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Essentials of First Aid for Nursing
Maheshwari Loganathan
CHAPTER 1:
First Aid
HISTORY
What is First Aid?
Objectives
To Save Lives
To Prevent Injury From Becoming Worse
To Promote Recovery
What are the Principles of Emergency Care?
What are the Golden Rules to be Considered for First Aid?
Contents of the First Aid Kit
Equipment
Dressings
Medication
Bandages
First Aid for Emergency Conditions Like
HEMORRHAGE (BLEEDING)
Factors Which Predispose to Hemorrhage
External Hemorrhage
First Aid Measures
Treatment
Tourniquets
Internal Hemorrhage
The Principles of Management of Internal Hemorrhage are
Epistaxis
Hemoptysis
Hematemesis
Hematuria
Bleeding from a Tooth Socket
Bleeding from the Anus
FRACTURES
Types
Causes
A Fracture is Diagnosed by
How To Recognize Fractures?
General First Aid Measures for Any Fracture
Steps to be Taken
Immobilization for Upper Limb Injury
Types of Injuries
Procedure 1
Procedure 2
Immobilization for Lower Limb Injury (One Limb)
Immobilization for Lower Limb Injury (Two Limb)
Soft Tissue Injury
Recognize
Skull
Face
Spine
Chest
Humerus
Radius and Ulna (Forearm Bones)
Collar Bone (Clavicle)
Femur
Tibia and Fibula
Pelvis
Ankle
WOUNDS
Types
First Aid Measures
Dressing of Wounds
Triangular Bandages
Broad Bandage
Narrow Bandage
Principles of Dressing
BURNS AND SCALDS
Causes
Extent of Burn
Special Areas
Anatomy of Burns
Degree of Burns
Location of Burns
Surface Area of Burns
Steps to be Taken
Do Not
First Aid Measures
Management of Burn
In Case of Swelling or Pain
In Case of Chemical Burns
CHAPTER 2:
Unconventional Threats (Community Emergencies)
EXPLOSIVE DEVICES
Further Complications May Arise Due to
Guidelines for Identification of Letter or Parcel Bombs
Guidelines for Suspected Bombs in Vehicle, Dustbin and Pits
Upon Discovery of Bomb
Procedures for Evacuation of a Building
HANDLING CHEMICAL AGENT THREATS
Nerve Agents
How do They Work?
Effects of Nerve Agent Liquid on the Skin
Effects of Nerve Agent Vapor
Nerve Agent Casualty Treatment
Triage
Blister Agents (Vesicants)
Early Effects of Blister Agents
Blister Agents Casualty Treatment
Triage
Blood Agents
Effects of Blood Agents: Cyanide
Effects of Blood Agents: Cyanogen chloride
Blood Agent Casualty Treatment
Triage
Riot Control Agents
Effects Of Riot Control Agents
Riot Control Agent Casualty Treatment
HANDLING SUSPECTED ANTHRAX SCARE
Anthrax
What is Anthrax?
Danger of Anthrax
How to Handle Suspected Anthrax Scare
IN-PLACE PROTECTION
Criteria of Appropriate Room
Essential Items Required
Procedures for In-place Protection
Procedures if You are not at Home in the Event of a Chemical Incident
If you are Inside a Vehicle
If You are Out in the Open Air
GENERAL INFORMATION
BIOLOGICAL THREAT
Overview
If There is a Biological Threat
Protect Yourself
Symptoms and Hygiene
Steps to Take
CHEMICAL THREAT
Steps to Take
Steps to Take
If There is an Explosion
If There is a Fire
If you are Trapped in Debris
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)
One Man CPR
Assessment: Determine Unresponsiveness
Activate Emergency Medical Service (EMS)
Inform the Dispatcher
Position
Airway
Check Airway
Open Airway
Note
Breathing
Assess for Spontaneous Breathing
Mouth-to-mouth Breathing
Note
Circulation
Assess Circulation (Pulse)
External Chest Compression
Locate Landmark
Reassessment
Guidelines for Proper Compression Techniques
CHAPTER 3:
Fire Safety and Casualty Evacuation
BASIC FIRE SAFETY
Triangle of Combustion
Why is it so?
Methods of Extinguishing Fires
Classification of Fire
Types of fire Extinguishers
Water-pressurized Fire Extinguisher
Carbon dioxide (Co2) Extinguisher
Special Dry-powder Extinguisher
Method of Operating an Extinguisher
Major Causes of Fire
If You Discover a Fire
Raise the Alarm
Tackle the Fire
Evacuation
If You are Trapped
If You are Trapped in a Smoke-logged Room
If Your Clothing Catches Fire
CHAPTER 4:
Heart Attack
HEART ATTACK
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
CHAPTER 5:
Angina Pectoris
ANGINA PECTORIS
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
CHAPTER 6:
Fainting
FAINTING
Causes
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
CHAPTER 7:
Medico-legal Cases and Medical Care of Emergency Patients
MEDICO-LEGAL CASES AND MEDICAL CARE
Indication for Registering a Medico-legal Case
CHAPTER 8:
Anaphylactic Shock and Chest pain
UNPLEASANT SITUATION RELATED TO EMERGENCY
Anaphylactic Shock
Anaphylactic Reaction
Definition
Signs of Anaphylactic Shock (Anaphylaxis)
Prevention
CHEST PAIN
Related to Breathing
Other Causes
Management
Prevention
CHAPTER 9:
Common Indian Plant Poisons
COMMON INDIAN PLANT POISONS
Symptoms
Treatment
CHAPTER 10:
First Aid in Foreign Bodies
FIRST AID IN FOREIGN BODIES
Possibilities
Treatment
In Case of Swallowed Foreign Bodies
Foreign Body in the Throat
Foreign Body in the Nose
Foreign Body in the Ear
Foreign Body in the Eye
Foreign Body in the Skin
CHAPTER 11:
Common Problems
HEADACHE
Causes
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
TOOTHACHE
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
BLEEDING FROM NOSE (EPISTAXIS)
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
CHAPTER 12:
Asphyxia
ASPHYXIA
Causes
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
CHAPTER 13:
Suffocation
SUFFOCATION
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
CHAPTER 14:
Drowning
DROWNING
Rescue and Treatment
Management
CHAPTER 15:
Emergency Care and First Aid in Disasters
DISASTERS
Types of Disasters
Responsibilities of Health Workers in Disasters
Aspects of Relief Work in Disasters
Calamities
Responsibilities of Health Workers in Calamities
Disaster Management
CHAPTER 16:
Community Emergencies
COMMUNITY EMERGENCIES
Fire Explosions
Floods
Earthquakes
Famine
REHABILITATION
COMMUNITY RESOURCES
Police Assistance
Ambulance Service
INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES
World Health Organization (WHO)
United Nations Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)
Non-governmental and Other Agencies
International Red Cross
CHAPTER 17:
Transport of Injured Patients
CHAPTER 18:
Poisoning
POISONING
CHAPTER 19:
Bites and Stings
BITES AND STINGS
Treatment and Prevention
Snake Bite
First Aid Measures for Snake Bite are
Scorpion Sting
The Following First Aid Measures Should be Taken
Bee Sting
Following First Aid Measures Should be Taken
Leech Bite
Following First Aid Measures Should be Taken
Dog Bite
The First Aid Measures Taken After a Dog Bite are
Jellyfish Sting
Following First Aid Measures Should be Taken
Sting of Portuguese Man of War
Following First Aid Measures Should be Taken
Sea Urchin Sting
First Aid Measures are as Follows
Cone-shaped Shells
First Aid Measures to be taken are as Follows
Coral Cuts
First Aid Measures in Case of Corel Cuts are
CHAPTER 20:
Accidents
ACCIDENTS
Accidents Faced by Children Below 5 Years
Accidents Due to Electricity
Accidents Due to Water
Accidents Due to Gas
Accidents Due to Fire
Accidents Likely to Occur in Kitchen
Accidents Likely to Occur in Bathrooms and Toilet
Accidents Likely to Occur in Garages
Road Accidents
Accidents Likely to Occur Due to Machineries
CHAPTER 21:
Bandages
BANDAGES
ROLLER BANDAGE
Fingers
Hand and Four Fingers (Without Thumb)
Thumb
Back of the Wrist
Forearm
Elbow
Arm
Shoulder
Chest
Spiral Bandage
Cruciform Bandage
Breasts
Abdomen and Groin
Head
Eye
Lower Limb
Amputation Stump
Heel
Ankle
Foot
TRIANGULAR BANDAGE
Arm Sling
Scalp
Hand
Chest
Elbow
Knee
Foot
TREFOIL BANDAGE
HOT LINE NUMBERS
INDEX
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Index
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