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Cardiac Biomarkers: Expert Advice for Clinicians Alan S Maisel

SECTION 1: MARKERS OF CARDIAC RISK
CHAPTER 1:Overview of Markers of Cardiac Risk
- INTRODUCTION
- CRITERIA FOR A CLINICALLY USEFUL BIOMARKER
  - Uses of Biomarkers
  - Evaluation of Markers
- CATEGORIES OF BIOMARKERS
- EMERGING APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE APPROACHES
CHAPTER 2:The OxPL/apoB Assay: A Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease and Events*
- INTRODUCTION
- OxPL/apoB METHODOLOGY
- RELATIONSHIP OF OxPL/apoB AND Lp(a): Lp(a) AS A PREFERENTIAL CARRIER OF E06-DETECTABLE OxPL
- RELATIONSHIP OF OxPL/apoB AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
  - Disclosure
SECTION 2: MARKERS OF CARDIAC ISCHEMIA
CHAPTER 3:Diagnosis and Risk Stratification of Acute Coronary Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL EXAMINATION
- CARDIAC BIOMARKERS
- APPLYING MARKERS: WHAT THE GUIDELINES RECOMMEND
  - Multimarker Approach
  - Risk Stratification
- AFTER THE RULE-OUT
- FUTURE
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 4:Laboratory Perspective on Biomarkers for Acute Coronary Syndromes
- INTRODUCTION
- LABORATORY AND DIAGNOSTIC TEST REGULATIONS
- LABORATORY OPERATIONS FOR CARDIAC MARKER TESTING
- CARDIAC BIOMARKER ASSAY ISSUES
- FUTURE CARDIAC BIOMARKER ASSAYS AND TESTING PLATFORMS
CHAPTER 5:Hypersensitive Troponins
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION OF hpscTn ASSAYS
- ANALYTIC AND PREANALYTIC ISSUES
- DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
- TYPE 1 VERSUS TYPE 2 MI
- NONISCHEMIC ELEVATIONS IN TROPONINS
- TROPONIN ELEVATIONS IN CHRONIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
CHAPTER 6:Evolving Biomarkers for Cardiac Ischemia
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOBIOLOGY OF ISCHEMIA
- CANDIDATE BIOMARKERS
- CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF CARDIAC BIOMARKERS
  - Evaluation of the Patient with Suspected ACS
- BIOMARKERS OF ISCHEMIC INJURY
  - Heart-type Fatty Acid Binding Protein (H-FABP)
- BIOMARKERS OF INFLAMMATION AND PLAQUE RUPTURE
- BIOMARKERS OF HEMODYNAMIC STRESS
- STRESS TESTING
- SUMMARY
  - Acknowledgments and Disclosures
SECTION 3: NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES FOR HEART FAILURE
CHAPTER 7:Natriuretic Peptides in Patients with Acute Shortness of Breath
- INTRODUCTION
- B-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE
- N-TERMINAL PRO-B-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE
- ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE AND MID-REGION PROATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 8:Natriuretic Peptides in the Hospital: Risk Stratification and Treatment Titration
- INTRODUCTION
- NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES IN HOSPITAL: RISK STRATIFICATION AT PRESENTATION AND ADMISSION
  - BNP
  - NT-proBNP
- NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES IN HOSPITAL: TREATMENT TITRATION AND POST-DISCHARGE PROGNOSIS
  - BNP
  - NT-proBNP
- THE CONCEPT OF “DRY” VERSUS “WET” NP IN HF
- NP LEVELS IN HOSPITAL: TRANSLATING LITERATURE INTO PRACTICE
  - Caveats and Nonresponders
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 9:Natriuretic Peptides in the Outpatient Setting
- INTRODUCTION
- RATIONALE FOR USE OF BIOMARKERS TO GUIDE HF THERAPY
- NP-GUIDED THERAPY TRIALS
SECTION 4: BIOMARKERS IN CARDIORENAL DESEASE
CHAPTER 10:Cardiorenal Syndromes
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- MANAGEMENT
- PREVENTION
- RECOGNITION OF PATIENTS AT RISK FOR ACUTE CRS
- OPTIMIZATION OF OUTPATIENT THERAPY
- THERAPY OF CRS IN ACUTE DECOMPENSATION
- EDUCATION
- CARDIAC DEVICES AND TRANSPLANTATION
- TRIAL OR NOVEL THERAPIES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 11:Assessing Kidney Injury in Heart Failure: The Role of Biomarkers
- INTRODUCTION
- TRADITIONAL MARKERS: BUN, CREATININE, AND URINE OUTPUT
- NEUTROPHIL GELATINASE-ASSOCIATED LIPOCALIN (NGAL)
- CYSTATIN C
- INTERLEUKIN-18
- KIDNEY INJURY MOLECULE-1
- THE FUTURE OF RENAL BIOMARKERS IN HEART FAILURE
SECTION 5: LOOKING TOWARDS THE FUTURE
CHAPTER 12:Adrenomedullin
- INTRODUCTION
- BIOLOGIC EFFECTS ON CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- ADRENOMEDULLIN/PROADRENOMEDULLIN AS BIOMARKERS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
- CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 13:Galectin-3
- INTRODUCTION
  - Galectin-3: Biology
  - Galectin-3: Expression
- ROLE OF GALECTIN-3 IN HEART FAILURE
  - Animal Studies
  - Clinical Studies
- GALECTIN-3: FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
CHAPTER 14:ST2
- INTRODUCTION
- NOMENCLATURE AND BIOLOGY OF ST2
- HISTORY
- CARDIAC REMODELING AND sST2 IN HF
- ST2 IN EXPERIMENTAL HF MODELS
- ASSAYS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF sST2
- ST2 IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
- UNRESOLVED ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 15:Copeptin
- INTRODUCTION
- RELEASE MECHANISM OF COPEPTIN AS PART OF THE AVP PRECURSOR PEPTIDE
- AVP RECEPTORS AND FUNCTION
- MEASUREMENT OF AVP AND COPEPTIN
- COPEPTIN AND AVP CONCENTRATION IN BLOOD
- COPEPTIN IN CARDIOVASCULAR SHOCK
- COPEPTIN TO RULE OUT ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
  - Release Mechanism of Copeptin and AVP in Acute MI
- COPEPTIN IN HEART FAILURE
- THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF COPEPTIN AND AVP RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST DRUG THERAPIES
- SUMMARY

INDEX

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Chapter Notes