Index

Radiodiagnosis, Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology Bipin Valchandji Daga, Vaibhav Ramesh Shah, Sachin Valchandji Daga

SECTION 1: RADIODIAGNOSIS
CHAPTER 1:General Radiology and Radiology Physics
- BRIEF HISTORICAL REVIEW: THE DISCOVERY OF X-RAYS
  - Types of Radiations and their Uses
- VARIOUS MODALITIES FOR IMAGING
- CONVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY
  - X-ray Production
    - Properties of X-rays
  - X-ray Tube
  - The Five Basic Ways that an X-ray Photon can Interact with Atom/Matter
    - Photoelectric Interaction
    - Compton Scattering
  - X-ray Film
    - Films Used in Medical Imaging
- CHEMICAL PROCESSING OF An X-RAY FILM
  - Intensifying Screens
- DIGITAL OR COMPUTED OR FILMLESS RADIOGRAPHY OR PHOSPHOR PLATE TECHNOLOGY
  - Types
  - Major Advantages of CRS
- PICTURE ARCHIVING AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
  - Types of PACS
  - Advantages of PACS
  - Disadvantages of PACS
- CONTRAST RADIOGRAPHY
  - Definition
- BARIUM STUDIES
- NONBARIUM STUDIES
- SIALOGRAPHY
- MYELOGRAPHY
- EXCRETORY UROGRAPHY (INTRAVENOUS UROGRAPHY, IVU, IVP)
  - Indications
  - Contraindications
  - Patient Preparation
  - Contrast Administration
  - Film Sequencing
  - Tailoring
    - Modifications in IVU Include
    - Abnormal Nephrogram
- URETHROGRAPHY
  - Retrograde Urethrography/Ascending Urethrography
  - Voiding Cystourethrography/Micturating Cystourethrography/Descending Urethrography
    - Indications
- HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY
  - Definition
  - Ideal Time to Perform HSG
  - Indications for HSG
  - Contraindications for HSG
  - Complications of HSG
  - Genital Tuberculosis and HSG
    - Tuberculous Salpingitis
  - HSG
- XERORADIOGRAPHY
- MAMMOGRAPHY
  - Indications for Mammography
- ORTHOPANTOMOGRAPHY OR PANORAMIC RADIOGRAPHY
- ULTRASONOGRAPHY/ULTRASOUND STUDY
  - Theoretic Safety Risks from Ultrasound
    - Transrectal Ultrasonography
- COLOR DOPPLER IMAGING/STUDY
- ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
- TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
  - Common Indications
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
  - CT Number/HU Value
- SPECIAL APPLICATION OF MULTISLICE CT
  - High Resolution Computed Tomography
  - Advantages
  - Disadvantages
- MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
  - Principle of MR Imaging
  - Advantages
  - Disadvantages
  - Contraindications to MRI
- RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING
- EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
  - Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
  - Positron Emission Tomography/18-FDG-PET Scan
    - Advantages
    - Clinical Applications
- BONE DENSITOMETRY
- EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCK WAVE LITHOTRIPSY
  - Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreaticography
  - Advantages
  - Disadvantage
  - Recent Advances
CHAPTER 2:Radiological Contrast Agents/Media
- CONTRAST MEDIA FOR BARIUM PROCEDURES
  - Barium Sulfate
- CONTRAST MEDIA FOR NONBARIUM PROCEDURES
  - Basic Uses of Iodinated Water Soluble Contrast Media
  - Adverse Effects of Iodinated Contrast Media
- Strategies for Preventing Contrast Induced Nephropathy
  - Contrast Agent Used for MRI/MR Contrast Agents
- MR CONTRAST MEDIA: KEY FACTS
CHAPTER 3:Radiation Hazards and Protection
- VITAL TOPICS
- INTRODUCTION
- RADIATION PROTECTION
- PRIMARY AND SECONDARY BARRIERS FOR RADIATION
- RADIATION UNITS
CHAPTER 4:Pulmonary Radiology
- GENERAL ASPECT
- COMMON ABNORMALITIES NOTED ON CXR
  - Localized Rib Expansion
- ROLE OF CXR IN THORACIC TRAUMA
  - Emphysema
    - Types of Emphysema
    - CXR in Emphysema
- PEDIATRIC CHEST
- CONGENITAL LESIONS
- FOREIGN BODY ASPIRATION
- PULMONARY INFECTIONS
- LUNG COLLAPSE
  - Pleural Diseases
    - Pleural Effusion
    - Loculated Pleural Effusion
  - Pneumothorax
    - CXR
- BRONCHIECTASIS, INDUSTRIAL AND INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASES
- NEOPLASMS
- MEDIASTINUM
CHAPTER 5:Cardiovascular Radiology
- HEART
- CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
- PULMONARY EDEMA
- KERLEY LINES
  - Pulmonary Venous Hypertension (PVH)
- PULMONARY EMBOLISM
- PERICARDIAL EFFUSION
  - Radiographic Features
  - Other Characteristic Features of Pericardial Effusion include
- PERICARDIAL TUMORS
- AORTA
- IMAGING IN PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE
- VASCULAR RINGS
  - Double Aortic Arch
- DYSPHAGIA LUSORIA
  - Right-sided Aortic Arch
  - Fogarty Catheter
CHAPTER 6:Abdominal Imaging
- MODALITIES AVAILABLE FOR ABDOMINAL PATHOLOGIES
- IMPORTANT PRELIMINARY CLINICORADIOLOGICALLY TERMS
- PNEUMOPERITONEUM
- ASCITES
- SPLEEN
  - Calcification in Spleen
  - Splenic Trauma
  - Splenic Vein Thrombosis
  - Hyposplenism
  - Hypersplenism
  - Neoplasms of Spleen
- ESOPHAGUS
  - Barium Swallow Study
    - Barium Study Feature of Few Esophageal Diseases
  - Tracheoesophageal Fistula
  - Esophageal Varices
    - Endoscopic Grading of Esophageal Varices
  - Hiatus Hernia
  - Esophageal Motility Disorders
  - Diffuse Esophageal Spasm
  - Nutcracker Esophagus
  - Achalasia Cardia
    - Features
  - Dysphagia Lusoria
  - Benign Esophageal Tumors
  - Carcinoma Esophagus
    - Predisposing Factors Associated with Esophageal Malignancy
    - Radiological Features
- STOMACH
  - Congenital Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (CHPS)
  - Peptic Ulcer Disease
  - “Pseudokidney” Sign
  - Gastric Volvulus
  - Gastric Diverticulum
  - Gastric Polyps
  - Gastric Leiomyomas and Leiomyosarcomas
  - Gastric Lymphoma
  - Gastric Carcinoma
  - Differential Diagnosis of Linitis Plastica
- SMALL INTESTINAL
  - Small Intestinal Imaging
  - Malrotation of Gut
  - Malabsorption
  - Parasitic Infestation
  - Neonatal GI Obstruction
  - Small Bowel Obstruction
  - Strangulating Obstruction
  - Intussusception
  - Abdominal Tuberculosis/TB
- SMALL INTESTINAL NEOPLASMS
  - Carcinoid Tumor
- APPENDIX
  - Acute Appendicitis
- COLON AND RECTUM
  - Hirschsprung's Disease
  - Imaging Features
    - Abdominal Radiograph
    - Water Soluble Contrast Medium/Barium Enema
  - Anorectal Malformations
  - Necrotizing Enterocolitis
  - Solitary Rectal Ulcer Syndrome (Most Common an Anterior Wall of Rectum)
  - Colitis Cystica Profunda
  - Ischemic Colitis
  - Crohn's Disease (Regional Ileitis)
  - Ulcerative Colitis
  - Diverticulosis of Colon
  - Sigmoid Volvulus
    - The Plain Radiographic Features
  - Carcinoma Colon
  - Ca Rectum
  - Villous Adenomas
  - Neoplasms of the Anal Canal
  - Gastrointestinal Bleeding
- BLUNT TRAUMA ABDOMEN
  - Focused Abdominal Sonogram for Trauma
- HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM
  - Segmental Liver Anatomy
  - Budd-Chiari Syndrome (Hepatic Veno-occlusive Disease)
    - Classifications
    - Clinical Features
- FOCAL HEPATIC LESIONS
  - Simple Hepatic Cysts
    - D/D of Cystic Lesion in Liver
  - Cavernous Hemangiomas of Liver
  - Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
  - Fibrolamellar Carcinoma (FLC)
  - Hepatic Adenoma
  - Hepatocellular Carcinoma
  - Liver Metastasis
  - Liver Tumors in Children
- GALLBLADDER AND BILIARY APPARATUS
- IMAGING IN OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE
  - USG
- CECT
  - Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography
  - MRCP
  - ERCP (Gold Standard Study)
  - Hepatic Iminodiacetic Acid Scan (HIDA Scan) is a Biliary Scintigraphic Scan
    - Applications and Indications
  - Oral Cholecystography
- RADIOLOGY OF GALLBLADDER AND BILIARY SYSTEM PATHOLOGIES
  - Gallstone Ileus
    - Radiological Signs of Gallstone Ileus
  - Rigler's Triad of Gallstone Ileus: a+b+c
  - Acute Cholecystitis
  - Features of Cholecystitis on USG
  - Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
  - AIDS-related Cholangiopathy
  - Stricture in Bile Duct
  - Carcinoma Gallbladder
    - Risk Factors for Carcinoma Gallbladder
- EHBA
  - Caroli's Disease
- PANCREAS
  - Radiographic Sign of Acute Pancreatitis
  - Predict Severe Acute Pancreatitis
    - Acute Pancreatitis
  - Carcinoma Head of Pancreas
  - Periampullary Carcinoma
  - Ampullary Carcinoma
  - Pancreatic Cystadenomas (MC Benign Tumor of Pancreas)
- TUMOR LOCALIZATION OF GI NETs (CARCINOIDS AND PANCREATIC ENDOCRINE TUMORS)
CHAPTER 7:Genitourinary Radiology
- IMAGING KEYS
  - Intravenous Urography
    - Main Current Indications
    - Main Contraindications
- KIDNEYS AND URETERS
  - Congenital Diseases
- CALCULUS DISEASE OF KIDNEY
- FEATURES OF HYDRONEPHROSIS ON IVU
- PAPILLARY NECROSIS ON IVU
- RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION
  - Imaging in Renovascular Hypertension
- RENAL INFECTIONS
  - Renal TB
    - IVP is Abnormal in 85 to 90 Percent Cases. Distinctive Features of Renal TB (IVU)
    - Pathognomonic Features of Renal TB
  - Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis
- RENAL TUMORS
  - Wilms' Tumor (Nephroblastomas)
  - Staging
- WILMS' TUMOR VERSUS NEUROBLASTOMA
- ANGIOMYOLIPOMA (HAMARTOMA)
  - Renal Cell Carcinoma
    - Robson Staging of RCC
- RENAL INJURIES
  - Incidence
  - Indication
- BLADDER AND URETHRA
- PROSTATE AND TESTES
- TESTICULAR TUMOR
- SEMINAL VESICLE
- PENILE IMAGING
CHAPTER 8:Musculoskeletal Radiology
- IMAGING PROTOCOLS
- MUSCULOSKELETAL RADIOLOGY: DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- CONGENITAL SKELETAL ANOMALIES and SKELETAL DYSPLASIAS
- METABOLIC BONE DISORDERS
- BONE INFECTIONS
- SKELETAL TRAUMA
- MISCELLANEOUS MUSCULOSKELETAL RADIOLOGY DISEASES
  - Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis
- SPONDYLOLISTHESIS
- OSTEONECROSIS/OSTEOCHONDRITIS
  - Osteochondritis Dissecans
  - Spontaneous Aseptic Bone Necrosis
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF HIP PAIN IN CHILDREN
  - Perthes Disease (Osteochondritis of Femoral Capital Epiphysis/Waldenstrom Legg Calve Perthes Disease/Coxa Plana)
  - Transient Synovitis (Toxic Synovitis) of the Hip
- DISORDERS OF LYMPHORETICULAR AND HEMOPOIETIC SYSTEM
- BONE TUMORS AND TUMOR-LIKE CONDITIONS
- JOINT DISEASES
- SOFT TISSUES
  - Causes of Soft-tissue Calcifications
  - Soft Tissue Tumors
CHAPTER 9:Endocrine Imaging
- THYROID
- ADRENALS
CHAPTER 10:Head, Neck and Spine Imaging
- GENERAL ASPECT AND SKULL RADIOGRAPH
- RADIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
- CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF BRAIN
- NEUROCUTANEOUS SYNDROMES (PHAKOMATOSES)
- IMAGING IN DEMENTIA
- STROKE AND VASCULAR DISORDERS
- INTRACRANIAL INFECTIONS
- DISEASES OF DEMYELINATION (ACQUIRED)
- MESIAL TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY SYNDROME
  - PML
- BRAIN TUMORS
- PITUITARY IMAGING
  - Lipoma of Corpus Callosum
- HEAD TRAUMA
- ENT RADIOLOGY
- OPHTHALMIC RADIOLOGY
- NECK IMAGING
- SPINE RADIOLOGY
CHAPTER 11:Obstetrics and Gynecological Radiology
- ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN PREGNANCY
- TRANSVAGINAL USG
- PATHOLOGICAL CONSIDERATION IN OBSTETRICS USG
- GYNECOLOGY
  - Modalities for Detection of Gynecologic Lesions
    - USG
    - CT
    - MRI
    - CEMRI
  - Imaging of Carcinoma Cervix
- OVARIAN NEOPLASMS
CHAPTER 12:Breast Imaging
- DIAGNOSTIC MAMMOGRAPHY VERSUS SCREENING MAMMOGRAPHY
SECTION 2: NUCLEAR MEDICINE
CHAPTER 13:Radioactivity and Basics of Nuclear Medicine
- WHAT IS RADIOACTIVITY?
- WHAT IS AN ELEMENT?
- USEFUL TERMINOLOGIES
  - How can Different Isotopes of an Element be Produced?
- BASIC ISOTOPE NOTATION
- INSTRUMENTATION
  - Gamma Scintillation Camera
  - Collimator
- RADIONUCLIDES
- NUCLEAR STABILITY AND RADIOACTIVE DECAY
- RADIONUCLIDE PRODUCTION
- RADIOACTIVE DECAY
  - Technetium-99m
  - 67Ga Imaging
- RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES
- DIAGNOSTIC USES
CHAPTER 14:Nuclear Scans
- RADIONUCLIDE SCANS
- SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
- BRAIN SCAN
  - Brain Tumors
  - Epilepsy
  - Cerebrospinal Fluid Imaging
- SALIVARY GLAND SCAN
- THYROID SCAN
- PARATHYROID SCAN
- V/Q SCAN
- MYOCARDIAL SCAN
- MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION STUDIES
- MULTIPLE GATED ACQUISITION SCAN
  - Advantages of MUGA Scan
  - Disadvantages of MUGA Scan
- LIVER SCAN
  - Applications of Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy in Liver Diseases
- BILIARY SCINTIGRAPHIC SCAN
  - Others
- MECKEL'S DIVERTICULUM IMAGING
- GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING STUDIES
- RENAL SCAN
  - 131I 01H (Orthoiodohippurate)
  - 99mTc DTPA (Diethylene Triamine Penta-acetic Acid)
  - 99mTc DMSA (Dimercoptosuccinic Acid)
  - 99mTc Mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3)
  - ACE Inhibitor Scintigraphy
- ADRENAL SCAN
- TESTICULAR SCAN
- BONE SCAN
  - Radionuclides Considered for Bone Scanning
  - Common Indications for Bone Scans
- SCINTIGRAPHIC SCAN FOR NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS
- MISCELLANEOUS
- THERAPEUTIC USES
  - Role of Radionuclides in Radiotherapy
  - Precursors
  - More Example of Therapeutic Uses
SECTION 3: RADIOTHERAPY AND RADIATION ONCOLOGY
CHAPTER 15:Radiation Oncology
- AN OVERVIEW
- WHAT ARE ELECTROMAGNETIC RAYS?
- WHAT IS IONIZING RADIATION?
- CANCER BIOLOGY
  - Cell Cycle (G1, S, G2 and M)
- PRINCIPLES OF RADIATION THERAPY
- RADIOSENSITIZER AND RADIOPROTECTOR
CHAPTER 16:Radiotherapy
- SCHEDULE OF RADIOTHERAPY
  - Fractionation Schedules
  - Fractionation Radiotherapy
    - Hyperfractionation
    - Continuous Hyperfractionated Accelerated Radiotherapy (CHART)
- MODES OF RADIOTHERAPY
- TYPES OF RADIOTHERAPY TREATMENT
- RECENT ADVANCES IN RADIOTHERAPY
- RADIATION PORTALS
- COMPLICATIONS OF RADIOTHERAPY
- BENIGN DISEASES THAT CAN BE TREATED WITH RADIOTHERAPY
  - Radiotherapy in Graves' Disease
  - Tumors and their Treatments of Choice
- VARIOUS TUMORS AND VISCERA: DOSE LIMITS
- GUIDE TO THE RELATIVE RADIOSENSITIVITY OF NORMAL TISSUE
- FOLLOW-UP OF CANCER PATIENTS RECEIVING RADIOTHERAPY
SECTION 4: NEWER ADVANCES AND INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY
CHAPTER 17:Newer Advances
- ADVANCES IN CT SCAN
  - Multidetector CT
    - Virtual Bronchoscopy
- CARDIAC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
  - Clinical Applications
  - Limitations of CT
- CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
- ECHO-PLANAR MRI: ULTRAFAST MR SEQUENCE
  - Newer MRI Applications Principle Utility
- DIFFUSION WEIGHTED MRI (DWMRI)
- FUNCTIONAL MRI
- MR SPECTROSCOPY (MRS)
  - MRS Current Applications
- NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
CHAPTER 18:Interventional Radiology
- DIGITAL SUBTRACTION ARTERIOGRAPHY
  - Angiography
  - Arteriography
- CATHETER ANGIOGRAPHY
  - Benefits
  - Risks
- THERAPEUTIC EMBOLIZATION
- PARTICULATE EMBOLIC AGENTS
- BRONCHIAL ARTERY EMBOLIZATION
- INTERVENTIONAL GI RADIOLOGY
- INTERVENTIONAL NEURORADIOLOGY
- ABLATION
  - Applications of RFA
  - Algorithm
- CAVITRON ULTRASONIC SURGICAL ASPIRATOR
  - Percutaneous Vertebroplasty
- PERCUTANEOUS TRANSCATHETER VASCULAR OCCLUSION
  - Peripheral
  - Head, Neck, and Spine
    - Epistaxis
    - Vascular Malformations
- MEDICAL TUMOR ABLATION
- THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF DEEP HEATING
- HIGH-INTENSITY FOCUSED ULTRASOUND

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes