual Painless Loss of Vision
Sudden Painful Loss of Vision
Migraine
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Night Blindness
Day Blindness
Colored Vision (Chromatopsia)
Color Blindness
Classification
Review Questions
21:
Intraocular Tumors
Tumors of the Iris
Nevus of the Iris
Malignant Melanoma of the Iris
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Pathology
Treatment
Tumor of the Ciliary Body
Malignant Melanoma of the Ciliary Body
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Tumors of the Choroid
Nevus of the Choroid
Melanocytoma of the Choroid
Hemangioma of the Choroid
Malignant Melanoma of the Choroid
Types
Pathology
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Retinoblastoma
Genetics
Origin
Histopathology
Differentiated Retinoblastoma
Undifferentiated Retinoblastoma
Clinical Features
1. Stage of Quiescence
2. Stage of Glaucoma
3. Stage of Extraocular Extension
4. Stage of Metastasis
Associated Conditions
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Enucleation
Orbital Debulking
Chemoreduction with Local Tumor Ablation
Photocoagulation
Cryotherapy
External Beam Radiation Therapy
Brachytherapy or Plaque Radiotherapy
Spontaneous Regression
Prognosis
Second Tumor
Enucleation of the Eyeball
Indications
Procedure
Exenteration of the Orbit
Metastatic Tumors
Treatment
Review Questions
22:
Injury to the Eye
Ocular Injuries
Classification
Ocular Trauma Terminology
Closed-Globe Injury
Open-Globe Injury
Extraocular Foreign Bodies
Etiology
Clinical Features
Complications
Diagnosis
Prophylaxis
Treatment
Blunt Trauma
Mechanism of Injury
Refraction
Cornea
Abrasions
Recurrent Erosions
Corneal Opacity
Corneal Rupture
Anterior Chamber
Paracentesis
Indications
Procedure
Sclera
Rupture of the Sclera
Pupil, Iris and Ciliary Body
Lens
Intraocular Pressure
Vitreous
Choroid
Retina
Optic Nerve
Ocular Adnexa
Lids and Conjunctiva
Lacrimal Canaliculi and Lacrimal Sac
Fracture of the Orbit
Blow-out Fracture of the Orbit
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Fracture Base of Skull involving Optic Nerve
Orbital Compartment Syndrome
Impalement Injuries
Penetrating Injuries
Mechanical Effect of Penetrating Injury
Wounds of the Lids
Wound of the Conjunctiva
Wounds of the Cornea
Wounds of the Sclera
Wounds of the Lens
Open-G lobe I njury
Blast Injuries
Penetrating Wounds with Retention of Intraocular Foreign Bodies
Entrance of Foreign Body
Mechanical Effect of Foreign Body on the Eye
Intraocular Infection
Specific Reaction to IOFB
Siderosis Bulbi
Chalcosis
Other Metals
Inert Foreign Bodies
Nonmetallic Foreign Bodies
Diagnosis and Localization of IOFB
History
Examination
Investigations
Treatment
Prognosis
Sympathetic Ophthalmitis
Risk Factors
Onset
Etiology
Pathology
Clinical Features
Prophylaxis
Treatment
Prognosis
Chemical Injuries
Alkali Burns
Mode of Action
Acid Burns
Mode of Action
Grading of Chemical Injuries to the Eye
Clinical Features
Treatment
Medical
Surgical
Prognosis
Lachrymatory Agents
Injury by Physical Agents
Thermal Burns
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Electrical Injuries
Radiation Injuries
Review Questions
23:
Disorders of Ocular Motility: Strabismus
Anatomy of Extraocular Muscles
Rectus Muscles
Oblique Muscles
Nerve Supply
Blood Supply
Ocular Movements
Terminology of Ocular Movements
Ductions
Versions
Disjugate Movements or Vergence
Positions of Gaze
Actions of Extraocular Muscles
Agonist, Synergist and Antagonist
Yoke Muscles
Neurogenic Control of Binocular Movements
Central Control of Eye Movements
Binocular Vision
Grades of Binocular Vision
Grade I: Simultaneous Macular Perception
Grade II: Fusion
Grade III: Stereopsis
Development of Binocular Vision
Anomalies of Binocular Vision
Suppression
Amblyopia
Anomalous Retinal Correspondence
Eccentric Fixation
Strabismus (Squint)
Classification of Strabismus
Pseudostrabismus
Incomitant Strabismus
Etiology
Neurogenic Cause
Myogenic Cause
Mechanical Cause
Clinical Features
Diplopia
Vertigo
Angle of Deviation
Primary and Secondary Deviations
Limitation of Ocular Movement
Compensatory Head and Chin Position
Ocular Torticollis
False Projection or False Orientation
Ophthalmoplegia
Postparalytic Secondary Changes in Extraocular Muscles
Investigations
Diplopia Charting
Hess Screen Test
Forced Duction Test
Treatment
Conservative Measures
Chemodenervation
Surgery
Restrictive Strabismus
Etiology
Duane's Syndrome
Brown's Syndrome
Strabismus Fixus
Treatment
Comitant Strabismus
Etiology
Genetic
Uncorrected Refractive Error
Abnormal Convergence
Imbalance between Accommodation and Convergence
Anisometropia
Unilateral Visual Impairment
Congenital and Developmental Defects of Extraocular Muscles
Defects in the Central Mechanism
Types
Heterophoria
Heterotropia
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
History
Visual Acuity
Refractive Error
Cover/Uncover Test
Measurement of Angle of Deviation
1. Corneal Reflex Test (Hirschberg's Test)
2. Prism Reflex Test of Krimsky
3. Measurement on Synoptophore
Test for Binocular Sensory Function
1. Worth's Four Dots Test
Bagolini Striated Glasses Test
Hering-Bielschowsky After-image Test
Determination of Type of Fixation
Synoptophore Examination
Treatment
Correction of Refractive Error
Occlusion
Orthoptic Exercises
Strabismus Surgery
Recession of Medial Rectus
Resection of Lateral Rectus
Complications
Nystagmus
Etiology
Types
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Review Questions
24:
Diseases of the Lids
Anatomy
Eyelid
Eyelid Margin
Layers of the Eyelid
Glands of the Eyelid
Blood Supply of the Eyelid
Nerve Supply of the Eyelid
Congenital Anomalies of the Lids
Edema of the Lids
Inflammation of the Lids
Blepharitis
Squamous Blepharitis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Complications
Treatment
Ulcerative Blepharitis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Complications
Treatment
Parasitic Blepharitis
Inflammation of the Glands of the Lids
Stye (Hordeolum Externum)
Clinical Features
Treatment
Hordeolum Internum
Chalazion
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Deformities of the Lid Margin and Palpebral Aperture
Trichiasis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Entropion
Types of Entropion
Clinical Features
Treatment
Ectropion
Types
Clinical F eatures
Treatment
Symblepharon
Etiology
Types
Clinical Features
Treatment
Ankyloblepharon
Blepharophimosis
Blepharochalasis
Dermatochalasis
Blepharospasm
Types
Essential Blepharospasm
Reflex Blepharospasm
Lagophthalmos
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Ptosis (Blepharoptosis)
Classification
Pseudoptosis
Work-up
History
Assesssment
Management
Ptosis Surgery
Tumors of the Lids
Benign Tumors
Nevus
Hemangioma
Papilloma
Xanthelasma
Molluscum Contagiosum
Neurofibromatosis
Malignant Tumors
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Sebaceous Adenocarcinoma
Malignant Melanoma
Review Questions
25:
Diseases of the Lacrimal Apparatus
Anatomy
Lacrimal Gland
Lacrimal Passage
Diseases of the Lacrimal Gland
Dacryoadenitis
Types
Acute Dacryoadenitis
Chronic Dacryoadenitis
Mikulicz's Syndrome
Tumors of the Lacrimal Gland
Precorneal Tear Film
Functions of Tear Film
Drainage of Tears (Lacrimal Pump)
Watering or Tearing
Hyperlacrimation
Epiphora
Dry Eye Syndrome
Etiology and Types
Clinical Features
Diagnostic Tests
Schirmer Test
Tear Film Break-up Time
Conjunctival Impression Cytology
Rose Bengal Staining
Management
Diseases of the Lacrimal Passage
Obstruction of the Lacrimal Passage
Work-up
Patency of the Lacrimal Passage
Regurgitation Test
Fluorescein Dye Disappearance Test
Jones Primary Dye Test (The Jones Test I)
Syringing (Irrigation)
Jones Secondary Test (The Jones Test II)
Dacryocystography
Radionucleotide Dacryocystography (Lacrimal Scintillography)
Eversion of the Lower Punctum
Occlusion of the Punctum and Canaliculus
Diseases of the Lacrimal Sac
Congenital Dacryocystitis
Etiology
Clinical F eatures
Treatment
Dacryocystitis in Adults
Acute Dacryocystitis
Chronic Dacryocystitis
Surgeries on the Lacrimal Passage
Syringing
Probing
Balloon Dacryoplasty
Lacrimal Intubation
Dacryocystectomy
Indications
Procedure
Dacryocystorhinostomy
Indications
Contraindications
Procedure
Complications
Other Procedures
Tumors of the Lacrimal Sac
Review Questions
26:
Diseases of the Orbit
Anatomy
Walls of the Orbit
Apertures of the Orbit
Orbital Fascia
Blood Supply
Surgical Spaces of Orbit
DISEASES OF THE ORBIT
Congenital and Developmental Anomalies of the Orbit
Inflammatory Diseases of the Orbit
Preseptal Orbital Cellulitis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Periostitis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Orbital Cellulitis
Etiology
Clinical F eatures
Complications
Treatment
Fungal Orbital Cellulitis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Parasitic Diseases of the Orbit
Trichinosis
Cysticercosis
Echinococcosis
Diseases of Paranasal Sinuses Involving Orbit
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Idiopathic Orbital Inflammation
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Graves' Ophthalmopathy
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Proptosis
Classification
Pulsating Exophthalmos
Intermittent Proptosis
Pseudoproptosis
Work-up
History
Clinical Examination
Investigations
Enophthalmos
Tumors of the Orbit
Benign Orbital Tumors
Dermoid
Lipodermoid
Epidermoid
Teratoma
Hemangioma
Lymphangioma
Glioma
Neurofibroma
Meningioma
Malignant Orbital Tumors
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Lymphoma
Secondary Orbital Tumors
Metastasis in the Orbit
Orbital Trauma
Review Questions
27:
Cryotherapy and Laser Therapy in Ophthalmology
Cryotherapy
Mode of Action
Indications
Cataract
Retinal Diseases
Glaucoma
Laser Therapy
Photocoagulation
Indications
Photodisruption
Indications
Frequency-doubled Nd:YAG Laser
Photoablation
Indications
Femto-LASIK (IntraLASIK)
Photodynamic Therapy
Indications
Review Questions
28:
Ocular Manifestations of Diseases of the Central Nervous System
Inflammatory Diseases
Meningitis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Encephalitis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Brain Abscess
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Neurosyphilis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Tabes Dorsalis
Argyll-Robertson Pupil
General Paralysis of Insane
Demyelinating Diseases
Multiple Sclerosis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Neuromyelitis Optica (Devic's Disease)
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Encephalitis Periaxialis Diffusa (Schilder's Disease)
Etiology
Clinical Features
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
Vascular Disorders
Cerebral Vascular Malformations
Telangiectasias
Varices
Cavernous Angiomas
Arteriovenous Malformations
Venous Angioma
Intracranial Aneurysms
Anterior Cerebral-Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm
Aneurysm of Posterior Communicating-Internal Carotid Artery Junction
Aneurysms of Vertebrobasilar Arteries
Intracavernous Carotid Artery Aneurysms
Carotid-Cavernous Fistula
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Occlusive Cerebral Vascular Diseases
Etiology
Carotid Occlusive Disease
Amaurosis Fugax
Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency
Venous Occlusive Diseases
Head Injuries
Concussion Injuries
Fracture Base of the Skull
Intracranial Tumors
General Symptoms and Signs
Frontal Lobe Tumors
Clinical Features
Temporal Lobe Tumors
Clinical Features
Parietal Lobe Tumors
Clinical Features
Occipital Lobe Tumors
Clinical Features
Tumors of the Brainstem
Tumors of Midbrain
Tumors of the Pons
Cerebellar Tumors
Clinical Features
Cerebellopontine Angle Tumor
Clinical Features
Chiasmal and Pituitary Tumors
Disorders of Cranial Nerves
Third Cranial Nerve Palsy
Etiology
Clinical Features
Fourth Cranial Nerve Palsy
Etiology
Clinical Features
Sixth Cranial Nerve Palsy
Etiology
Clinical Features
Trigeminal Neuralgia (Paroxysmal Facial Pain)
Seventh Cranial Nerve Palsy
Etiology
Treatment
Phakomatoses (Neurocutaneous Syndromes)
Hereditary and Degenerative Diseases
Ocular Muscle Dystrophy
Oculopharyngeal Dystrophy
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Myotonic Dystrophy
Etiology
Clinical Features
Parkinson Disease
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Alzheimer Disease
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Epilepsy
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Wilson's Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration)
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Review Questions
29:
Ocular Manifestationsof Systemic Disorders
Infective Diseases
Bacterial Diseases
Tuberculosis
Leprosy
Botulism
Brucellosis
Diphtheria
Tularemia
Spirochetal Diseases
Viral Diseases
Herpes Simplex
Herpes Zoster
Cytomegalovirus
Rubella
Measles
Varicella
Mumps
Influenza
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Parasitic Infestations
Collagen Diseases
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Giant Cell Arteritis
Reiter's Syndrome
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Wegener's Disease
Respiratory Disorders
Sarcoidosis
Cystic Fibrosis
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Carbohydrate Metabolism Disorders
Diabetes Mellitus
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders
Albinism
Homocystinuria
Cystinosis
Hyperornithinemia
Maple Syrup Disease
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Lipid Metabolism Disorders
Sphingolipidoses
Fabry's Disease
Mineral Metabolism Disorders
Collagen and Connective Tissue Disorders
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Muscular Disorders
Skin Diseases
Psoriasis
Acne Rosacea
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
Hematological Disorders
Vascular Disorders
Aortic Arch Syndrome
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Renal Disorders
Endocrine Disorders
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism
Cushing's Disease
Addison's Disease
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome
Nutritional Deficiencies
Vitamin A Deficiency
Vitamin B1 Deficiency
Vitamin B2 Deficiency
Vitamin B3 Deficiency
Vitamin B6 Deficiency
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Vitamin C Deficiency
Vitamin D Deficiency
Review Questions
30:
Community Ophthalmology
Blindness
Definition
Global Blindness
Economic Impact
Causes of Blindness
Age and Blindness
Childhood Blindness
Cataract
Corneal Scarring
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Vitamin A Deficiency
Amblyopia
Ocular Trauma
Trachoma
Blindness in Adults
Common Causes of Visual Impairment in Adults
Blindness in India
Childhood Blindness in India
Adulthood Blindness in India
Old Age Blindness in India
Factors Influencing the Prevalence of Blindness in India
Control of Blindness
Vision 2020
Disease Prevention and Control
Cataract
Trachoma
Onchocerciasis
Childhood Blindness
Refractive Errors and Low Vision
Human Resource Development
Infrastructure Strengthening
Appropriate Technology Development
Mobilization of Resources
Vision 2020 in India
Infrastructure Development and Support for Primary Eye Care
Human Resource Development and Capacity Building
Models of Service Delivery and Community Participation
Seeking Participation of Voluntary Organization
Blindness Control Program in India
Health Education Program
Training Program
Disease Priority
National Program for Control of Blindness
Primary Eye Care
Secondary Eye Care
Tertiary Eye Care
Apex Center
Mobile Surgical Units
Rehabilitation of a Blind
Review Questions
31:
Practical Ophthalmology
Long Clinical Cases
Short Clinical Cases
Recording of Case History
Part I: Model Cases
Long Clinical Cases
1. Bilateral Senile Mature Cataracts
Complaints and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Investigations
Treatment
Case Discussion
2. Bilateral Immature Nuclear Cataracts
Complaints and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Investigations
Treatment
Case Discussion
3. Pseudophakia
Complaints and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Investigations
Case Discussion
4. Aphakia
Complaints and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Investigations
Case Discussion
5. Bilateral Developmental Cataract
Complaints and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Investigations
Case Discussion
6. Traumatic Cataract RE
Complaints and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Investigations
Case Discussion
7. Complicated Cataract
Compaints and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Investigations
Case Discussion
8. Subluxated Lens (Marfan's syndrome)
Complaints and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Investigations
Case Discussion
9. Acute PrimaryAngle-closure Glaucoma
Complaints and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Investigations
Case Discussion
10. Primary Open-angle Glaucoma
Complaints and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Investigations
Case Discussion
11. Absolute Glaucoma*
Complaints and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Case Discussion
12. Acute Anterior Uveitis
Complaints and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Investigations
Case Discussion
13. Chronic Anterior Uveitis
Complaints and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Investigations
Case Discussion
14. Hypopyon Corneal Ulcer
Complaints and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Investigations
Case Discussion
15. Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
Complaints and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Investigations
Case Discussion
16. Nodular Scleritis
Compaints and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Investigations
Case Discussion
17. Retinoblastoma
Complaints and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Investigations
Case Discussion
18. Congenital Ptosis
Complaints and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Investigations
Case Discussion
19. Ptosis with Myasthenia Gravis
Complaints and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Investigations
Case Discussion
20. Comitant Divergent Strabismus
Complaints and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Investigations
Case Discussion
21. Incomitant Convergent Strabismus
Complaints and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Investigations
Case Discussion
22. Chronic Dacryocystitis
Complaints and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Investigations
Case Discussion
23. Dry Eye Disease
Complaints and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Investigations
Case Discussion
24. Proptosis
Complaints and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Investigations
Case Discussion
25. Thyroid Ophthalmopathy
Complaints and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Investigations
Case Discussion
Short Clinical Cases
1. Pterygium
Symptoms and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
2. Xerosis
Symptoms and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
3. Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
Symptoms and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
4. Trachoma
Symptoms and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
5. Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis
Symptoms and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Case Discussion
6. Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis
Symptoms and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
7. Phlyctenular Conjunctivitis
Symptoms and History
Examination LE
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
8. Corneal Abrasion
Symptoms and History
Examination RE
Diagnosis
Case Discussion
9. Deep Sloughing Corneal Ulcer
Symptoms and History
Examination LE
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
10. Herpes Simplex Keratitis
Symptoms and History
Examination RE
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
11. Neurotrophic Keratitis
Symptoms and History
Examination LE
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
12. Corneal Opacity
Symptoms and History
Examination RE
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
13. Leukoma Adherence
Symptoms and History
Examination RE
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
14. Interstitial Keratitis
Symptoms and History
Examination BE
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
15. Blood Staining of Cornea
Symptoms and History
Examination LE
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
16. Band-shaped Keratopathy
Symptoms and History
Examination RE
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
17. Corneal Dystrophy
Symptoms and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
18. Keratomalacia
Symptoms and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
19. Anterior Staphyloma
Symptoms and History
Examination RE
Diagnosis
Case Discussion
20. Episcleritis
Symptoms and History
Examination LE
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
21. Scleritis
Symptoms and History
Examination RE
Diagnosis
Case Discussion
22. Ciliary Staphyloma
Symptoms and History
Examination RE
Diagnosis
Case Discussion
23. Hyphema
Symptoms and History
Examination LE
Diagnosis
Case Discussion
24. Penetrating Injury with Iris Prolapse
Symptoms and History
Examination RE
Diagnosis
Case Discussion
25. Lime Burn
Symptoms and History
Examination LE
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
26. Acute Anterior Uveitis
Symptoms and History
Examination RE
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
27. Chronic Anterior Uveitis
Symptoms and History
Examination RE
Diagnosis
Case Discussion
28. Endophthalmitis
Symptoms and History
Examination of RE
Diagnosis
Case Discussion
29. Buphthalmos
Symptoms and History
Examination
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
30. Postcongestive Primary Angle-closure Glaucoma
Symptoms and History
Examination LE
Diagnosis
Case Discussion
31. Chronic Primary Angle-closure Glaucoma
Symptoms and History
Examination RE
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
32. Absolute glaucoma*
Symptoms and History
Examination RE
Diagnosis
Differental Diagnosis
Case Discussion
33. Hordeolum Externum (stye)
Symptoms and History
Examination RE
Diagnosis
Case Discussion
34. Chalazion
Symptoms and History
Examination LE
Diagnosis
Case Discussion
35. Blepharitis
Symptoms and History
Examination RE
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
36. Trichiasis
Symptoms and History
Examination RE
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
37. Entropion
Symptoms and History
Examination LE
Diagnosis
Case Discussion
38. Ectropion
Symptoms and History
Examination RE
Diagnosis
Case Discussion
39. Symblepharon
Symptoms and History
Examination RE
Diagnosis
Case Discussion
40. Lagophthalmos
Symptoms and History
Examination LE
Diagnosis
Investigations
Case Discussion
41. Basal Cell Carcinoma of Lower Eyelid
Symptoms and History
Examination LE
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
42. Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Eyelid
Symptoms and History
Examination RE
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
43. Hemangioma of Upper Eyelid
Symptoms and History
Examination RE
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
44. Acute Dacryocystitis
Symptoms and History
Examination RE
Diagnosis
Case Discussion
45. Chronic Dacryocystitis
Symptoms and History
Examination RE
Diagnosis
Case Discussion
46. Orbital Dermoid
Symptoms and History
Examination RE
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
47. Epibulbar Dermoid
Symptoms and History
Examination RE
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Discussion
48. Bell's Palsy
Symptoms and History
Examination LE
Diagnosis
Case Discussion
Part II: Darkroom Examination
Visible Light
Mirrors
Lenses
Prism
Optical System of Eye
Errors of Refraction
Emmetropia/Ametropia
Myopia
Hyperopia
Astigmatism
Anisometropia
Aniseikonia
Asthenopia
Refraction
Subjective Verification of Refraction
Prescription of Spectacles
Contact Lenses
Accommodation
Part III: Ophthalmic Instruments and Their Uses
Part IV: General Viva Voce
Advances in Ophthalmology
Anatomy
Physiology
Neuro-ophthalmology
Systemic Diseases
Community Ophthalmology
X-rays, Scans, Charts, Electrophysiological Tests, Fundus Photographs and Specimen
X-rays and CT scans
B-scan
Ultrasound Biomicroscopy
Visual Fields
Diplopia Charts
Electrophysiological Tests
Fundus Photographs
Specimen
Spottings
32:
Local Anesthesia for Ocular Surgery
Anesthesia
Local Anesthesia
Surface or Topical Anesthesia
Local Infiltration Anesthesia
Retrobulbar Anesthesia
Peribulbar Anesthesia
Intracameral Anesthesia
Sub-Tenon Anesthesia
Akinesia
Review Questions
33:
Ophthalmic Instruments
Instruments
Eye Speculums
Barraquer's Wire Speculum (Fig. 33.1)
Sauer's Infant Speculum (Fig. 33.2)
Clark's Speculum (Fig. 33.3)
Retractors
Müller's Lacrimal Retractor (Fig. 33.4)
Stevenson's Lacrimal Sac Retractor (Fig. 33.5)
Cat's Paw Retractor (Fig. 33.6)
Dastoor's Iris Retractor (Fig. 33.7)
Desmarres' Retractor (Fig. 33.8)
Schepen's Orbital Retractor (Fig. 33.9)
Foreign Body Spuds
Ellis Foreign Body Spud (Fig. 33.10)
Foreign Body Spud and Gauge (Fig. 33.11)
Knives
von Graefe's Cataract Knife (Fig. 33.12)
Diamond Knives (Fig. 33.13)
Ziegler's Knife (Fig. 33.14)
Tooke's Knife (Fig. 33.15)
Bard-Parker Knife (Fig. 33.16)
Blades and Keratomes
Super Sharp Blade (Fig. 33.17)
Tunnel Blade (Fig. 33.18)
Stiletto Blade (Fig. 33.19)
Keratome (Fig. 33.20)
Blunt Tip Keratome (Fig. 33.21)
Dissectors
Paton's Corneal Dissector (Fig. 33.22)
Dastoor's Lacrimal Sac Dissector (Fig. 33.23)
Lang's Lacrimal Sac Dissector (Fig. 33.24)
Forceps
Fixation Forceps (Fig. 33.25)
Dastoor's Superior Rectus Forceps (Fig. 33.26)
Moorfield's Forceps (Fig. 33.27)
Wills Hospital Utility Forceps (Fig. 33.28)
McPherson Corneal Forceps (Fig. 33.29)
St. Martin Forceps (Fig. 33.30)
Barraquer Colibri Forceps (Fig. 33.31)
Kirby's Iris Forceps (Fig. 33.32)
Bishop-Harmon Forceps (Fig. 33.33)
Lim's Forceps (Fig. 33.34)
Utrata's Capsulorhexis Forceps (Fig. 33.35)
Intracapsular Forceps (Fig. 33.36)
Intraocular Lens Insertion Forceps (Fig. 33.37)
Lens Folding Forceps (Fig. 33.38)
Jaffe's Suture Tying Forceps (Fig. 33.39)
Jewelers Forceps (Fig. 33.40)
Intravitreal Foreign Body Removal Forceps (Fig. 33.41)
Hartman's Mosquito Forceps (Fig. 33.42)
Jameson's Muscle Forceps (Fig. 33.43)
Epilation Forceps or Beer's Cilia Forceps (Fig. 33.44)
Clamps
Backhaus and Baby Jones Towel Clamps (Fig. 33.45)
Berke's Ptosis Clamp (Fig. 33.46)
Snellen's Entropion Clamp (Fig. 33.47)
Lambert's Chalazion Clamp (Fig. 33.48)
Scissors
McPherson-Westcott Scissors (Fig. 33.49)
Jaffe's Stitch Scissors (Fig. 33.50)
Westcott's Tenotomy Scissors (Fig. 33.51)
Knapp's Strabismus Scissors (Fig. 33.52)
Castroviejo's Corneal Scissors (Fig. 33.53)
de Wecker's Scissors (Fig. 33.54)
Vannas Scissors (Fig. 33.55)
Vitreous Scissors (Fig. 33.56)
Enucleation Scissors (Fig. 33.57)
Hooks, Expressors and Lens Manipulators
von Graefe's Muscle Hook (Fig. 33.58)
Jameson's Muscle Hook (Fig. 33.59)
Chavasse's Muscle Hook (Fig. 33.60)
Sinskey's Lens Manipulating Hook (Fig. 33.61)
Little's No-Hole Lens Manipulator (Fig. 33.62)
Kuglen Hook (Fig. 33.63)
Agarwal's Chopper and Rotator (Fig. 33.64)
Kirby's Lens Expressor (Fig. 33.65)
Rosen's Phaco Splitter (Fig. 33.66)
Spatula, Spoon and Scoop
Dastoor's Iris Spatula (Fig. 33.67)
Castroviejo's Cyclodialysis Spatula (Fig. 33.68)
Stallard's Lid or Ptosis Spatula (Fig. 33.69)
Jaeger's Lid Plate (Fig. 33.70)
Mule's Evisceration Spoon (Fig. 33.71)
Wells' Enucleation Spoon (Guide) (Fig. 33.72)
Meyerhoefer's Chalazion Scoop (Fig. 33.73)
Needles, Cannulas and Cystotome
Atkinson's Needle (Fig. 33.74)
Short Needle (Fig. 33.75)
Simcoe Irrigation-Aspiration Cannula (Fig. 33.76)
Rycroft's Anterior Chamber Cannula (Fig. 33.77)
Blumenthal's Cannula (Fig. 33.78)
Lacrimal Cannula (Fig. 33.79)
Cystotome (Fig. 33.80)
Drews' Irrigating Vectis (Fig. 33.81)
Needle Holders
Arruga's Needle Holder (Fig. 33.82)
Kalt's Needle Holder (Fig. 33.83)
McPherson's Needle Holder (Fig. 33.84)
Troutman's Needle Holder (Fig. 33.85)
Barraquer's Blade Breaker (Fig. 33.86)
Trephines and Punches
Elliot's Scleral Trephine (Fig. 33.87)
Castroviejo's Corneal Trephine (Fig. 33.88)
Holth's Corneoscleral Punch (Fig. 33.89)
Kelly's Punch (Fig. 33.90)
Calipers and Markers
Castroviejo's Calipers (Fig. 33.91)
Osher's Incision Calipers (Fig. 33.92)
LASIK Marker (Fig. 33.93)
Thornton's Optical Zone Marker (Fig. 33.94)
Kansas' Lens Loop (Fig. 33.95)
Nightingale's Capsule Polisher (Fig. 33.96)
Shepard's Fixation Ring (Fig. 33.97)
Dastoor's Keratoplasty Spatula (Fig. 33.98)
Tudor-Thomas Corneal Graft Stand (Fig. 33.99)
Harm's Trabeculotome (Fig. 33.100)
McPherson's Curved Bipolar Forceps (Fig. 33.101)
Ball-point Cautery (Fig. 33.102)
Nettleship's Punctum and Canaliculus Dilator (Fig. 33.103)
Bowman's Lacrimal Probes (Fig. 33.104)
West's Lacrimal Chisel (Fig. 33.105)
Mallet's Hammer (Fig. 33.106)
Traquair's Periosteal Elevator (Fig. 33.107)
Citelli Bone Nibbler or Bone Punch (Fig. 33.108)
Surgical Instrument Sets
Cleaning of Ophthalmic Instruments
Sterilization of Ophthalmic Instruments
Sterilization of Operation Theater
Review Questions
INDEX
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