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The ABC of CBC: Interpretation of Complete Blood Count and Histograms
DP Lokwani
1:
INTRODUCTION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF CBC
INTRODUCTION
What is CBC?
Why CBC?
Various Parameters of CBC
Normal values of various parameters of CBC
VARIOUS INDICES BY AGE GROUP AND CONDITIONS
2:
RED BLOOD CELLS
ERYTHROCYTE (RBC)
Hemoglobin Concentration Measurement
Cyanmethemoglobin Method
Method
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Other Methods
3:
RBCs ON PERIPHERAL SMEAR
PERIPHERAL BLOOD SMEAR PREPARATION
PERIPHERAL BLOOD SMEAR EXAMINATION
CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF RBTC MORPHOLOGY
MALARIA PARASITE
DIAGNOSIS OF MALARIA
A. Peripheral Blood Smear Examination
Interpreting Thick and Thin Film
APPEARANCE OF P. FALCIPARUM IN THE BLOOD FILMS
APPEARANCE OF P. VIVAX IN THE BLOOD FILMS
B. Fluorescent Microscopy
C. Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC) (Becton Dickinson)
Main disadvantages of QBC
D. Malaria Serology–Antibody Detection
E. Malaria Serology–Antigen Detection
Principles of detection of Plasmodium antigens
F. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Real-Time PCR
G. Automation Based Malaria Detection
FILARIASIS
4:
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
LEUKOCYTOSIS—HIGH WBC COUNT
Causes of high white blood cell counts:
Causes of low white cell counts:
Pseudoleukopenia:
STAGES OF LEUKOCYTE MATURATION
LEUKEMOID REACTION
5:
PLATELETS
6:
MANUAL V/S AUTOMATION IN HEMATOLOGY
MANUAL CELL COUNTING (WBC, RBC, PLATELET)
Charging of Hemocytometer
Precautions
Observing and Recording Nucleated Red Blood Cells (nRBCs)
Estimated WBC Count from Peripheral Smear
Observations Under 100 × (Oil Immersion): Platelet Estimation
HEMATOLOGY AUTOMATION
General Principles of Hematology Automation
Automated Counters Provide a Three-Part or Five-to Seven-Part Differential Count
Automated Hematology Cell Counter—Basic Principles
Coulter's Concept of Electronic Impedance
ROLE OF FLOW CYTOMETRY IN LABORATORY MEDICINE
The Principle of Light Scattering to Characterize Blood Cells
APPLICATION OF LASER LIGHT TO IDENTIFY CELL TYPES
FLUORESCENT DYES AUGMENTATION OF FLOW CYTOMETRY
HYDRODYNAMIC FOCUSING
ROLE OF FLOW CYTOMETRY IN LABORATORY MEDICINE
7:
GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF HISTOGRAM GENERATION AND INTERPRETATION
GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF HISTOGRAM GENERATION
8:
HISTOGRAMS
ABNORMAL RBC HISTOGRAMS AND RED CELL FLAGS
THE RBC HISTOGRAM
VARIOUS TYPES OF WBC HISTOGRAMS
THE VOLUME HISTOGRAM FOR PLATELETS
Platelet (PLT) Histogram
Platelet Distribution Curves
9:
SCATTERGRAM
SCATTERGRAM
TECHNOLOGIES
The Volume Conductivity Scatter Technology
Volume
Conductivity
Opacity
Scatter
Peroxidase Staining
Fluorescence Flow Cytometry
THE BASIC CYTOGRAM FOR THE COULTER COUNTER AND HOW TO INTERPRET IT
THE PATTERN OF CELL DISTRIBUTION OF THE CELL CYTOGRAM
10:
CASE STUDIES
11:
QUALITY CONTROL
QUALITY ASSURANCE IN THE HEMATOLOGY LABORATORY
PURPOSE OF QC
Quality Control Monitoring in the Hematology Laboratory
INDIRECT QUALITY CONTROL
Preanalytic Variables in Quality Control
Postanalytic Variables in Quality Control
Daily Start-up Procedures (Daily Maintenance)
DIRECT QUALITY CONTROL
Internal Quality Control
External Quality Control
STANDARDS OR CALIBRATORS
CONTROLS
Quality Control Methods
DELTA Checks
Mode to Mode
In Case – “control out of range”
SPECIMEN-RELATED PROBLEMS
INSTRUMENT PROBLEMS AND TROUBLESHOOTING
Flagging Signal
Critical Results
SOURCES OF ERROR IN CELL COUNTS
QUALITY CONTROL—REVIEW OF HISTOGRAMS
Variations Observed in RBC Histogram
VARIATIONS OBSERVED IN WBC HISTOGRAM
VARIATIONS OBSERVED IN PLATELET HISTOGRAM
Bibliography
INDEX
TOC
Index
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