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Sankara Nethralaya: Clinical Practice Patterns in Ophthalmology
Prema Padmanabhan, SS Badrinath
1:
Orbit and Oculoplasty
EVALUATION IN THE OCULOPLASTY DEPARTMENT
Patient Assessment-Psychological Implications
MEDICOLEGAL IMPLICATIONS
Informed Consent
Few Simple Rules
GENERAL PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
In Case of a Child
INVESTIGATIONS
The Day Before Surgery
Surgeon's Review
On the Day of Surgery
Inside the Operation Theater
HISTORY
EXAMINATION OF PTOSIS
SURGICAL APPROACH
Congenital Ptosis
Aponeurotic Ptosis
Neurogenic Ptosis
Myogenic Ptosis
Traumatic Ptosis
POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
REPEAT SURGERY
Overcorrection
Undercorrection
DEFINITION
EVALUATION
History
EXAMINATION
INVESTIGATIONS
MANAGEMENT
DEFINITION
EVALUATION
History
EXAMINATION
INVESTIGATIONS
MANAGEMENT INCLUDING PRINCIPLES
HISTORY
EXAMINATION
MANAGEMENT
HISTORY
EXAMINATION
MANAGEMENT
FOLLOW-UP
HISTORY
EXAMINATION
MANAGEMENT
GUIDELINES FOR DETAILED EXAMINATION OF MASS LESIONS OF THE ORBIT
Comprehensive History
Evaluation of a Case of Proptosis
Systemic Evaluation
Investigations
Surgical Approach
FOLLOW-UP
DEFINITION
EVALUATION
History
Ophthalmic
Systemic
Examination
Management Principles
To Stop Smoking
HISTORY
EXAMINATION
MANAGEMENT
INDICATIONS
PRE-REQUISITES
TECHNIQUE
COMPLICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
CT SCAN GUIDED ORBITAL FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY
Indications
Technique
For Small and Posterior Lesions
For Optic Nerve Lesions
THREE DIMENSIONAL CT
Indications
Advantages of CT
Disadvantages of CT
Disadvantages of Three Dimensional CT
INDICATIONS
ADVANTAGES
CONTRAINDICATIONS
DISADVANTAGES
CONGENITAL DACRYOSTENOSIS
History
Clinical Examination
Examination in the Oculoplasty Department
Management
Conservative Treatment
Probing and Syringing of Lacrimal System
Persistence of Symptoms and Bony Block
ACUTE DACRYOCYSTITIS
History
Clinical Examination
Examination in the Oculoplasty Department
Guidelines in the Management
CHRONIC DACRYOCYSTITIS
History
Clinical Examination
Examination in the Oculoplasty Department
MANAGEMENT
Follow-up
INDICATIONS
Complete Obstruction
Incomplete Obstruction
CONTRAINDICATIONS
PROCEDURE
Modifications
NASAL ENDOSCOPY
ENDOSCOPY IN ORBITAL SURGERY
INSPECTION
PALPATION
MANAGEMENT
COUNSELING
OCULAR PROSTHETIC DEPARTMENT
DERMATOCHALASIS
Definition
Management
Indications
Examination
BROW PTOSIS
Definition
Management
Indications
Examination
FACE AND MIDFACE LIFT
Definition
Indications
Examination
AUTOLOGOUS FAT TRANSFER
Definition
Indications
Examination
BOTOX
Definition
Indications
DERMAL FILLERS
Definition
Indications
2:
Squint
OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT
IN-PATIENT
COMPLAINTS
PAST HISTORY
BIRTH AND MEDICAL HISTORY
FAMILY HISTORY
INFANTS AND TODDLERS
PRELITERATE CHILDREN
SCHOOL-GOING CHILDREN
PATIENTS WITH NYSTAGMUS
CHOICE OF CYCLOPLEGIC AGENT
METHOD
MYOPIA
HYPEROPIA
ASTIGMATISM
CONSENSUS GUIDELINES FOR PRESCRIBING EYEGLASSES IN YOUNG CHILDREN
Myopia
Hyperopia
Astigmatism
AMBLYOPIA
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR AMBLYOPIA
Management
CHOICE OF THERAPY
HISTORY
BIRTH HISTORY AND MEDICAL HISTORY (SEE SECTION 2.1)
Family History
External Examination
Examination
ANTERIOR SEGMENT EXAMINATION BY SLIT-LAMP/TORCH LIGHT
In the Squint Clinic
MANAGEMENT
Penalization
Occlusion
Surgery
INFANTILE ESOTROPIA
ACCOMMODATIVE ESOTROPIA
PARTIALLY ACCOMMODATIVE ESOTROPIA
ESOTROPIA WITH HIGH AC/A RATIO
INTERMITTENT DIVERGENT SQUINT
HISTORY
EXAMINATION
AT SQUINT CLINIC
MANAGEMENT
HISTORY
Birth History
EXAMINATION
Visual Function
Slit-Lamp Examination
INVESTIGATIONS
MANAGEMENT
Indications for Surgery
Unilateral Cataract
Bilateral Cataract
Early Intraocular Lens Implantation
POSTOPERATIVE FOLLOW-UP
VISUAL REHABILITATION
HISTORY
EXAMINATION
INVESTIGATIONS
Indications
MANAGEMENT
Optical
Surgical Correction
INDICATIONS
Soft Lens
Rigid Gas Permeable Lens
Hard Lens
CONTRAINDICATIONS
CONTACT LENS TRIAL STEPS
RIGID GAS PERMEABLE LENS (SEMI SOFT LENS) FITTING
Steep Fit
Symptoms
Signs
Management
Flat Fit
Symptoms
Signs
Management
SOFT CONTACT LENS FITTING
Steps
FOLLOW-UP EXAMINATION/AFTER CARE
History
Examination
CONTACT LENS-INDUCED PAPILLARY CONJUNCTIVITIS
Etiology
Symptoms
Management
BULBAR CONJUNCTIVAL HYPEREMIA
Etiology
Symptoms
Management
LIMBAL HYPEREMIA
Etiology
Symptoms
Management
CORNEAL STAINING
Etiology
Symptoms
Management
SUPERIOR ARCUATE STAINING
Etiology
Symptoms
Management
3 AND 9 O'CLOCK STAINING
Etiology
Symptoms
Management
CORNEAL EDEMA
Etiology
Symptoms
Management
CENTRAL CORNEAL CLOUDING
Etiology
Symptoms
Management
DEPOSITS
Etiology
Symptoms
Management
DEFINITION
COMMON CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH ECTOPIA LENTIS
Ocular
Systemic Conditions
HISTORY
Medical History
Family History
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
Work-up
MANAGEMENT
MECHANISM OF ACTION
CLINICAL USES
RECONSTITUTION
INJECTION PROCEDURE
POSSIBLE SIDE EFFECTS
3:
Cornea
CONJUNCTIVAL SWAB
Purpose
Procedure
CORNEAL SCRAPPING
Purpose
Procedure
ROUTINE SMEARS
ROUTINE CULTURES
Special Culture
SCHIRMER'S TEST
Test 1
Test 2
Reflex Secretion
PUNCTAL OCCLUSION
Definition
Types
Practical Pearl
PACHYMETRY
PROCEDURE
Display Message
SPECULAR MICROSCOPY
Indications
Definition of Terms
Procedure
GRADING OF CONJUNCTIVITIS
HISTORY
EXAMINATION
Clinical Characteristics of Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Clinical Characteristics of Viral Conjunctivitis
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
IN THE CORNEA CLINIC
MANAGEMENT
SLIT-LAMP EXAMINATION
MANAGEMENT
In the Cornea Department
INCIDENCE
GLOBAL PREVALENCE
TYPES OF ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS
SYMPTOMS
Specific Features
EXAMINATION
Tools for Diagnosing Allergy
TREATMENT
General Measures
Mild Cases
Moderate Cases
Severe Cases
Surgical Treatment
COMPLICATIONS
PRACTICAL PEARLS
HISTORY
EXAMINATION
MANAGEMENT
IN THE CORNEA CLINIC
HISTORY
EXAMINATION
MANAGEMENT
DEFINITION
HISTORY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
MANAGEMENT
HISTORY
EXAMINATION
MANAGEMENT
In the Cornea Department
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
Medical Care
Surgical Care
Complications
Prognosis
PRACTICAL PEARLS
RISK FACTORS
EXAMINATION
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
CONDITIONS THAT CAUSE CORNEAL OPACITY
0 to 5 Years Age
5 to 35 Years Age
>35 Years Age
APPROACH TO A PATIENT WITH CORNEAL OPACITY
History
CLINICAL FEATURES
Size of The Lesion
TREATMENT
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
TREATMENT
SYMPTOMS
CAUSES OF CORNEAL ECTASIA
KERATOCONUS
KERATOGLOBUS
PELLUCID MARGINAL DEGENERATION
TERRIENS MARGINAL DEGENERATION
POSTREFRACTIVE SURGERY ECTASIA
APPROACH TO THE PATIENT
History
EXAMINATION
Reflexes
Anterior Segment Examination
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
CLASSIFICATION
Diagnosing Corneal Dystrophies
Managing Corneal Dystrophies
Medical Treatment of Corneal Dystrophies
Contact Lens Treatment of Corneal Dystrophies
Surgical Management of Corneal Dystrophies
PRESENTING SYMPTOMS
HISTORY
EXAMINATION
MANAGEMENT
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
Follow-up
BROAD CLASSIFICATION
DYSFUNCTIONAL TEAR SYNDROME
Dry Eye
National Eye Institute Definition
DEWS Definition
Delphi Panel Suggestion
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
History Taking
CLINICAL TESTS
Tear Secretion Assessment
Schirmer's Test
Tear Volume Assessment
Tear Clearance Assessment
FLUOROPHOTOMETRY
Tear Function Index (TFI)
Evaluation of Tear Film Stability
Lipid Layer Assessment
Meibomian Gland Dysfunction
Ocular Surface Damage Assessment
Diagnostic Dye Staining
Impression Cytology
Tear Osmolarity
Tear Protein Assays
MANAGEMENT
Avoidance of Exacerbating Factors
Eyelid Hygiene
Tear Retention
Tear stimulation: Secretagogues
Biological Tear Substitutes
Anti-inflammatory Therapy
CHEMICAL INJURIES
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Classification
TREATMENT
Treatment in the Acute Phase of Injury
Surgical Management in Acute Phase
Management in Chronic Phase
Limbal Stem Cell Transplantation
STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME
Management of Ocular Condition in the Acute Stage
Causes for Persistent Inflammation in SJS
Differential Diagnosis
Management in Chronic Stage
HISTORY AND PREDISPOSING FACTORS
EXAMINATION
INVESTIGATIONS
MANAGEMENT
PRACTICAL PEARLS
4:
Glaucoma
HISTORY
EXAMINATION
INVESTIGATIONS
GENERAL CRITERIA FOR DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
FOLLOW-UP
ACUTE ANGLE CLOSURE GLAUCOMA
Diagnostic Points
Management
CHRONIC ANGLE CLOSURE GLAUCOMA AND CREEPING ANGLE CLOSURE GLAUCOMA
Diagnostic Points
Management
OCULAR HYPERTENSION
Diagnostic Points
Management
NARROW OR OCCLUDABLE ANGLES
Diagnostic Points
Management
CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA
Diagnostic Points
Management
Follow-up
PIGMENTARY GLAUCOMA
Diagnostic Points
Management
PSEUDOEXFOLIATION GLAUCOMA
Diagnostic Points
Management
NORMAL TENSION GLAUCOMA
Diagnostic Points
Management
NEOVASCULAR GLAUCOMA
Diagnostic Points
Management
PLATEAU IRIS SYNDROME
Diagnostic Points
Management
PHACOMORPHIC GLAUCOMA
Diagnostic Points
Management
PHACOLYTIC GLAUCOMA
Diagnostic Points
Management
POST-TRAUMATIC GLAUCOMA
Diagnostic Points
Management
POSTINFLAMMATORY GLAUCOMA
Diagnostic Points
Management
PUPILLARY BLOCK GLAUCOMA
Diagnostic Points
Management
IRIDOCORNEAL ENDOTHELIAL SYNDROME
Diagnostic Points
Management
NANOPHTHALMOS
Diagnostic Points
Management
ELEVATED EPISCLERAL VENOUS PRESSURE-INDUCED GLAUCOMA
Diagnostic Points
Management
MALIGNANT GLAUCOMA
Diagnostic Points
Management
5:
Uvea
DEFINITION
POINTS TO BE NOTED DURING HISTORY TAKING
Patient Details
Ocular History
Systemic History
Past Investigations
Medication
EXAMINATION
Anterior Chamber
Flare (Protein in Aqueous)
Cells (Slit-Lamp Setting Same as for Flare)
INVESTIGATIONS
INITIAL TREATMENT
FURTHER TREATMENT
CLINICAL FEATURES
SYMPTOMS
SLIT-LAMP EXAMINATION
Characteristic Hallmark of Pars Planitis
INVESTIGATIONS
MANAGEMENT
OPTIONS OF TREATMENT AVAILABLE
OCULAR EXAMINATION
INVESTIGATIONS
Common Laboratory Tests in Posterior Uveitis in Our Institute
Indocyanine Green Angiography
Indications
Ultrasound
MANAGEMENT
HISTORY
Common Ocular Symptoms
OCULAR EXAMINATION
FUNDUS EXAMINATION
Important Differential Diagnoses
INVESTIGATIONS
Ancillary Tests
MANAGEMENT
PROGNOSIS
SYMPTOMS
CRITICAL SIGNS
OTHER SIGNS
CLASSIFICATION
ETIOLOGY
WORK UP
TREATMENT
FOLLOW-UP
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
CAUSES
MANAGEMENT
TREATMENT
DOSAGE
SIDE EFFECTS
Complications of Corticosteroid Therapy
FETAL AND NEONATAL COMPLICATIONS (PREGNANCY)
CHRONIC CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY
INVESTIGATIONS DURING STEROID THERAPY
TERMINATION OF SYSTEMIC THERAPY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
DO'S AND DON'TS FOR THE PATIENT DURING STEROID THERAPY
SITUATIONS IN WHICH STEROIDS SHOULD BE USED WITH CAUTION
SITUATIONS IN WHICH STEROIDS SHOULD NOT BE USED
IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS IN UVEITIS
STRATEGIES FOR SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT OF CATARACT IN UVEITIS PATIENTS
Indications for Cataract Surgery
Preoperative Assessment and Patient Selection
Preoperative Management
Surgical Options
Postoperative Management
Postoperative Complications
Conclusion
STEPS BEFORE ORDERING INVESTIGATIONS
When you do not Need to Order for any Lab Tests
What Lab Tests you should do Always?
Raised ESR
SEROLOGICAL TESTS
Rheumatoid Factor
Antinuclear Antibodies Positive
Serological Tests for Syphilis
ELISA Test from Serum
ELISA for TB from Serum
ELISA for Toxoplasmosis
When should you Order ELISA for HIV
Human Leukocyte Antigen
HLA Typing is not Required Routinely
HLA—B27 Positive Anterior Uveitis
Investigations for Sarcoidosis
SACE
Skin Tests
Ancillary Investigations
Role of FFA
Ancillary Tests in Uveitis
Pathologic Study
Indications for Pathologic Study
Nongranulomatous Anterior Uveitis
Granulomatous Anterior Uveitis
Investigations of Uveitis in Children below 15 Years
Investigations in Adults
Speciality Consultations to be Sought
INDICATIONS
BASELINE
SECOND LEVEL INVESTIGATIONS
Chest X-ray
Mantoux Test
QuantiFERON TB GOLD Test
Other Investigations
Molecular Biologic Techniques
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
SITE OF INJECTION
PREPARATIONS
POSTERIOR SUBTENON INJECTION IN UVEITIS
Procedure
Complications
INDICATION
DRUGS
PREPARATION OF 0.4 ml OF MYDRICAINE
PREPARATION OF 0.5% DROSYN
PREPARATION OF 0.2% HOMIDE
COMPLICATION
METHOD OF PREPARATION
DOSAGE
PREPARATION
PRECAUTIONS
DOSAGE
COMPLICATIONS
STEPS OF INJECTION
6:
Neuro-ophthalmology
HISTORY
PAST HISTORY
EXAMINATION
HISTORY
Ocular (Unilateral or Bilateral)
Systemic
PAST HISTORY
EXAMINATION FINDINGS
Ocular
Systemic
INVESTIGATIONS
Ocular
Systemic—Depends on Clinical Findings
TREATMENT
Treatment is Case Specific
IV Methylprednisolone
No Treatment
FOLLOW-UP
ATYPICAL OPTIC NEUROPATHY (NOT DEMYELINATING)
Features
Management
NEURORETINITIS
ARTERITIC AION
Symptoms
Ocular
Systemic
Signs
Systemic
Investigations
Systemic
Ocular
Treatment
IV Methylprednisolone
FOLLOW-UP
NONARTERITIC AION
Symptoms
History
Signs
Investigations
Ocular
Systemic
Treatment
Follow-up
NATURAL COURSE
HISTORY
Ocular
Systemic
EXAMINATION FINDINGS
Ocular
Systemic
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
FOLLOW-UP
ASK
EXAMINATION
MANAGEMENT
Horizontal Diplopia (Major Causes)
Vertical Diplopia (Major Causes)
MANAGEMENT
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
HISTORY
CHECK FOR
Ocular
Systemic
INVESTIGATIONS
MANAGEMENT
Pupil Spared
Pupil involved
Manage as Pupil Involved
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
HISTORY
INVESTIGATIONS
MANAGEMENT
SYMPTOM
SIGN
INVESTIGATIONS
MANAGEMENT
MULTIPLE CRANIAL NERVE PALSY
LOCATION OF LESION
INVESTIGATIONS
MANAGEMENT
CLINICAL SIGNS
MANAGEMENT
Investigations by Neurologist
Treatment by Neurologist
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
TREATMENT
IT IS AN OPHTHALMIC EMERGENCY
CAUSES
CLINICAL FEATURES
Ocular
Systemic
CLASSIFICATION
COMPLICATIONS
INVESTIGATIONS
MANAGEMENT
CLINICAL FEATURES
Investigations
Management
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Indications
Ocular
Orbital Disease
Neuro-ophthalmic Disease
Contraindications
Contrast not Required or Contraindicated in
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
MRI is More Ueful than CT
MR OR CT ANGIOGRAPHY
MRI Contraindicated
7:
Vitreoretinal Diseases
ABSOLUTE INDICATIONS
RELATIVE INDICATIONS
RELATIVE CONTRAINDICATIONS
SPECIAL SITUATIONS
TECHNIQUE OF TREATMENT
Laser Photocoagulation
Cryopexy
Follow-up
Counseling
EXAMINATION
Data Recording
TREATMENT
Indications for Laser Treatment
Treatment with Indirect Laser Photocoagulation
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
Scleral Buckling in ROP
Vitrectomy in ROP
Follow-up
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
TIMINGS OF SURGERY
TECHNIQUES
HISTORY
EXAMINATION
INVESTIGATIONS
RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA
History
EXAMINATION
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
PREINJECTION INSTRUCTIONS
PROCEDURE
POSTINJECTION INSTRUCTIONS
ICG ANGIOGRAPHY
Indications
Contraindications
Relative Contraindications
Preangiogram Instructions
Procedure
EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT NEEDED IN FFA ROOM
MULTIFOCAL ELECTRORETINOGRAM
Indications
Procedure
Electrode Placement
Stimulus Parameters
CLINICAL PROTOCOL
Preparation of the Patient
REPORTING
Mode of Display
MULTIFOCAL VISUAL EVOKED POTENTIAL
Indications
Not Possible to do Test in
Procedure
Basic Technology
Electrode Placement
Stimulus Parameters
Clinical Protocol
Preparation of the Patient
Reporting
ELECTRORETINOGRAM
Indications
Contraindications
Indications for ERG Under General Anesthesia
Procedure
Basic Technology
Clinical Protocol
Reporting
ELECTRO-OCULOGRAM
Indications
Procedure
Basic Technology
Clinical Protocol
Reporting
VISUAL EVOKED POTENTIAL
Indications
Procedure
Basic Technology
Clinical Protocol
Preparation of the Patient
Reporting
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY FOR MACULAR DISEASES
When to Order
When to Avoid
Type of Scan Protocols
Recommendation
Analyses
Procedure to be Followed for Every Patient
Precautions
HISTORY
EXAMINATION
DISCUSSION WITH PATIENT
PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION
ROLE OF CONSULTANT AND VITREORETINAL ASSISTANT
PREOPERATIVE MEASURES IN DIABETIC PATIENTS
PREOPERATIVE MEASURES IN HIGH-RISK CASES
GUIDELINES FOR PATIENT COUNSELING IN VITREORETINAL SURGICAL CASES
For Simple Scleral Buckle Surgery
Factors Indicating Poor Anatomical Outcome
Retinal Detachment with Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy Cases
Trauma Cases
Diabetic Cases
Definitions
HISTORY
EXAMINATION
INDIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPY
INVESTIGATIONS
Ultrasound
Ultrasound Biomicroscopy
MANAGEMENT
Early Surgical Intervention Advocated in
ACUTE RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION
History
Clinical Examination
Treatment
Investigations
Follow-up
CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION (INCLUDING HEMICENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION)
History
Examination
Fundus Examination
Investigations
Laboratory Investigations
Treatment
At Each Visit Do
Panretinal Photocoagulation
Peripheral Cryo Ablation
For Macular Edema
BRANCH RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION
History
Examination
Fundus Examination
Investigations
Treatment
Laser
HISTORY
EXAMINATION
INVESTIGATIONS
Use of Fluorescein Angiography for Diabetic Retinopathy
Role of Optical Coherence Tomography
TREATMENT
Follow-up
Indications for Vitrectomy
MACULAR HOLE
History
Examination
Investigations
Indications for Surgery
Surgery not Recommended in
Preoperative Discussion
EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE
History
Examination
Investigations
Indications for Surgery
Preoperative Discussion
VITREOMACULAR TRACTION SYNDROME
History
Examination
78 D Examination
I/O Examination
Investigations
INTRAOCULAR FOREIGN BODY
History
Examination
IN VITREORETINAL DEPARTMENT
Treatment
Immediate Surgery
Elective Surgery
Emergency Vitreoretinal Cases
CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY
History
Clinical Examination
Advise Investigations
Optional Investigations
Treatment
Observation and Regular Follow-up
Indications
Options
Prognosis
Follow-up
Note
AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
History
Examination
Before Dilatation
After Dilatation
Specifically Note
Investigations
Treatment
Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration
Wet Age-related Macular Degeneration
Indications
Combination Therapy
Indications
Below Mentioned Treatments can also be Considered
Criteria for Retreatment
Photodynamic Therapy
ANTIBIOTICS/STEROIDS
Indications
Dilution Guidelines
Routes of Administration
Method of Administration
Protocol for Dilution
AMIKACIN
CEFAZOLIN
CEFTAZIDIME
VANCOMYCIN
CIPROFLOXACIN
AMPHOTERICIN B
VORICONAZOLE
DEXAMETHASONE
MISCELLANEOUS INTRAVITREAL AGENTS
Triamcinolone Acetonide (4 mg/0.1 ml)
Indication
Anti-VEGF Agents
Indication
Administration Technique
HISTORY
Details of Previous Treatment Received
Clinical Examinations in the Outpatient Department
Signs to be Noted
No Mass Lesion
MANAGEMENT
Unilateral Disease
Bilateral Disease
Indications of Enucleation
Sequential Aggressive Local Therapy—in the Absence of Vitreous Involvement
External Beam Radiation
Review
Metastatic Work-up
Parental/Sibling Evaluation
Follow-up
Genetic Analysis
CHOROIDAL MELANOMA
Demographics
Clinical Features
Tumor Size
Differential Diagnosis
Choroidal Neoplasms
Hemorrhagic Processes
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Processes
Inflammatory Processes
Miscellaneous
Optimal Therapeutic Modality
Transpupillary Thermotherapy
Contraindications
Brachytherapy
Complications
Proton Beam Radiotherapy (Not Available in the Country)
Contraindications
Complications
Stereotactic Radiotherapy (Not Available in the Country)
Surgical Resection
Trans-scleral Choroidectomy
Contraindications
Follow-up
HISTORY
EXAMINATION
MANAGEMENT
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Intravitreal Injection-Depending on the Laboratory Report
Topical Medication
Systemic Medication
VITRECTOMY
ENDOGENOUS ENDOPHTHALMITIS
History
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Intravitreal Injections
Dilution of Intravitreal Drugs
DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND A-SCAN
Indications
Microphthalmos
Nanophthalmos
Axial Myopia
B-scan Ultrasound
Indications
Opaque Ocular Media
Clear Ocular Media
Technique
Ultrasound Probe Orientations (For Ocular Ultrasound)
Axial Scan
Transverse and Longitudinal Scans
Interpretation
In Trauma Cases
In Vitreous Hemorrhage
In Endophthalmitis
Mass Lesion: If Present
Leukocoria
Retinoblastoma
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Postoperative Cases
Total Cataract/Corneal Opacity Cases
Nanophthalmos
ORBITAL ULTRASOUND
Indications
Technique
Soft Tissue Evaluation
Scan Methods
Technique
Transocular
Transverse
Longitudinal
Paraocular
B-Scan Screening
A-Scan Screening
Special Examination Techniques
Topographic Echography
Immersion Technique
Kinetic Echography
Extraocular Muscles
Rectus Muscles
B-scan Technique
A-Scan Technique
Oblique Muscles
Superior Oblique
Inferior Oblique
Retrobulbar Optic Nerve
B-Scan Technique
A-Scan Technique
Thirty-Degree Test
SPECIFIC SITUATIONS
Orbital Tumors
LASER PROCEDURES IN OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT
Protocol
Follow-up
PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY
Introduction
Indications
Choroidal Neovascular Membrane
Contraindications
Cautions
Protocol
Follow-up
TRANSPUPILLARY THERMOTHERAPY
Indications
Protocol
Follow-up
CRYOTHERAPY
Indications
Protocol
Follow-up
8:
Ocular Trauma
HISTORY
EXAMINATION
Corneal/Corneoscleral Lacerations
Globe Ruptures
Intraocular Foreign Bodies
MANAGEMENT
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT (GENERAL GUIDELINES)
Anesthesia
Surgical Repair—Special Instructions
ETIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION
TREATMENT
Treatment in the Acute Phase of Injury
Surgical Management in Acute Phase
Management in Chronic Phase
Limbal Stem Cell Transplantation
HYPHEMA
History
Examination
Investigations
Management
Medical Management
Surgical Management
Follow-up
TRAUMATIC UVEITIS
LENS INJURIES
TRAUMATIC ANGLE RECESSION/GLAUCOMA
COMMOTIO RETINAE (BERLIN'S EDEMA)
Examination
Management
HISTORY
EXAMINATION
MANAGEMENT
HISTORY
EXAMINATION
MANAGEMENT
INDEX
TOC
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