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Manual of Community Health Nursing
I Clement
1:
Introduction to Community Health and Community Health Nursing
HEALTH AND DISEASE
Health Definition by WHO (Fig. 1.1)
Concepts of Health, Illness and Sick Behaviors
Impact of Illness on Family
Behavioral and Emotional Changes
Impact of Family Roles
Impact on Body Changes
Impact of Self-concepts
Impact of Family Dynamics
Health-illness Continuum
Symptoms Experience
Assumption of the Sick Role
Medical Care Contact
Dependent Client Role
Recovery Stage
COMMUNITY, COMMUNITY HEALTH AND COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
Community
Characteristics of Community
Functions of Community
Community Health
Definition
Community Health Nursing
Definitions
Nature of Community Health Nursing
DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH
Physical Dimension
Mental Dimension
Social Dimension
Spiritual Dimension
Emotional Dimension
Vocational Dimension
HEALTH DETERMINANTS
Human Biology
Genetic Inheritance
Age
Race
Self-concept
Environment
Physical Environment
Biological Environment
Social Environment
Lifestyle
Health and Allied Health Resources
Health Services
Socioeconomic Conditions
Political System
Health-related Services
INDICATORS OF HEALTH
Characteristics
Uses
Classification
LEVELS OF HEALTH CARE
PRIMARY HEALTH CARE: ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES, NURSE'S ROLE IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
Definition
Highlights of this Definition
Attributes of Primary Health Care
Accessibility
Acceptability
Adaptability
Affordability
Availability
Appropriateness
Closeness
Continuity
Comprehensiveness
Co-ordinativeness
Elements of Primary Health Care
Principles of Primary Health Care
Equitable Distribution
Community Participation
Coverage and Accessibility
Intersectoral Co-ordination
Appropriate Health Technology
Human Resource
Referral System
Logistics of Supply
Physical Facilities
Control and Evaluation
Role of Community Health Nurse in Primary Health Care
HEALTH FOR ALL BY 2000 AD
Health for All Goals
Strategies for Health for All
COMMUNITY HEALTH TEAM
Functions of Community Health Team Members
Medical Officer
Female Health Worker
Male Health Worker
PHILOSOPHY, GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING PRACTICE
Philosophy
Objectives
Goals
Principles
QUALITIES AND FUNCTIONS OF A COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
Qualities
Functions
CONCLUSION
2:
Community Health Nursing Process
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING PROCESS
Definitions of Nursing Process
Implications of Nursing Process
COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT/PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Nursing Assessment
Data Collection
Sources of Data Collection
Data Collection Methods
Data Interpretation
Community Assessment
Data Collection Technique/Skills
Data Collection Methods
Data Interpretation
COMMON PROBLEMS IN THE COMMUNITY
Health Problems
Health Service Problems
Communication Problems
General Problems
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Steps in Community Diagnosis
Stages of Community Diagnosis (Fig. 2.2)
COMPONENTS OF NURSING PROCESS
Nursing Assessment
Steps of Assessment
Principles of Data Collection
Professional Skills of Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Steps of Nursing Diagnosis
Types of Nursing Diagnosis
Factors of Nursing Diagnosis
Planning
Steps in Planning
Types of Nursing Care Plans
Nursing Implementations
Evaluation
Steps
Methods and Tools
Types
Criteria
ESTABLISHING INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS
Characteristic of Helping Relationships
Awareness of Self and Values
Ability to Analyze Own Feeling
Ability to Serve as a Model
Altruism
Strong Sense of Ethics
Responsibility
Principles of Interpersonal Relationship (Fig. 2.5)
Phase of Nurse-Client Relationship
Initial/Opening Phase
Working/Developmental Phase
Terminating/Closing Phase
Relationship of Nurse and Health Team
Nurse and Physician
Nurse and Head Nurse
Nurse and Hospital Personnel
Nurse and Nonprofessional Workers
Nurse and the Patient
COMMUNITY HEALTH CARE PLAN
Definitions
Principles for Constructing Care Plan
Advantage of Nursing Care Plan
Common Problems in Writing Care Plans
Disadvantages of Care Plan
Comprehensive Community Health Nursing
CONCLUSION
3:
Nursing and Social Science
PSYCHOLOGY
Definitions
Scope
Importance
EMOTIONS
Definitions
Characteristics (Fig. 3.1)
Functions of Emotion
Emotion and Health
ATTITUDE
Definitions
Components of Attitude
Functions of Attitude
MOTIVATION
Meaning
Definitions
Nature
HABITS
Characteristics of Habits
Formation of Habits
Breaking of Habits
Some Other Rules for Breaking Bad Habits
FRUSTRATION
Definitions
Characteristics
Causes or Sources
External Factors (Environmental Factors)
Internal Factors
Reactions to Frustration
Direct Approaches
Aggression
CONFLICT
DEFENSE MECHANISM
Definitions
Characteristics
PERSONALITY
Definitions
Components
Functions
INTELLIGENCE
Definitions
Characteristics of Ideally Intelligent Person
Nature of Intelligence
Uses of Intelligence
Intelligence Quotient
LEARNING
Definitions
Nature of Learning
Types of Learning
Purposes of Learning
Factors Influencing Learning
OBSERVATION
Definitions
Classification
THINKING
Definitions
Nature of Thinking
Tools or Requirements of Thinking
Types of Thinking
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
SOCIOLOGY
Definitions
Importance of Sociology
INDIVIDUAL
Working of the Process of Individualization
FAMILY
Essential Characteristics of Family
Types of Family
Functions of a Family
Essential or Primary Functions of a Family
Non-essential or Secondary Functions of a Family
CULTURAL PATTERNS
Definitions
Characteristics of Culture
Cultural Practices Influencing Health
Cultural Practices Which have Beneficial Health Effects
Cultural Practices Adversely Affecting Family: Welfare (Planning) Programs in India
Cultural Beliefs Related to Health
COMMUNITY
Essential Elements of Community
Village Community
Urban Community
SOCIAL PROBLEMS
Definitions
Features
Causes
Prostitution
Juvenile Delinquency
Substance Abuse
Dowry System
Alcoholism
Handicapped
SOCIAL AGENCIES
Social Organization
International Agencies
UNICEF
UNDP
FAO
Red Cross Society
Central Social Welfare Board
UNFPA
National Social Services Agencies
COMMUNITY SERVICES
Health Organization at Central
Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
Directorate General of Health Services
Central Council of Health
Health Organization at State Level
State Ministry of Health
Health Secretariat
State Health Directorate
District Level
Health Organization at Block Level
ECONOMICS
Resources
POPULATION EXPLOSION
Causes of Rapid Growth of Population in India
Causes of Falling Death Rate in India
Effect of Population Explosion on Health
Family Welfare Services
Additional Measures to Control Population Explosion
CONCLUSION
4:
Personal Hygiene
HYGIENE
Definitions
Types
Social Hygiene
Industrial Hygiene
School Hygiene
Preventive Medicine
Personal Hygiene
PERSONAL HYGIENE
Definition
Purposes
Objectives
Principles
Factors Influencing
Importance
Advantages
Activities to Achieve Personal Hygiene
Nurses Role in Personal Hygiene
PHYSICAL HEALTH /CARE FORM HEAD TO TOE
Care of Oral Cavity
Objectives
Complications of Neglected Oral Hygiene
Care of Hair
Objectives
Scientific Principles
Types of Hair Care
Problems of Neglected Hair Care
Care of the Eyes, Nose and Ears
Essential Steps in Care of Eye, Ear and Nose
Common Problems of Neglected Care
Care of the Skin
Objectives
Types of Skin Care
Care of Pressure Areas
Scientific Principles
Complications of Neglected Skin Care
Care of the Nails
Care of the Perineum
Care of the Feet
MAINTENANCE AND PROMOTION OF HEALTH
Clothes
Exercise
Importance
Types
General Instruction
Habits
Definition
Type of Healthy Habits
Advantages of Good Habits
Common Problems of Bad Habits
Sex and Health
Definition of Sexual Health
Components of Sexuality
Characteristics of Sexual Health
Importance of Sexual Health
Recreation
Benefits
Posture
Causes of Defective Posture
Nutrition
Effect on Growth and Development
Diseases Caused by Malnutrition
Elimination
MENTAL HYGIENE
Definitions
Components
Characteristics of a Mentally Healthy Person
Principles Contributing Mental Health
Purposes of Mental Hygiene
Approaches of Mental Hygiene
Characteristics of Mentally Healthy Person
CONCLUSION
5:
Environmental Health
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
Definitions
Types of Environment
Microenvironment
Macroenvironment
WATER
Definitions
Purpose of Water
Domestic Use
Public Purposes
Industrial Purposes
Agricultural Purpose
Power Production
Trade and Business
Sources of Water
Rain Water
Surface Water
Ground Water
Water Pollution and its Hazards
Sources of Water Pollution
Water Pollution and Health
Hardness of Water and its Removal
Classification of Water Hardness
Water Analysis
Disadvantages of Hard Water
Methods of Hardness Removal
Purification of Water
Purification on Large Scale
Slow Sand Filter
Advantages of Slow Sand Filter
Elements
Disadvantages
Rapid Sand Filter
Advantages of Rapid Sand Filter
Steps of Rapid Sand Filtration
Disinfection
Chlorination
Principles of Chlorination
Methods of Chlorination
Measurements
AIR
Functions of Air
Composition of Air
Air is a Need of the Body
Indices of Thermal
Comfort Zones
Global Warming
Causes of Global Warming
Health Effects due to Global Warming
Air Pollution
Sources of Air Pollution
Air Pollution and Health
Systemic Illness and Air Pollution
Prevention and Control of Air Pollution
NOISE
Properties of Noise
Instruments Used in the Study of Noise
Noise Level Values
Hazards of Noise Pollution
Auditory Effects
Non-auditory Effects
Prevention and Control of Noise Pollution
Control of Noise at Source
LIGHTING
Factors Essential for Good Lighting
Types of Lighting
Requirements for Good Lighting
Measurements of Lighting
Effects of Light on Health
VENTILATION
Types of Ventilation
Standards of Ventilation
Minimum Air Space Requirement per Head
III Effects and Prevention of Ventilation
RADIATION
Types of Radiations
Sources of Radioactive Pollution
Radioactive Pollution and Health
Other Effects
Prevention and Control of Radiation
CLIMATE
Types of Climate
Elements of Climate
Measurements of Climate
HOUSING
Principles and Objectives of Healthful Housing
Criteria for Healthful Housing
Housing Standards
Effects of Poor Housing
DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
Composition of Refuse
Health Hazards of Accumulated Solid Waste
Sources of Refuse
Storage and Collection of Refuses
Storage
Collection
Methods of Disposal
Unsanitary Methods
Sanitary Methods
Health Hazards of Improper Excreta Disposal
Sanitation Barrier
Type of Latrines
Service Latrines
Nonservice Latrines
ARTHROPODS AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Terminology
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION
Vector
Biological Transmission
ARTHROPOD-BORNE DISEASES
CONCLUSION
6:
Nutrition
INTRODUCTION TO NUTRITION
THE RELATIONSHIP OF FOOD TO MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY
RELATION OF FOOD TO HEALTH
CLASSIFICATION OF FOODS
SOCIOCULTURAL ASPECTS OF FOOD
Man as a Social Being
Sociocultural Aspects of Nutrition
Cultural Beliefs Related to Health
Cultural Beliefs Related to Food
MACRO AND MICRONUTRIENTS
MACRONUTRIENTS
Carbohydrate
Food Sources of Carbohydrates
Main Functions of Carbohydrate
Proteins
Classification of Proteins
Main Functions of Proteins
Deficiency Diseases
Fat
Classifications
Sources of Fats
Diseases Related to Fat
MICRONUTRIENTS
Vitamins
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Thiamine
Riboflavin
Nicotinic Acid (Niacin)
Pyridoxine (B6)
Pantothenic Acid
Folic Acid
Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
Ascorbic Acid
Mineral Elements
Calcium
Phosphorus
Iron
Iodine
Fluorine
Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium
Trace Elements
Copper
Zinc
Cobalt
Chromium
Selenium
FOOD SANITATION
Definition
Sources of Food Contamination
Principles of Food Sanitation
Hygienic Practices of Food Handlers
Food-borne Diseases
Practical Rules for Food Sanitation
FOOD ADULTERATION
Types of Adulterants
Food Materials and Common Adulterants
Prevention of Food Adulteration
Consumer Protection
PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION
Kwashiorkor
Nutritional Marasmus
Marasmic Kwashiorkor
Assessment
Treatment
Prevention and Control
MALNUTRITION
Assessment of Malnutrition
Prevention and Control of Malnutrition
VITAMIN DEFICIENCIES
MINERAL DEFICIENCIES
OBESITY
Etiology
Assessment of Obesity
Complications of Obesity
Treatment
Prevention
NUTRITION EDUCATION
Objectives and Need of Nutrition Education
Principles of Nutrition Education
Methods of Nutrition Education
NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS
Classification
Supplementary Feeding Program
NUTRITIONAL REHABILITATION
Nutrition-related Health Activities
NUTRITION PROGRAMS
COMMUNITY NUTRITION PROGRAMME
APPLIED NUTRITION PROGRAMS
Objectives
Activities
Role of Other Agencies
ROLE OF NURSE IN NUTRITIONAL EDUCATION AND PROGRAM
FOOD HYGIENE
Aim of Food Hygiene
Milk Hygiene
Diseases Transmitted
Prevention of Milk-Borne Diseases
Meat Hygiene
Characteristics of good meat
Fish Hygiene
Egg Hygiene
Fruits and Vegetables
Hygienic Measures
About Personal Hygiene
COOKING
Aims and Objectives of Cooking Food
Methods of Cooking
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Cooking Media
Cooking in Air
Cooking in Water
Roasting
Boiling
Poaching
Steaming
Stewing
Grilling/Boiling
Microwave Cooking
Pressure Cooking
Changes in Cooking
FOOD PRESERVATION
Causes of Food Spoilage
Principles of Food Preservation
Methods of Food Preservation
Bacteriostatic Methods
Bactericidal Methods
CONCLUSION
7:
Principles of Epidemiology
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Objectives
Definitions
Scope of Epidemiology
Compartments of Epidemiology
Principles
Uses and Advantages of Epidemiology in Community Nursing
Nursing and Epidemiology
Uses of Epidemiology
Advantages of Epidemiology
EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIAD
NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASES
Prepathogenesis Phase
Pathogenesis Phase
Levels of Prevention
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
APPROACHES AND METHODS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
Epidemiological Approaches
Making Comparisons
Epidemiological Methods
Descriptive Method
Analytical Method
Approaches of analytical method:
Experimental Method
MODES OF DISEASE TRANSMISSION
GENERAL MEASURES OF CONTROLLING COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Objectives of Disease Control
Techniques Used for Disease Control
Host Defences by Immunization
Active Immunity
Passive Immunization
ROLE OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE IN EPIDEMICS
CONCLUSION
8:
Epidemiology of Communicable Diseases
CHICKENPOX
Definition
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Prevention of Chicken Pox
Social and Economical Impact on Patients with Chicken Pox
Nursing Intervention
MEASLES
Definitions
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Management
Preventive Measures
Control Measures
Nursing Interventions
MUMPS
Definitions
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Management
Preventive Measures
Control Measures
Nursing Interventions
DIPHTHERIA
Definitions
Pathogenesis
Classifications
Management of Diphtheria
Control of Diphtheria
Diphtheria Immunization
Nursing Interventions
TUBERCULOSIS
Definitions
Classification
Pathogenesis
Clinical Types of Tuberculosis
Management
Preventive Measures
Control Measures
Nursing Interventions
POLIOMYELITIS
Definitions
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Clinical Types of Poliomyelitis
Management of Poliomyelitis
Preparalytic Stage
Paralytic Stage
Paralysis of respiratory muscles
Preventive Measures of Poliomyelitis
Active Immunization
Passive Immunization
Nursing Interventions
INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Preventive Measures
Control Measures
Nursing Interventions
CHOLERA
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Complications
Management
Preventive Measures
Control Measures
Nursing Interventions
GASTROENTERITIS
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Preventive Measures
Control Measures
Nursing Interventions
DENGUE FEVER
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Classical Dengue Fever
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
Grading the Severity of DHF
Management
Preventive and Control Measures
DIARRHEAL DISEASES
Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis)
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Management
Preventive Measures
Control Measures
Nursing Interventions
MALARIA
Definitions
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Types of Malaria
Management
Preventive Treatment
Curative Treatment
Preventive Measures
Antilarval Measures
Antiadult Measures
Control Measures
Nursing Interventions
TETANUS
Definitions
Pathogenesis
Classifications
Management
Nursing Interventions
PERTUSSIS
Definition
Pathogenesis
Stages of Whooping Cough
Management of Pertussis
Control of Whooping Cough
Nursing Interventions
FILARIASIS
Definitions
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Management
Preventive Measures
Control Measures
Nursing Intervention
LEPROSY
Pathogenesis
Classification of Leprosy
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Management
Preventive Measures
Control Measures
Nursing Interventions
SYPHILIS
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Management
Preventive Measures
Control Measures
Nursing Interventions
GONORRHEA
Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings
Management
Preventive Measures
Control Measures
Nursing Interventions
AIDS
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Management
Control Measures
RABIES
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Management
Preventive Measures
Control Measures
Nursing Interventions
ASCARIASIS
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Management
Preventive Measures
Nursing Intervention
ANCYLOSTOMIASIS (HOOKWORM DISEASE)
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Complications
Management
Preventive Measures
Control Measures
Nursing Interventions
CONCLUSION
9:
Maternal and Child Health Services
EVOLUTION OF MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES
Maternal and Child Health Services
Development of Maternal and Child Health Services
Safe Motherhood Initiative (SMI)
MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH DEVELOPMENT STAGES
Maternal Stages
Child Health Stages
Mother and Child—One Unit
REVIEW OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
The Female Reproductive System
The External Genitalia
The Internal Organs
Factors Influencing Reproductive Health
MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH PROGRAM
Maternal and Child Health 2010 Objectives
Objectives of Maternal and Child Health Programs
Aims of Maternal and Child Health Services
Components of Reproductive and Child Health
Importance of Maternal and Child Health Services
Major Maternal and Child Health Problems
MENSTRUAL HYGIENE
Menstrual Cycle
Menstrual Symptoms
Phases of Menstrual Cycle
Menstrual Hygiene
Menstrual Education
CHANGES IN PREGNANCY
Endocrine
Reproductive Changes
Gastrointestinal Changes
Excretory Changes
Circulatory Changes
Respiratory Changes
Integumentary Changes
Skeletal Changes
Emotional Changes
ANTENATAL CARE
Objectives of Antenatal Care
Antenatal
Antenatal Care and Attention
Role of Community Health Nurse in Antenatal Care
INTRANATAL CARE
Aims of Good Intranatal Care
Objectives of Intranatal Care
Role of the Nurse in Intranatal Care
POSTNATAL CARE
Objectives of Postpartum Care
Complications of Postnatal Period
Role of Nurse in Postnatal Care
NEONATAL CARE
Objectives of Early Neonatal Care
Immediate Care
Neonatal Examination
INFANT CARE
Physiological Developments
Role of Community Health Nurse in Infant Care
CARE OF UNDER FIVES
Rights of the Child
Under Five's Clinic
Aims of Under Five Clinics
Objectives of Under Five Clinics
Role of a Nurse in Under Fives Clinic
Physical Facilities for a Children's Clinic
GROWTH MONITORING
Uses of Growth Chart
Alternative Methods of Growth Monitoring
Child Health Problems
BREASTFEEDING
Procedures for Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding Policy
Ten Steps for Successful Breastfeeding
Principles of Breastfeeding
Problems in Breastfeeding
ARTIFICIAL FEEDING
Types of Milk
Disadvantages of Artificial Feeding
SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING
WEANING
CONCLUSION
10:
Health Programs in India
HEALTH PROGRAMS
The Health Programs are:
Eradication Programs
Control Programs
Other Health Programs
NATIONAL MALARIA ERADICATION PROGRAM
New Strategies
NATIONAL FILARIA CONTROL PROGRAM
Operations of National Filaria Control Program
Revised Filaria Control Strategy
NATIONAL LEPROSY ERADICATION PROGRAM
Development of Infrastructure of National Leprosy Eradication Program
Strategies of Tenth Five Year Plan
WHO Regimens of Chemotherapy in 1982
NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL PROGRAM
Direct Observed Therapy Short-term
NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR PREVENTION OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT AND CONTROL OF BLINDNESS
Revised Strategies of National Program for Control of Blindness
Activities of National Program for Control of Blindness
Targets of Tenth Five Year Plan
Vision 2020: The Right to Sight
NATIONAL SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE CONTROL
Objectives of Venereal Disease Control Program
Measures to Control Sexually Transmitted Diseases
NATIONAL AIDS CONTROL PROGRAM
National AIDS Prevention and Control Policy
Tenth Five Year Plan Goals
DIARRHEAL DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAM
Components of a Diarrheal Disease Control Program
Appropriate Clinical Management
Better MCH Care Practices
Preventive Strategies
Prevention of Diarrheal Epidemics
CHILD SURVIVAL AND SAFE MOTHERHOOD PROGRAM
Importance of Child Survival and Safe Motherhood Health Services
Objectives of Child Survival and Safe Motherhood
Components of Child Survival and Safe Motherhood
Strategies of Child Survival and Safe Motherhood
Goals of Child Survival and Safe Motherhood
REPRODUCTIVE AND CHILD HEALTH PROGRAM
Objectives of Reproductive Child Health
Organization and Administration
Population Implementation
Maternal Health
Child Health
Reproductive Health
UNIVERSAL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM
Program Objectives
Organization and Administration
Program Implementation
Immunization Schedule
Immunization Process
NATIONAL FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAM
NATIONAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROGRAM
NATIONAL GUINEA WORM ERADICATION PROGRAM
MINIMUM NEEDS PROGRAM
Objectives of minimum needs program
Basic Principles in MNP
NATIONAL MENTAL HEALTH PROGRAM
TWENTY POINT PROGRAM
The Points are as Follows
NATIONAL VITAMIN A PROPHYLAXIS PROGRAM
Aim
Strategy
NATIONAL CANCER CONTROL PROGRAM
Functions of the Organizations
NATIONAL RURAL HEALTH MISSION
Supplementary Strategies of National Rural Health Mission
CONCLUSION
11:
Demography and Family Welfare
DEMOGRAPHY
Definitions of Demography
History of Demographic Studies
Sources of Demography
Demographic Cycle
DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS
POPULATION EXPLOSION
Causes of Population Explosion
Effects of Population Explosion
FERTILITY
Determinants of Fertility
Principles of Fertility Regulation
Benefits of Fertility Regulation
Approaches to Fertility Regulation
Methods of Fertility Regulation
Fertility Trends
FAMILY PLANNING
Objectives of Family Planning (WHO 1971)
Planning Commission Recommendations
Scope of Family Planning Services
Health Aspects of Family Planning
NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY 2000
Objectives of National Population Policy 2000
National Sociodemographic Goals
National Population Policy Anticipated Targets
SMALL FAMILY NORMS
Effects of Family Size
Hazards of Large Family
Factors Involving Small Family
Barriers of Small Family Norms
Advantages of Small Family Norms
Importance of Family Planning in India
CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
Qualities of Good Contraceptives
Natural Methods
Chemical Methods
Mechanical Barriers
Intrauterine Devices
Hormonal Contraceptives
Oral Pills
Injectable Contraceptives
Subdermal Implants
Terminal Methods of Contraceptives
Postconceptional Methods
ABORTION
Types of Abortion
Complications of Abortion
Legalization of Abortion
MEDICAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MTP-1971)
Conditions Under which Medical Termination of Pregnancy can be Applicable
The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1971 Lays Down
Appropriate Time for Medical Termination of Pregnancy
Methods of Medical Termination of Pregnancy
Complications of Medical Termination of Pregnancy
FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAM
Five Year Plans and Family Planning Services
FAMILY PLANNING AND HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM
At the Center
At the State Level
At the District Level
At the Primary Health Center Level
At the Village Level
Involvement of the Private Sector
ROLE OF NURSE IN FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAM
Family Welfare Nurse and Activities
COMMUNITY HEALTH SURVEY
Aims of Survey
Types of Surveys
Community Health Nurse and Survey
Family Welfare Survey and Points to Remember
Survey Reports
NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT
Anthropometry
Clinical Assessment
Biochemical Assessment
COMMUNITY HEALTH EDUCATION ON FAMILY WELFARE
Goals of Central Health Education Bureau
Steps in Planning Health Education Program
Approaches to Health Education
CONCLUSION
12:
Occupational Health
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
Introduction
Aims of Occupational Health
Occupational Environment
DEVELOPMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN INDIA
Occupational Health and Research Institute Activities
FIVE-YEAR PLANS AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
Bhore Committee Recommendations of Occupational Health
Bhore Committee Recommendation on Industrial Hygiene
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES
Definitions
Occupational Health Nursing
Occupational Health Services
Aims of Occupational Health Services
Scope of Occupational Health Services
Objectives of Occupational Health Services
Health Problems due to Industrialization
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
PHYSICAL HAZARDS AND HEALTH
Prevention and Control of Physical Hazards
CHEMICAL HAZARDS AND HEALTH
Minor Pneumoconiosis
Major Pneumoconiosis
Benign Pneumoconiosis
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS AND HEALTH
Diseases of Environmental Origin
Diseases of Zoonotic Origin
Prevention and Control of Biological Hazards
MECHANICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Mechanical Hazards
Psychosocial Hazards
HEALTH ACTS AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES
Appointment and Employment
Provision of Industrial Workers
Employees State Insurance Act
Benefits of ESI Act
ESI Pattern of Financial Support
ESI Administrative Members
International Labour Organization (ILO) and World Health Organization (WHO) Recommendations
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN INDIA
Occupational State Health Policy
Important Reports on Occupational Health
Legal Aspects on Occupational Health
National Level Research Institutes on Occupational Health
Activities of Labor Institutes
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSING
History of Occupational Health Nursing
Components of Occupational Health Nursing
Beneficiaries of Occupational Health Nursing
Tools of Occupational Health Nursing
Occupational Health Nurse
Roles of Occupational Health Nurse
Functions of Occupational Health Nurse
Specific Areas and Activities of Occupational Health Nurse
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTHCARE TEAM
Members of Occupational Healthcare Team
Major Activities of Occupational Healthcare Team
CONCLUSION
13:
Mental Health
MENTAL HEALTH
Meaning of Mental Health
Definitions of Mental Health
Foundation of Mental Health
Characteristics of a Mentally Healthy Person
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
Narcissistic
Immature
Neurotic
Mature
Others
MENTAL HEALTH NURSING
Basic Needs of Mental Health
Responsibilities of Nurse in Mental Health
Criteria for Good Mental Health
MENTAL HEALTH AND ILLNESS
Nature of Mental Illness
Causes of Mental Illness
Manifestations of Mentally Ill Person
Types of Mental Illness
Investigations of Mental Illness
Management of Mentally Ill
Psychiatric Team
Physical Treatment for Mental Illness
Psychological Treatment for Mental Illness
Psychiatric Treatment for Mental Illness
MENTAL HEALTH MOVEMENTS IN INDIA
General Hospital Psychiatric Units (GHPU's)
Community Care Approach
Mental Health Manpower and Training Facilities
MENTAL HEALTH PROGRAM
Aims of National Mental Health Program (NMHP)
Objectives of National Mental Health Program
Approaches of National Mental Health Program
Components of National Mental Health Program
Salient Recommendations for Further Action
Operational Strategies of National Mental Health Program
Comprehensive Mental Health Program
District Mental Health Program (DMH)
Annual Intervention of DMH 2001–2002
Organizational Framework of National Mental Health Program
Current Issues in National Mental Health Program
MENTAL ILLNESS PREVENTION IN COMMUNITY
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
Preventive Mental Health
Preventive Role of Commonwealth Association for Mental Handicap and Developmental Disabilities
MENTAL HEALTH PROMOTION IN COMMUNITY
Promotion of Positive Mental Health
Promotion of Mental Health through Lifespan
ROLE OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE IN MENTAL HEALTH
Qualities of a Good Psychiatric Nurse
Role of Psychiatric Nurse in the Hospital and Community
Nurses Role in Patient Care
Role of Nurse in Rural Mental Health
Role of Nurse in Community Teaching
CONCLUSION
14:
Health Statistics
HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM
Definition
Objectives of Health Information System
WHO Expert Committee Criteria
Components of a Health Information System
Uses of Health Information
Sources of Health Information
STATISTICS
Definitions of Statistics
Types of Statistics
Stages of Statistical Investigation
Functions of Statistics
Uses of Statistics
HEALTH STATISTICS
Sources of Health Statistics
Important Sources of Health Statistics
Problems in the Collection of Sickness Data
Criteria of Ill Health
Classification of Healthy and Sick Individual
VITAL STATISTICS
Introduction
Origin of Vital Statistics
Nature of Vital Statistics
Definitions of Vital Statistics
Purpose of Vital Statistics
Uses of Vital Statistics
Methods of Obtaining Vital Statistics
IMPORTANT VITAL STATISTICS
CENSUS
REGISTRATION OF BIRTH AND DEATH
Central Births and Deaths Registration Act, 1969
CONCLUSION
15:
Health Education
EDUCATION
Definitions of Education
Meaning of Education
Characteristics of Education
COMMUNICATION
Definitions of Communication
Kinds of Communication
Importance of Communication
Communication Process
Factors Influencing Communication
Types of Communication
Barriers of Communication
Principles of Effective Communication
HEALTH EDUCATION
Definitions of Health Education
Meaning of Health Education
Aims of Health Education
Objectives of Health Education
Principles of Health Educations
The Seven I's
Elements and Barriers of Communication in Health Education
Elements of Communication
Barriers of Communication
How to Overcome the Barriers?
AUDIOVISUAL AIDS
Definitions of Audiovisual Aids
Criteria for Audiovisual Aids Selection
Principles of Audiovisual Aid Selection
Meaning of Audiovisual Aids
Characteristics of Good Audiovisual Aids
Uses of Audiovisual Aids
Preparation of Audiovisual Aids
METHODS AND TYPES OF HEALTH EDUCATION
Methods of Health Education
Types of Audiovisual Aids used in the Community
ADMINISTRATION OF HEALTH EDUCATION
Administrative Set-up for Health Education
The Main Functions of CHEB
PLANNING HEALTH EDUCATION PROGRAM
IMPLEMENTATION OF HEALTH EDUCATION
Select the Educator
Understand the Community
Rationalize the Delivery
EVALUATION OF HEALTH EDUCATION PROGRAM
Purposes of Evaluation
Characteristics
ROLE OF NURSE IN HEALTH EDUCATION
CONCLUSION
16:
School Health
SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICES
Relevance of School Health Services
DEVELOPMENT OF SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICES IN INDIA
Bhore Committee Recommendations (1960)
School Health Scheme–Major Components (1982)
Aims of Central Health Education Bureau (1989)
SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICES
Definitions
Nature of School Health Program
Objectives of School Health Program
Importance/Scope of Community Health Program
Principles of School Health Program
Health Problems of School Children
SCHOOL HEALTH—PREVENTIVE AND PROMOTIVE SERVICES
SCHOOL HEALTH NURSE
Responsibilities of School Health Nurse
Role of Nurse in School Health Services
School Visit and Community Health Nurse
Role of Nurse in Community Health Programs
SCHOOL HEALTH TEAM
The Doctor Incharge
The Trained School Teacher
The Primary Health Care Functionary
School Health Committee
Areas of School Health Services
Five Years Plan and School Health Recommendations
SCHOOL HEALTH POLICIES
Steps of Program Planning
National School Health Scheme
CONCLUSION
17:
Health Planning and Services in India
HEALTH PLANNING
Definitions
Purposes of Planning
Steps of Planning
Purposes of Health Planning
Objectives, Targets and Goals
Elements of Plan
PLANNING CYCLE
Steps of Planning Cycle
Constraints of Health Planning
NATIONAL HEALTH COMMITTEES
National Planning Committee (1938)
Bhore Committee (1946)
Important Recommendations
Mudaliar Committee (1962)
Important Recommendations
Chadha Committee (1963)
Important Recommendations
Mukerji Committee (1965)
Important Recommendations
Mukerji Committee (1966)
Important Recommendations
Jungalwala Committee
Important Recommendations
Kartar Singh Committee (1973)
Important Recommendations
Shrivastav Committee (1975)
Rural Health Scheme (1977)
Bajaji Committee (1986-87)
Important Recommendations
NATIONAL HEALTH POLICIES
Elements of Health Policy
National Health Policies
Objectives of National Health Policy
PLANNING COMMISSION OF INDIA
Functions of Planning Commission
Branches of Panning Commission
Planning Commission and Five Year Plan
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL AND HEALTH
The Members of National Development Council
Functions of Advisory Body
FIVE YEAR PLAN AND HEALTH
Objectives of Five Year Plans
First Five Year Plan (1951–55)
The National Health Programs Introduced
SECOND FIVE YEAR PLAN (1956–61)
Third Five Year Plan (1961-66)
The Priorities of Third Five Year Plan
National Health Programs Introduced
Fourth Five Year Plan (1969–74)
Objectives for Five Year Plan
Priorities of Fourth Five Year Plan
Health Issued Occurred during Fourth Five Year Plan
FIFTH FIVE YEAR PLAN
Sixth Five Year Plan
The Main Objectives of Sixth Five Year Plan
Programs Introduced during Sixth Five Year Plan
Seventh Five Year Plan (1985–90)
Priorities of Seventh Five Year Plan
Programs Introduced during Seventh Five Year Plan
Eight Five Year Plan (1992-97)
Priorities of Eight Five Year Plan
Programs Introduced are During Eighth Five Year Plan
Ninth Five Year Plan (1977–2002)
Priorities of Ninth Five Year Plan
Programs Introduced During Ninth Five Year Plan
Tenth Five Year Plan (2002–2007)
Target of Tenth Five Year Plan
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND HEALTH
Activities of Community Development Program
PLANNING PROCESS IN COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
Definition
Health Planning
Objectives of Community Health Planning
Community Health Planning Levels
CONCLUSION
18:
International and National Health Agencies
VOLUNTARY HEALTH AGENCIES
Definition
Functions of Voluntary Health Agencies
Problems of Voluntary Health Agency
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO)
Objectives of WHO
Functions of WHO
Organizational Structure of WHO
Specific Global Targets of WHO
Health Contribution to India
UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN's EMERGENCY FUND
Functions of UNICEF
GOBI Strategy by UNICEF
Regional Organizations of UNICEF
UNICEF in India
In Rural Health Aspects
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
Activities of UNESCO
Indian National Commission for Cooperation with UNESCO
UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Agencies of United States
USAID on Health in India
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION
The Chief Aims of Food and Agriculture Organization
Objectives of Food of Agriculture Organization
Food and Agriculture Organization and Other Organizations
COOPERATIVE FOR AMERICAN RELIEF EVERYWHERE
Objectives of CARE—India
CARE—India and Projects
ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
Activities of Rockefeller Foundation
FORD FOUNDATION
Activities of Ford Foundation
COLOMBO PLAN
Objectives of Colombo plan
WORLD BANK
Objectives of World Bank
Functions of World Bank
INDIAN RED CROSS
Functions of Indian Red Cross
HIND KUSHT NIVARAN SANGH
Functions of Hind Kusht Nivaran Sangh
INDIAN COUNCIL FOR CHILD WELFARE
Functions of ICCW
BHARAT SEVAK SAMAJ
Activities of BSS
CENTRAL SOCIAL WELFARE BOARD
Main Objectives of Central Social Welfare Board
Functions of Central Social Welfare Board
KASTURBA MEMORIAL FUND
Objectives of the Kasturba Memorial Fund
FAMILY PLANNING ASSOCIATION OF INDIA
Activities of the Family Planning Association of India
ALL INDIA WOMEN'S CONFERENCE
Activities of the All India Women's Conference
ALL INDIA BLIND RELIEF SOCIETIES
Activities and All India Blind Relief Societies
INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES
Aims of International Council of Nursing
Purpose of International Council of Nursing
Objectives of International Council of Nursing
Governing Body of International Council of Nursing
Activities of International Council of Nursing
International Relationships of International Council of Nursing
Functions of International Council of Nursing
TRAINED NURSES ASSOCIATION OF INDIA
Governing Body of TNAI
Aims of TNAI
Membership of TNAI
Publications of TNAI
MEDICAL COUNCIL OF INDIA (MCI)
Objectives and Functions of MCI
DENTAL COUNCIL OF INDIA
Meeting of the Council
Goals and Objectives of DCI
DCI Recommendations
CONCLUSION
19:
Community Health Administration
INTRODUCTION
Principles of Health Administration
Objectives of Health Administration
History of Health Administration in India
HEALTH ORGANIZATION AT CENTRAL LEVEL
Health Organization at National Level
Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
Functions of Central Ministry of Health includes
Directorate General of Health Services
Functions of DGHS
Institutions Under the Responsibility of DGHS
Central Council of Health
Functions of Central Council of Health
HEALTH ORGANIZATION AT STATE LEVEL
State Ministry of Health
Responsibilities of State Ministry of Health
Health Secretariat
Responsibilities of Secretariat
State Health Directorate
Responsibilities of the State Health Services
Responsibilities of State Health Directorate
HEALTH ORGANIZATION AT DISTRICT LEVEL
Functions of District Health Organization
HEALTH ORGANIZATION AT BLOCK LEVEL
Community Health Center
Staffing of Community Health Center
Maintenance of CHC
Functions of CHC
Primary Health Center
Objectives of PHC
Primary Health Center
Primary Health Center Setup
Attributes of Primary Health Center
Primary Health Center Staffing Pattern
Principles of Primary Health Care
Functions of Primary Health Center
Subcenter
Staffing Pattern of Subcenter
Services Provided by Subcenters
HEALTH ORGANIZATION AT URBAN LEVEL
Town Area Committee
Municipal Boards
Corporations
Executive Agency
PANCHAYATI RAJ
Panchayati Raj at Village Level
Functions of Panchayati Raj
Panchayati Raj at Block Level
Principles of Panchayat Samiti
Panchayati Raj at District Level
Members of Zilla Parishad
Zilla Parishad Functions
Resources of Zilla Parishad
ADMINISTRATION OF NURSING PERSONNEL
Nursing Administration at Center
Nursing Administration at State Level
Nursing Administration at District Level
Nursing Administration for Community Development
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
Organization Set-up
Functions of Community Development Blocks
Community Development Block Operation
INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT
IRDP Implementation
CONCLUSION
20:
Staff Management and Development in Community Health Nursing
STAFF MANAGEMENT
Objectives of Staff Management
Functions of Staff Management
Significance of Staff Management
Qualities of Staff Management
TRENDS IN MANPOWER PLANNING IN COMMUNITY
Definition
Steps to be Taken
Steps of Manpower Planning Framework
Development of Manpower Planning
Objectives of Manpower Planning
Manpower Planning Program
Steps of Planning Process
Primary Objectives
RECRUITMENT
Methods of Recruitment
SUPERVISION
Functions of the Supervisor
Principles of Supervision
Qualification of a Supervisor
Qualities of a Supervisor
Techniques of Supervision
WORKING RELATIONSHIP WITH COMMUNITY HEALTH TEAM MEMBERS
Responsibilities of a Supervisor
Working Relationship with Team Members
Home Visiting with the Staff
Observation at the Clinics
Hospital Attached PHC's
PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF TOOLS FOR EFFECTIVE SUPERVISION
Records for Effective Supervision
Principles of Maintaining Record
Types of Record Used in Community Settings
Purposes of Records
Guides to Record Writing
Nurse's Responsibility in Record Keeping
SUPERVISION METHODS TO STAFF AND INDIVIDUAL
Technical Vs Creative Supervision
Group Conferences, Group Discussions
Cooperative Vs Authoritarian Supervision
Scientific Vs Intuitive Supervision
Supervision of Nursing Procedures
NURSING AUDIT
Types of Auditing
Objectives of Nursing Audit
Characteristics of Audit
Benefits of Audit
Nursing Auditor
COPING INDEX AND FAMILY PROCESS
Assessment of the Family's Coping Ability
Family Coping Index
Purposes of Family Coping Index
Directions for Scaling
ORIENTATION OF NEW STAFF TO COMMUNITY HEALTH
Objectives of Orientation
Activities of Orientation Program include
Components of the Orientation Program
GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING
Guidance
Definition
Elements of Guidance
Principles of Guidance
Purposes of Guidance
Counseling
Characteristics of Counseling
Steps of Counseling
Advantages of Counseling
CONTINUING EDUCATION
Need for Continuing Education
Programs of Action on National Policy on Continuing Education
IN-SERVICE EDUCATION
Aims and Objectives of In-service Education
Components of in-service Education
NURSING CONFERENCES
Definitions
Types of Nursing Conferences
Subjects Suitable for Nursing Conferences
Time for Nursing Conferences
Skills Required for Conducting a Nursing Conference
Uses of Nursing Conference
Preparation for Nursing Conferences
Conference Topics
NURSING STANDARDS
Purpose of Nursing Standards
Characteristics of Nursing Standards
Classification of Standards
Nursing Care Standards
Important Responsibilities of Nurse
MANPOWER PLANNING
Definition of Manpower Planning
Nature of Manpower Planning
Objectives of Manpower Planning
Benefits of Manpower Planning
Steps of Manpower Planning
Types of Manpower Plans
CONCLUSION
Manpower Planning
21:
Hospital Waste Management
INTRODUCTION
BIOMEDICAL WASTE
Meaning of Different Biomedical Wastes
UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS
CLASSIFICATION OF HOSPITAL WASTE
HEALTH HAZARDS FROM HEALTHCARE WASTE
APPROACHES FOR HOSPITAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Infectious Material is Treated by One of the Following Techniques
CONCLUSION
22:
Community Health Services
HEALTHCARE DELIVERY SYSTEM IN INDIA
Healthcare Delivery System in India—Union to Periphery
Health Problems
Resources
Healthcare Services
Healthcare System
Public Sector
Private Sector
Indigenous Systems of Medicine
Voluntary Health Agencies
Health Programs in India
HEALTH STATUS OF INDIA
HEALTH PROBLEMS OF INDIA
FAMILY HEALTHCARE
Determinants/Factors of Family Healthcare
Aims of Family Healthcare
Objectives of Family Healthcare
Principles of Family Healthcare
HOME VISITING
Concepts of Home Visiting
Purposes of Home Visiting
Principles of Home Visiting
Steps in Home Visiting
Advantages of Home Visiting
BAG TECHNIQUES
Importance of Community Health Bag
Principles of Bag Technique
Articles Used in Community Health Bag
Steps of Procedure with Community Health Bag
HOME HEALTH NURSING PROCEDURES
Principles to be Observed
HAND WASHING
Purpose of Hand Washing
Articles Needed for Hand Washing
Procedure of Hand Washing
CLEANING, DISINFECTION AND STERILIZATION
Cleaning
Disinfection
Principles of Cleaning, Disinfection and Sterilization
Cleaning
Sterilization and Disinfection
Physical Agents
THERMOMETER TECHNIQUE
Principles of Thermometer Technique
Equipment
Procedure
MEASUREMENT OF WEIGHT AND HEIGHT
Principles
Equipment
Procedure
RECORDS AND REPORTS IN COMMUNITY HEALTH
Purpose of Recording and Reporting
Recording
Reporting (Written Reports)
Principles of Recording and Reporting
Recording
Care of the Records
Principles of Reporting
Types of Records, Reports and Registers in Community Health Nursing
Types of Records
Types of Reports
Registers
Types of Registers
Legal Implications of Records and Reports
Legal Records
Legal Implication in Record Maintenance
Legal Approaches in the Community
Role of Community Health Nurse in Recording and Reporting
Securing Record Information
Record Filling
Precautions in the Maintenance
INDIGENOUS SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
Ayurveda
Siddha System of Medicine
Unani System of Medicine
Homeopathy
Naturopathy and Yoga
REHABILITATIVE NURSING
Objectives of Rehabilitative Nursing
Principles of Rehabilitation
Philosophy of Rehabilitative Nursing
Role of Nursing in Major Fields of Community
Health Teaching in Activities of Daily Living (ADL)
CONCLUSION
INDEX
TOC
Index
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