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A Practical Manual of Public Health Dentistry
CM Marya
CHAPTER 1:
Introduction
CHAPTER 2:
Methods of Recording a Case History
CHAPTER 3:
General Information
PATIENT REGISTRATION NUMBER
DATE
NAME
AGE
Diagnosis
Treatment Planning
Behavior Management Techniques
SEX
Females
Males
EDUCATION
ADDRESS
OCCUPATION
Oral Manifestations of Occupational Disease according to Etiologic Agent
RELIGION
CHAPTER 4:
Chief Complaint
CHAPTER 5:
History of Present Illness
DETAIL HISTORY OF PARTICULAR SYMPTOM
Pain
Analysis of Pain
Swelling
Ulcer
Dental Hypersensitivity
Causes
Patient History
Bleeding from the Gums
History of Bleeding Gums
Causes
Dry Mouth (Xerostomia)
Causes of Xerostomia
Diagnosis and Evaluation of Xerostomia
Two Additional Indications of Oral Dryness
Burning Sensation of the Mouth
Diagnosis and Evaluation of Burning Mouth
Loose Teeth or Tooth Mobility
Causes
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Tooth Mobility
Halitosis or Oral Malodor
Oral
Extraoral (Conditions that can Contribute to Presence of Oral Malodor)
Oral Pigmentation
Classification of Oral Pigmented Lesions
Exogenous
Endogenous
Guide to Diagnosis and Evaluation of Oral Pigmented Lesions
Delayed Tooth Eruption
Diagnosis
Discolored Teeth
Classification of Tooth Discoloration
Intrinsic Discoloration
Extrinsic Discoloration
Internalized Discoloration
Recent Occlusal Problems
Causes
CHAPTER 6:
Previous Dental History
CHAPTER 7:
Medical History
FAMILY HISTORY
CHAPTER 8:
Personal History
1. ORAL HABITS
THUMB AND DIGIT SUCKING
Diagnosis of Digit Sucking
Extraoral Examination
The Digit
The Lip
Intraoral Examination
Dentoalveolar Structure
Effects of Non-nutritive Thumb Sucking
Effects of Thumb Sucking Depends On
Features
Control of Thumb Sucking
Prevention
Treatment Consideration
Management
Thermoplastic Thumb Post
Mechanotherapy
Quad Helix (Fig. 8.7)
PACIFIER HABITS
TONGUE THRUST HABIT
Definitions
Etiology of Tongue Thrust
Clinical Manifestations of Tongue Thrust
Extraoral Findings
Intraoral Findings
Diagnosis of Tongue Thrust
Treatment Considerations of Tongue Thrust
Treatment of Tongue Thrust
Removable Appliance Therapy
MOUTH BREATHING HABIT
Definition
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Elimination of the Cause
Preorthodontic Trainer
Correction of the Malocclusion
BRUXISM
Definition
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
OTHER MINOR HABITS
Lip Biting
Features
Interception
Nail Biting
Self-Destructive Oral Habits/Masochistic Habits
2. ORAL HYGIENE HABITS
3. ADVERSE HABITS
4. DIET HISTORY
Sugar
Classification of Sugars
Pattern of Sugar Consumption
Diet and Dental Caries
Consensus View on Diet and Caries
Classify each sweet into:
Sugar in Liquid Form (Fig. 8.13)
Solid and Sticky Sugar (Fig. 8.14)
Slowly Dissolving Sugars (Fig. 8.15)
Diet Counseling
Educate the Patient in the Role of Sugar in Decay Process
Isolate the Sugar Factor
List of Substitutes
Recall Visits
CHAPTER 9:
Clinical Examination
CHAPTER 10:
Extraoral Examination
SKIN
HEAD
Shape of the Head
FACIAL FORM
Facial Symmetry
Facial Profile
NOSE, PARANASAL SINUSES, EXTERNAL EAR AND NASAL MUCOSA
LIPS
CHEEKS
LYMPH NODES (FIG. 10.1)
Area of Lymphatic Drainage of Face
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
MUSCLES OF MASTICATION (FIGS 10.10A TO G)
SALIVARY GLANDS
Parotid Gland
Submandibular Gland
CHAPTER 11:
Intraoral Examination
SOFT TISSUE EXAMINATION
Examination of Lips and Labial Mucosa
Examination of Buccal Mucosa
Examination of the Floor of the Mouth
Examination of the Tongue
Examination of the Hard and Soft Palate
Examination of Swelling
Examination of Ulcer
Periodontal Examination
Gingival Characteristics
Periodontal Pocket Assessment
Attachment Loss and Gingival Recession
Furcation Assessment
Mobility Test
Detection of Suppuration
HARD TISSUE EXAMINATION
Dentition
Dental Caries Assessment
Classification of Caries
Percussion Test
Malocclusion
Developmental Anomalies of Teeth
Wasting Diseases of Teeth
Enamel Hypoplasia
Dental Fluorosis
Trauma from Occlusion
Etiology of TFO
Tooth Fracture (Figure 11.19)
Classification by Garcia Godoy
CHAPTER 12:
Establishing the Diagnosis
CHAPTER 13:
Investigations
RADIOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATIONS
Intraoral Radiographs
A. Periapical Radiograph (Fig. 13.1)
B. Interproximal Radiograph (Fig. 13.2)
C. Occlusal Radiograph (Fig. 13.3)
Extraoral Radiographs
Panoramic Radiograph (Fig. 13.4)
Advanced Imaging Procedures
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
Biopsy
Cytologic Smear
Exfoliative Cytology
PULP VITALITY TESTING
CHAPTER 14:
Final Diagnosis
CHAPTER 15:
Formulating a Comprehensive Treatment Plan
PHASE I: EMERGENCY PHASE
PHASE II: PREVENTIVE PHASE
PHASE III: PROMOTIVE PHASE
PHASE IV: CURATIVE PHASE
PHASE V: REHABILITATION PHASE
PHASE VI: MAINTENANCE PHASE
CHAPTER 16:
Levels of Prevention
LEVELS OF PREVENTION FOR DENTAL CARIES
LEVELS OF PREVENTION FOR PERIODONTAL DISEASE
PREVENTION OF DENTAL TRAUMA
LEVELS OF PREVENTION FOR ORAL CANCER
LEVELS OF PREVENTION FOR DENTAL FLUOROSIS
LEVELS OF PREVENTION OF MALOCCLUSION
CHAPTER 17:
Dental Indices
DEFINITION
Professional Implications
PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL INDEX
TYPES OF INDICES
PURPOSE AND USES OF AN INDEX
INDICES COMMONLY USED IN DENTISTRY (BOX 17.1)
Periodontal Indices
Dental Caries
Dental Fluorosis
Malocclusion
INDICES USED IN ASSESSING ORAL HYGIENE
Oral Hygiene Index (OHI)
Segments
Debris Score
Calculus Score
The Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S)
Selection of Tooth
Surfaces to be Seen (Fig. 17.3A)
Examination Method
Scoring Criteria (Debris) (Fig. 17.4A)
Scoring Criteria (Calculus) (Fig. 17.4B)
Interpretation
Patient Hygiene Performance Index (PHP Index)
Teeth and Surfaces Examined (Fig. 17.5)
Substitutions for Missing Teeth
Procedure
Scoring
Interpretation
INDICES USED IN ASSESSING PLAQUE AND DEBRIS
Turesky-Gilmore-Glickman Modification of the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index
Plaque Scoring System for Quigley and Hein
Scoring by the Turesky Modification
Modified Plaque Scoring System of Turesky et al (Fig. 17.7)
Periodontal Indices
Plaque Index (PI)
PI Score for Tooth
Scoring Criteria: The Plaque Index
PI for an Individual
Interpretation for PI Scores
Navy Plaque Index
Teeth Examined
Substitutions
Surfaces Examined on Each Tooth
Scoring Critera—NPI
Plaque Control Record
Selection of Teeth and Surfaces
Procedure
Scoring
INDICES USED IN ASSESSING CALCULUS
Calculus Surface Index
Method
Scoring
Interpretation
INDICES USED IN ASSESSING GINGIVAL INFLAMMATION
Papillary-Marginal-Attachment Index
Selection of Teeth and Surfaces
Method
Scoring Criteria
Gingival Index (GI)
Teeth Examined
Surfaces Examined on each Tooth
Scoring Criteria: Gingival Index
Interpretation: Gingival Index
INDICES USED IN ASSESSING GINGIVAL BLEEDING
Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI)
Procedure
Scoring Codes for GBI
Recording Method
Result
Interpretation
INDICES USED IN ASSESSING PERIODONTAL DISEASES
Periodontal Index (PI)
Scoring
Reasons for its Widespread Use
Scoring Criteria of Russell's Periodontal Index
Periodontal Disease Index (PDI)
Selection of Teeth and Surfaces
Scoring Method
Scoring Criteria: Periodontal Disease Index
Scoring PDI
Dental Plaque
Scoring Criteria for Plaque
Calculus
Scoring Criteria for Calculus
Gingival Bone Count Index
Instruments Used
Method
Scoring Criteria
Gingival Score
Bone Score
The Navy Periodontal Disease Index (NPDI)
Substitutions
Gingival Score
Scoring Criteria
Pocket Score
Scoring Criteria
Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN)
Index Teeth
Recording Data
The Probe
Sensing Gingival Pockets
Codes and Criteria (Fig. 17.11)
Treatment Needs
Explanation of the Clinical Criteria and Treatment Needs
Substitution for Excluded and Missing Index Teeth
Examination Procedure
Number of Probings Per Sextant
Community Periodontal Index (CPI) (Fig. 17.12A)
Indicators
Sextants
Sensing Gingival Pockets and Calculus
Examination and Recording
Loss of Attachment (Fig. 17.12B)
INDICES USED IN ASSESSING DENTAL CARIES
Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) Index
Selection of Teeth
Procedure
Rules for Scoring DMFT
Criteria for Recording
Criteria for Identification of Dental Caries
DMFT Scores
Individual DMFT
Group Average
Treatment Needs
Decayed, Missing and Filled Surface (DMFS) Index
Surfaces Examined
Calculating the DMFS
Dental Caries Index for Deciduous Teeth (dmft and dmfs)
Selection of Teeth or Surfaces
Teeth not Counted
Procedure and Criteria
Calculating the def
Mixed Dentition
WHO Dentition Status and Treatment Needs
Method
Scoring Criteria
Treatment Needs of Individual Teeth
Scoring Criteria
Significant Caries Index
Steps to Calculate Significant Caries Index
INDICES USED IN ASSESSING DENTAL FLUOROSIS
Dean's Fluorosis Index
Community Fluorosis Index
Interpretation
Advantages
Disadvantages
Dental Fluorosis Index by Moller (1965)
Thylstrup-Fejerskov Index of Fluorosis (TF)
Clinical Criteria and Scoring for the TF (Thylstrup-Fejerskov) Index
Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis (TSIF)
Selection of Teeth
Surface
Scoring Criteria
INDICES USED IN ASSESSING MALOCCLUSION
The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN)
Overview
Components
Dental Health Component Grade 1: None
Dental Health Component Grade 2: Little
Dental Health Component Grade 3: Moderate
Dental Health Component Grade 4: Great
Dental Health Component Grade 5: Very Great
Aesthetic Component
The Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI)
Interpretation
INDICES USED IN ASSESSING TOOTH WEAR
Eccles Index for Dental Erosion of Nonindustrial Origin
Classification of Dental Erosion
Eccles Index for Dental Erosion of Nonindustrial Origin
Tooth Wear Index (TWI)
Smith and Knight Tooth Wear Index
The Exact Tooth Wear Index
The Exact Tooth Wear Index
Appendices
Appendix 1: Case History
Appendix 2: Case History Proforma
Appendix 3: Oral Hygiene Index (OHI)
INDEX
TOC
Index
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