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Complications of Diabetes
Rajeev Chawla
1:
Acute Complications of Diabetes
Introduction
Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome
Epidemiological Aspects
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features of DKA and HHS
Management
Preventive Strategies
Fluid Therapy
Correcting Electrolyte Imbalance and Acidosis
Management of Hyperglycemia
Hypoglycemia
Epidemiological Aspects
Risk Factors and Pathogenesis
Management
Treatment
Conclusion
2:
Chronic Complications of Diabetes: An Overview
Introduction and Epidemiological Aspects
Risk Factors
Pathogenesis
Overview of Microvascular Complications
Diabetic Neuropathy
Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic Nephropathy
Erectile Dysfunction
Overview of Macrovascular Complications
Coronary Artery Disease
Cerebrovascular Diseases
Peripheral Artery Disease
Practice Recommendations and Conclusion
3:
Diabetic Neuropathy
Introduction and Epidemiological Aspects
Risk Factors
Pathogenesis of Diabetic Neuropathy
Classification and Overview of Diabetic Neuropathies
Distal Symmetrical Polyneuropathy
Autonomic Neuropathy
Symptoms of Diabetic Neuropathy
Diagnosis
Treatment of Diabetic Neuropathies
Preventive Measures
Glycemic control
Foot care
Other Preventive Measures
Conclusion
4:
Renal Complications in Diabetes
Introduction and Epidemiological Aspects
Natural History of Diabetic Nephropathy
Pathogenesis of Diabetic Nephropathy
Screening and Diagnosis
Treatment Considerations
Conclusion
5:
Ocular Complications of Diabetes
Introduction
Epidemiological Considerations
Diabetic Retinopathy
Cataract
Glaucoma
Other Ocular Complications
Ocular Pathology in Diabetes
Screening and Diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy
Management of Diabetic Retinopathy
Management of Cataract
Management of Neovascular Glaucoma
Management of Retinal Vein Occlusion
Management of Retinal Artery Occlusion
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION)
Other Ocular Disorders
Conclusion
6:
Coronary Artery Disease and Diabetes
Introduction
Epidemiological Aspects
Pathophysiology and Risk Factors
Screening and Prevention
Management/Treatment
Hypoglycemic Agents
Anti-Ischemic Medication
Antihypertensive Agents
Treatment of Dyslipidemia
Antiplatelet Agents
Surgical Intervention
Conclusion
7:
Peripheral Arterial Disease and Diabetes
Introduction
Epidemiological Aspects
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Screening and Diagnosis
Treatment and Management
Conclusions
8:
Cerebrovascular Disease and Diabetes
Introduction
Epidemiological Aspects
Increased Morbidity, Disability, and Mortality with Diabetes
Pathophysiology
Hyperglycemia-induced Vascular Injury
Differential Diagnosis
Clinical Presentation and Differentiation in Diabetics
Treatment and Management
Hyperglycemia
Hypertension Associated With Diabetes
Treating Dyslipidemia in Diabetes
Anticoagulant Therapy
Atrial Fibrillation
Smoking
Carotid Artery Disease
Conclusions
9:
Foot Complications in Diabetes
Introduction
Epidemiological Aspects
Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Preventive Strategies
Foot Protection Program
Educational Interventions
Patient Education
Physician Education
Clinical Interventions
Optimizing Glycemic Control
Smoking Cessation
Custom Footwear and Orthotics
Debridement of Calluses
Pressure Mitigation
Patient Self-Management
Treatment Plans
Allogeneic Bilayered Cultured Skin Equivalent (Apligraf, Organogenesis Inc., Canton, MA)
Growth Factors
Becaplermin (Regranex, Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ)
Collagen and Oxidized Regenerated Cellulose
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy
Antibiotics
Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor
Ketanserin
Prostaglandins
Other Topical Agents
Hyperbaric Oxygen
Hyperbaric dressings
Conclusions
10:
Gastrointestinal Complications of Diabetes
Introduction
Epidemiological Considerations
Etiological and Pathophysiological Aspects
Diagnosis
Treatment and Management
Glycemic Control
Dietary Corrections
Pharmacological Treatments
Other Treatment Options
Gastroelectrical Stimulation (GES)
Surgical Treatment
Intestinal Enteropathy
Conclusion
11:
Genitourinary and Erectile Dysfunction in Diabetes
Introduction
Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Physical examination
Treatment
Oral agents
Progressive Treatment Approach
Sexual Problem in Women with Diabetes
Risk Factors
Causes
Screening
Treatment
Vaginal Dryness
Dyspareunia
Sexual Arousal and Desire Issues
Counseling
Diabetes-Related Urological Complications
Conclusion
12:
Infections in Diabetes
Introduction
Head and Neck Infections
Mucormycosis (zygomycosis)
Malignant (Invasive) Otitis Externa
Dental Infections
Respiratory Tract Infections
Abdominal Infections
Psoas Abscess
Chronic Hepatitis C
Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)
Emphysematous Cystitis and Pyelonephritis
Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
Diabetic Foot Infections
Infections Related To Therapeutic Interventions
Infections in Special Populations with Diabetes
INDEX
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