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Principles and Practice of Pedodontics Arathi Rao

CHAPTER 1:Introduction
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- PEDODONTICS IN INDIA
- AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF PEDODONTIC PRACTICE
- SCOPE OF PEDODONTICS
- SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHILD AND ADULT PATIENTS
- RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PEDODONTIST
- QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 2:Morphology of Deciduous Teeth
- INTRODUCTION
- DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A DECIDUOUS TOOTH AND A PERMANENT TOOTH (FIG. 2.1)
- MORPHOLOGY OF INDIVIDUAL DECIDUOUS TEETH
- PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF UNDERSTANDING TOOTH MORPHOLOGY
- QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 3:Case History, Examination and Treatment Planning
- INTRODUCTION
- NEED FOR PATIENT EVALUATION
- VITAL STATISTICS
- CHIEF COMPLAINT
- HISTORY
- EXAMINATION
- PROVISIONAL DIAGNOSIS
- INVESTIGATION
- FINAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT PLANNING
- QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 4:Growth and Development
- DEFINITION OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
- FACTORS INFLUENCING GROWTH
  - Genetic Factors
  - Maternal Factors
  - Environmental Factors
- NORMAL HUMAN GROWTH
  - Scammon's Growth Curve
  - Features Seen at Birth (Fig. 4.2)
  - 3–6 Years
  - 6–12 Years
  - >12 Years (Adolescence)
- GROWTH SPURTS
  - Clinical Importance
- MEASURES OF GROWTH
  - Growth Assessment Parameters
- PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PREDICTING DEVELOPMENT
- MECHANISMS OF GROWTH
  - Endosteal and Periosteal Bone Growth (Fig. 4.6)
  - Cortical Drift
  - Relocation and Remodeling
  - Expanding ‘V’ Principle (Fig. 4.7)
  - Surface Principle (Fig. 4.8)
  - Growth Fields
  - Displacement (Figs 4.9A and B)
  - Functional Matrix Theory
- POSTNATAL GROWTH
  - Cranium
  - Postnatal Growth of Maxilla
  - Postnatal Growth of Mandible (Fig. 4.13)
- QUESTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
  - Psychology
  - Behavior
  - Developmental Psychology
  - Child Psychology
- VALUES OF KNOWING THAT CHILDREN DEVELOP DIFFERENTLY
  - Different Expectations
  - Basis of Individuality
  - Child Rearing must be Individualized
  - Prediction is Difficult
- MAJOR DEVELOPMENTAL PERIODS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CHILD TO A FULL MATURED ADULT
  - Prenatal Period (Conception to Birth)
  - Newborn (Birth to 10–14 Days)
  - Characteristics of the Period
  - Childhood (2 Years to 11 Years)
    - Characteristics of the Period
  - Puberty/Adolescence (11 Years to 16 Years)
    - Characteristics of Puberty
    - Characteristics of Adolescence
- THEORIES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
  - Psychodynamic Theories
  - Behavior Learning Theories
- PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES
  - Psychoanalytical Theory (Sigmund Freud, 1905)
  - Freud's Notion of Unconscious Process
  - Psychosexual Stages
  - Latency Stage: 7–12 Years
  - Genital Stage: >12 Years
    - Result of Genital Stage Disturbance
  - Psychosocial Theory (Erik Erikson, 1963)
  - 1. Trust vs Mistrust (Infants, 0 to 1 Year)
  - 2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (Toddlers, 2 to 3 Years)
  - 3. Initiative vs Guilt (Preschool, 4 to 6 Years)
  - 4. Industry vs Inferiority (Childhood, 7 to 12 Years)
  - 5. Identity vs Role Confusion (Adolescents, 13 to 19 Years)
  - Hierarchy of Needs (Abraham Maslow, 1954)
  - Behavior Learning Theories
  - Cognitive Theory (Jean Piaget, 1952)
  - Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura, 1963)
    - Acquisition of Behavior
    - Performance of the Behavior
- QUESTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- CONDITIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR EMOTIONAL MATURATION
- STAGES OF EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
  - Infancy
  - Babyhood
    - Common Emotional Patterns
    - Social Development
  - Childhood
    - Common Emotional Patterns
    - Factors Influencing Emotions
  - Late Childhood
    - Influence of the Family
  - Adolescence
    - Emotional Dominance
- QUESTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- STAGES OF SPEECH AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
  - Infant
  - Babyhood
  - Early Childhood
  - Late Childhood
  - Adolescence
- INTRODUCTION
- PRINCIPLES OF MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
- STAGES OF MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
  - Sequence of Motor Development
- LEARNING MOTOR SKILLS
  - Methods of Learning Motor Skills
- INTRODUCTION
- DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
  - Based on Change of Shape
  - Based on Physiologic Changes
  - Bud Stage/Initiation
  - Cap Stage/Proliferation
  - Bell Stage/Morphological and Histological Differentiation
  - Advanced Bell Stage/Apposition
- ROOT FORMATION
  - Permanent Dentition
  - Chronology of Human Dentition
- TOOTH ERUPTION
  - Various Factors Influence the Timing of Eruption
  - Sequence of Eruption
- ERUPTION PATTERN
  - Pre-eruptive Movements
  - Eruptive Movements
    - Theories of Mechanism of Tooth Eruption
  - Posteruptive Movements
  - Problems during Eruption of Teeth
- QUESTIONS
- PREDENTAL/DENTATE PERIOD
  - Gum Pads
    - Features of Gumpads (Figs 4.25 and 4.26)
- DECIDUOUS DENTITION PERIOD
  - Eruption Age and Sequence of Deciduous Dentition
  - Features of Deciduous Dentition Period
  - Spacing in Deciduous Dentition (Fig. 4.28)
  - Terminal Plane Relation of the Deciduous Molars (Figs 4.30A to C)
  - Deep Bite (Fig. 4.31)
- MIXED DENTITION PERIOD
  - First Transitional Period
  - Inter-transitional Period
  - Second Transitional Period
  - Leeway Space of Nance (Fig. 4.33)
    - Ugly Duckling Stage (Broadbent Phenomenon) (Figs 4.34A and B)
- PERMANENT DENTITION PERIOD
  - Self-correcting Aromalies/Transient Malocclusion and their Correction
- QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 5:Behavior Guidance in Dental Practice
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION2,3
- EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
  - Characteristics of Commonly Seen Emotions in a Child3,4
    - Distress or Cry
- ANGER
- FEAR
- ADAPTIVE CHANGES SEEN IN CHILDREN AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT3,5
- FACTORS INFLUENCING CHILD'S BEHAVIOR6–9(FIG. 5.1)
- PARENT COUNSELING
- CHILD-PARENT SEPARATION
- CLASSIFICATION OF CHILDREN'S BEHAVIOR12
- BEHAVIOR GUIDANCE
- QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 6:Preventive and Interceptive Orthodontics
- INTRODUCTION
- GUIDELINES FOR MONITORING DURING EACH PHASE OF DENTITION
- PREVENTIVE ORTHODONTICS
  - Role of Radiographs in Preventive Orthodontics
  - Role of Study Models in Preventive Orthodontics
  - Prenatal Advice to Mother as a Part of Preventive Orthodontics
  - Postnatal Care as a Part of Preventive Orthodontics
- INTERCEPTIVE ORTHODONTICS
  - Aims of Preventive and Interceptive Orthodontics
- SERIAL EXTRACTION
  - Historical Perspective
  - Indications
  - General Rules
  - Diagnostic Records
  - Technique of Serial Extraction
  - Alternative Methods
- PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN PRIMARY AND MIXED DENTITION PERIODS AND ITS MANAGEMENT
- CROSSBITE MANAGEMENT7–12
  - Anterior Crossbite
  - Posterior Crossbite
    - Appliance Used for Correction of Posterior Crossbite
- DIASTEMA MANAGEMENT
- DEEP BITE MANAGEMENT
- DEVELOPING MALOCCLUSIONS IN CHILDREN
  - Class II Malocclusion (AAPD)5
  - Class III Malocclusion
  - Tooth Size/Arch Length Discrepancy and Crowding13–17
- APPLIANCE USED TO INTERCEPT DEVELOPING SKELETAL MALOCCLUSION
  - Preorthodontic Jaw Trainer18
- SPACE MANAGEMENT
  - Definitions
    - Space Maintenance
    - Space Management
- CHANGES FOLLOWING PREMATURE19–20 TOOTH LOSS (FIGS 6.8 AND 6.9)
- ETIOLOGY OF SPACE CLOSURE/ CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
  - Resulting Effects due to Premature Loss of Deciduous Teeth
- PLANNING FOR SPACE MAINTENANCE,20,22 FACTORS INVOLVED
  - Time Lapse Since Loss
  - Dental Age of the Patient
  - Amount of Bone Covering the Unerupted Tooth
  - Sequence of Eruption of Teeth
  - Type of Tooth Lost
  - Delayed Eruption of Permanent Tooth
  - Congenital Absence of Permanent Tooth
  - Presence of Oral Habits
  - Existing Malocclusion
- SPACE ANALYSIS
  - Moyer's Mixed Dentition Analysis23
  - Johnson and Tanaka's Analysis24
  - Radiographic Method
  - Hixon and Oldfather25
- SPACE MAINTAINERS
  - Definition of Space Maintainers
  - Requirements of a Space Maintainer27
  - Indications of a Space Maintainer
  - Containdications of a Space Maintainer
  - Adverse Effects Associated with Space Maintainers28–30
  - Classification of Space Maintainers
  - Removable Space Maintainers (Figs 6.13 to 6.15)
  - Fixed Space Maintainer
  - Active Space Maintainers/Space Regainers
  - Space Maintainers that can be Used for Premature Loss of Deciduous Molars
    - Soldering Procedure
    - Technical Procedures
- QUESTIONS
- Definition
- FACTORS THAT MAKE A HABIT—PERNICIOUS
- CLASSIFICATION OF PERNICIOUS ORAL HABITS1,2
  - By Earnest Klein
  - By Brash
  - By Morris and Bohana
  - By Sydney Finn
  - By William James
- THUMB SUCKING HABIT
  - Definition of Thumb Sucking
  - Classification of Thumb Sucking6,7
    - According to Cook (Figs 6.36A and B)
    - According to Subtleny (Figs 6.37A to D)
  - Theories Explaining Thumb Sucking Habit8–10
  - Clinical Features of a Child Practicing Thumb Sucking
    - Changes Seen in Orofacial Structures (Figs 6.39A and B)
  - Factors Influencing the Severity of Dental Defects due to Thumb Sucking4
  - Three Distinct Phases of Development of Thumb Sucking Habit
  - Management of Thumb Sucking Habit11
- TONGUE THRUSTING HABIT
  - Definition
  - Different Types of Tongue Thrusting Habits10,13–15
  - Reasons for the Prevalence of Tongue Thrusting Habit in Children
  - Investigative Methods for Identifying Tongue Thrusting Habit10
    - Methods of Examination
  - General Clinical Features of Tongue Thrusting Habit (Figs 6.44A to C)
  - Management of Tongue Thrusting Habit
- MOUTH BREATHING HABIT
  - Etiology of Mouth Breathing Habit
  - Clinical Features Seen in Mouth Breathing Habit16
  - Examination of a Child for Mouth Breathing Habit17
  - Management of a Child with Mouth Breathing Habit
    - Oral Screen/Vestibular Screen (Fig. 6.45)
- BRUXISM17–19
  - Definition
  - Etiology
  - Features
  - Management
- LIP BITING AND MENTALIS HABIT
  - Features of Lip Biting and Mentalis Habit
    - Mentalis Habit
    - Changes Seen due to the Lip Biting Habit
  - Management of Lip Biting Habit
- NAIL BITING HABIT
  - Features and Management
  - Treatment
- SELF-DESTRUCTIVE ORAL HABITS/MASOCHISTIC HABITS
- QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 7:Dental Caries and its Management
- DEFINITION
- ETIOLOGY OF CARIES
  - Role of Tooth in the Etiology of Caries
    - Anatomic Characteristics of the Teeth (Fig. 7.3)
  - Arch Form (Fig. 7.4)
    - Presence of Dental Appliances and Restoration (Fig. 7.5)
    - Composition of the Teeth
  - Role of Saliva in the Etiology of Caries
  - Microflora
  - Plaque
  - Diet and Dental Caries
  - Role of Sugar in the Etiology of Caries22–23
- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES RELATING SUCROSE TO DENTAL CARIES
  - Vipeholm Studies25
    - Conclusion
  - Hope Wood House Study26
  - Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
  - Turku Sugar Studies27
- PROTECTIVE FACTORS IN FOOD THAT HELP REDUCE CARIES28
  - Phosphates
    - Different Types of Phosphates that are Protective
  - Glycyrrhizinic Acid
  - Fats and Protein
  - Time
  - Trace Elements29
    - Possible Mechanism of Trace Element Action on Dental Caries
- MECHANISM OF DENTAL CARIES
  - Various Theories Put Forward to Explain the Mechanism of Caries30–36
- MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE (FIGS 7.6A AND B)1,37
  - Microscopic Structure of Dentinal Caries (Fig. 7.7)
- AREA SUSCEPTIBILITY FOR CARIES1,39–40
- CLASSIFICATION OF CARIES41,42
  - Enamel Caries—Early Features
  - Pit or Fissure Caries (Fig. 7.9)
  - Smooth Surface Caries (Figs 7.11A and B)
  - Acute Dental Caries (Fig. 7.12)
  - Chronic Dental Caries (Fig. 7.13)
  - Recurrent Caries
  - Arrested Caries (Fig. 7.14)
  - Rampant Caries
    - Definition
  - Early Childhood Caries
  - Classification of ECC52
  - Features of ECC
  - Management of Dental Caries
- QUESTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- PRINCIPLES AND OBJECTIVES OF PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY
- SCOPE
- MINIMAL INTERVENTION DENTISTRY
  - Aim's and Objectives of Minimal Intervention Dentistry5
  - According to FDI World Federation, the Principles of Minimal Intervention Dentistry6
  - Concepts of Minimal Intervention Dentistry
  - Components of Preventive Dentistry
  - Caries-risk Assessment10–17
  - Dental Home18–29
    - Definition (AAPD 2010)
  - AAPD Recommendation for a Dental Home
  - Anticipatory Guidance30–34
  - Oral Health Instructions as a Part of Anticipatory Guidance
    - For the Mother/Caregiver)
  - For the Child
  - Adolescent Oral Health Care
  - Caries Activity Tests35–37
  - Ideal Requisites of a Caries Activity Test
  - Some of the Caries Activity Tests
- HEALTH EDUCATION44–46
  - Definition
  - Objectives of Health Education
  - Approaches to Public Health
  - Steps in the Adoption of New Ideas and Practices
  - Communication in Health Education
    - Key Element in Communication
- DIET ASSESSMENT,36,47 ANALYZING AND COUNSELING
  - Diet Habit Assessment
    - Various Methods Employed for Collection
  - Dietary Goal at Modification
  - Diet Counseling
    - Three Basic Stages of Behavior Change
    - Areas of Influence for Promoting Dietary Behavior Modifications
  - Food with Low Cariogenic Potential
  - Remineralizing Agents
- PIT AND FISSURE SEALANTS65–82
  - History
  - Requirements of the Materials Used as Pit and Fissure Sealant
  - Materials Used as Sealant
  - Classification of BIS GMA Sealants
  - Properties of BIS-GMA
  - Steps in the Placement of Sealant (Figs 7.17A to G)
- ATRAUMATIC RESTORATIVE TECHNIQUE (ART)44,82
  - History
  - Advantages of Atraumatic Restorative Technique
  - Indication of Atraumatic Restorative Technique
  - Contraindications of Atraumatic Restorative Technique
  - Principles of Atraumatic Restorative Technique
  - Steps in Preparing the Cavity for Atraumatic Restorative Technique
- PREVENTIVE RESIN RESTORATIONS (PRR)/ CONSERVATIVE ADHESIVE RESIN RESTORATION69,83,84
  - Types of Preventive Resin Restoration
  - Type A Preventive Resin Restoration (Fig 7.19)
  - Type B Preventive Resin Restoration (Fig. 7.20)
  - Type C Preventive Resin Restoration (Fig. 7.21)
- CHEMOMECHANICAL CARIES REMOVAL CONCEPTS85,86
- ORAL HYGIENE MAINTENANCE
  - Oral Hygiene Aids
  - Toothbrushes87–89
    - Components of a Brush (Fig. 7.22)
  - Ideal Pedodontic Brush
  - Modifications in Brushes
- TOOTHBRUSHING PROGRAM FOR CHILDREN
  - Bass/Modified Bass Technique (Fig. 7.30)
  - Modified Stillman Technique (Fig. 7.31)
  - Charter's Method (Fig. 7.32)
  - Roll Technique (Fig. 7.33)
  - Scrub Technique (Fig. 7.34)
  - Physiologic Method (Fig. 7.35)
  - Fone's Technique (Fig. 7.36)
  - Recommended Brushing Techniques for Children
  - Guidelines for Home Oral Hygiene
  - Dentifrices87
    - Composition
  - Dental Floss99–102
  - Disclosing Agents45,103
  - SUGAR SUBSTITUTES104–108
  - Noncaloric Sweetners
  - Sugar Substitutes/Caloric Sweetners
  - Commonly Used Substitutes
- LEVELS OF PREVENTION, CARIES POINT OF VIEW45,109
  - Primary Prevention Level
  - Secondary Prevention Level
  - Tertiary Level
- SCHOOL DENTAL HEALTH PROGRAM45,110–112
  - Objectives of School Dental Service
  - Advantages of a School Based Program
  - Disadvantages of a School Based Program
  - Elements of School Based Programs
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF FLUORIDES AS CARIES PREVENTIVE AGENT113–120
  - Fluoride in the Lithosphere
  - In the Biosphere
  - In the Hydrosphere
  - In the Atmosphere
- FLUORIDE IN INDIA
- ABSORPTION OF FLUORIDE125,126
- DISTRIBUTION OF FLUORIDE IN THE BODY126,127
  - Fluoride in Plasma
  - Fluorides in Soft Tissues
  - Fluorides in Teeth and Bone
    - Teeth
    - Bone
- EXCRETION OF FLUORIDE128
- MECHANISM OF ACTION OF FLUORIDE129–137
  - Decreasing the Solubility of Hydroxyapatite Crystals
  - Improving the Crystallinity of Hydroxyapatite
  - Remineralization
  - Enzyme Inhibition
  - Suppressing the Flora
  - Desorption of Protein and Bacteria
  - Lowering the Free Surface Energy
  - Alteration of Tooth Morphology
- DIFFERENT MODES OF FLUORIDE ADMINISTRATION
- SYSTEMIC FLUORIDES
  - Water Fluoridation
  - School Water Fluoridation142
    - Disadvantages
    - Different Fluoride Compounds Used for Water Fluoridation
  - Salt Fluoridation142
  - Milk Fluoridation142
    - Disadvantages
  - Fluoride Tablets142
    - Availability
- TOPICAL FLUORIDES
- SOLUTION/THIXOTROPIC GELS/FOAM
  - Sodium Fluoride143
    - Knutson's Technique
  - Stannous Fluoride144–146
    - Application (Muhler's Technique)
    - Disadvantages
  - Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride (APF)147–149
    - Application (Brudevold's Technique)
  - Fluoride Gel150,151
  - Fluoride Foam150
  - Others
    - Methods of Increasing the Fluoride Uptake by the Enamel
- FLUORIDE DENTIFRICES142,152–154
  - Amount of Fluoride Present in the Dentifrice
  - Abrasive Compatibility
- FLUORIDE RINSES150,155
  - School Rinse Programs142,150
    - Advantage of School-based Rinse Programs
    - Disadvantage of School-based Rinse Programs
- FLUORIDE VARNISHES142,156–158
  - Indications
  - Commonly Used Fluoride Varnishes
  - Steps Involved in the Application of Varnish
- FLUORIDE TOXICITY
  - Dental Fluorosis
    - Management of Dental Fluorosis
    - Index used for Measuring Fluorosis
- DEFLUORIDATION OF WATER122
  - Ion Exchange Method
  - Nalgonda Technique of Defluoridation
  - Mechanism of Defluoridation by Nalgonda Technique
- QUESTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- FEATURES OF DECIDUOUS TEETH COMPARED TO PERMANENT TEETH
- DIAGNOSIS OF CARIES
  - Visual Evidence
  - Tactile Evidence
  - Infrared Laser Fluorescence (Diagnodent)
    - Digital Imaging Fiberoptic Transillumination (DIFOTI)
    - Quantitative Light Fluorescence (QLF)
- CAVITY PREPARATION
  - Definition
  - Objectives
  - Factors to be Considered before Cavity Preparation
- CAVITY CLASSIFICATION
  - Black's Classification4
  - Finn's Modification of Black's Classification for Deciduous Teeth
  - Classification by Mount and Hume (1998)5,6
  - Classification based on the Site of Occurrence of Carious Lesions
  - Classification based on the Size of Carious Lesions
- AMALGAM RESTORATION FOR PRIMARY TEETH
  - Occlusal (Fig. 7.60)
  - Proximal Box
- CONSERVATIVE APPROACH FOR PROXIMAL CARIES IN DECIDUOUS TEETH
  - Tunnel Preparation
  - Slot Preparation
  - Proximal Approach
- MATRIX BANDS, RETAINERS AND WEDGES
  - Classification of Matrix Band (Fig. 7.64)
    - T-Band7
    - Spot-Welded Matrix Band (Fig. 7.68)
  - Wedges
- ISOLATION TECHNIQUES8
  - Objective of Isolation
  - Isolation Involves Three Conceptual Elements
  - Different Methods of Isolation
  - Rubber Dam7,9–12
  - High Volume Evacuators and Saliva Ejectors
  - Absorbents and Throat Shields
- SILVER AMALGAM RESTORATIVE MATERIAL
  - Condensation and Carving of Silver Amalgam
  - Bonded Amalgam Restorations15
  - Mercury Hygiene
- GLASS IONOMER (POLYALKENOATE) CEMENT16–22
  - Development of Glass Ionomer Restorative Material
  - Advantage of Glass Ionomers
  - Classification of Glass Ionomer Cement
  - Dispensing of Glass Ionomer Cements23
  - Composition of Glass Ionomer Cement
    - Powder
    - Liquid
  - Setting Reaction of Glass Ionomer Cement24,25
  - Properties of Glass Ionomer Cement26–29
  - Steps Involved in Clinical Placement of Glass Ionomer Cement
  - Critical Procedures for Glass Ionomer Restoration
  - Modifications of Glass Ionomer Cement23,30–32
  - Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement
    - Composition
- COMPOSITE RESIN RESTORATIVE MATERIAL
  - Composition
  - Classification of Composite Resins
  - Properties
  - Light Cured Composites
  - Acid Etch36–43
  - Liquid Etchant
  - Gel Etchant
  - Three Basic Types of Surface Characteristics in Etched Enamel44
  - Bonding Agent
    - Individual Components of Bonding Agents
    - Critical Factors Affecting Adhesion
  - Steps in Composite Restoration
  - Finishing and Polishing of Composites
    - Finishing and Polishing
  - Wear of Composites
  - Repair of Composites
    - Rebonding to Old Composite
    - Repair of the Newly Placed Restoration
  - Properties of Composite Resins
- INDICATIONS OF STAINLESS STEEL CROWN RESTORATIONS49,50
- CONTRAINDICATIONS TO STAINLESS STEEL CROWN RESTORATION
  - Stainless Steel Crowns are Used as Temporary Crowns for Permanent Teeth
- COMPOSITION
- CLASSIFICATION OF STAINLESS STEEL CROWNS
  - Classification of Crown-based on Shape (Figs 7.97A to C)
  - Based on the Metal
- EQUIPMENTS
  - Burs (Figs 7.98A to D)
  - Pliers (Figs 7.99A to C)
- STEPS INVOLVED IN ADAPTATION OF THE PREFORMED STAINLESS STEEL CROWN51–54
  - Crown Selection
    - Factors to be Considered during Crown Selection
  - Preoperative Occlusal Evaluation
  - Local Anesthesia Administration
  - Rubberdam Application
  - Placement of Wedges
  - Tooth Preparation (Figs 7.106A and B)
  - Trial Fitting, Trimming and Contouring the Crown (Figs 7.107 to 7.109)
  - Finishing the Crown
  - Cementation
  - Postcementation Instruction
- MODIFICATIONS OF STAINLESS STEEL CROWN55–59
- COMPLICATIONS THAT MAY DEVELOP DURING STAINLESS STEEL FABRICATION
- QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 8:Pulp Therapy
- INTRODUCTION
  - Inflammatory Changes in the Pulp4–10
- DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRIMARY AND PERMANENT PULP11–16 (FIG. 8.1)
  - Etiology17–26
- CLASSIFICATION OF PULPAL DISEASES27
- PERIRADICULAR DISEASES
- DIAGNOSIS OF PULP PATHOLOGY
  - Diagnostic Features4,27–30
- INDIVIDUAL TOOTH ASSESSMENT
- MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
- QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 9:Trauma and its Management
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- CLASSIFICATION OF TRAUMA TO ANTERIOR TEETH (FIGS 9.1 TO 9.14)
- CAUSES OF TRAUMA9,10
- PREDISPOSING FACTORS11–14
- PREVENTION OF TRAUMA
- MANAGEMENT
- TREATMENT OF THE INJURY
- PERIODONTAL INJURIES
- SPLINTING OF A TRAUMATIZED TOOTH
- REACTION OF THE PULP TO TRAUMA
- MANAGEMENT OF DISCOLORED TEETH
  - Bleaching of Vital Teeth
- EFFECTS OF TRAUMA ON DEVELOPMENT OF SUCCEDANEOUS TEETH
- PREVENTION OF TRAUMA DURING CONTACT SPORTS
  - Face and Mouth Guards43
    - Ideal Requirement of a Mouth Protector
    - Classification of Mouth Protectors
  - Instructions to the Patient
- QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 10:Child Abuse and Management
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- TYPES OF ABUSE AND NEGLECT1–3
- INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH ABUSE5–7
- CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ABUSED CHILD8,9
  - Features of Abused Child
  - Abuser
- ROLE OF A DENTAL SURGEON10
  - Examination
  - Diagnosis
- QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 11:Dental Management of Children with Special Health Care Needs
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS4,5
- CLASSIFICATION
- DENTAL OFFICE ACCESS
- SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN DENTAL MANAGEMENT
- QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 12:Radiology in Pedodontic Practice
- INTRODUCTION
- POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED BEFORE PLANNING FOR RADIOGRAPHS
- PURPOSE FOR PRESCRIBING RADIOGRAPHS
- CHILD PREPARATION AND MANAGEMENT (FIGS 12.3A TO C)
- METHODS OF REDUCING RADIATION EXPOSURE
- RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES COMMONLY USED IN CHILDREN
  - Intraoral Periapical (IOPA) Radiographs
- SPECIAL TECHNIQUE FOR THE HANDICAPPED CHILD
- HAND-WRIST RADIOGRAPHS (FIGS 12.20 AND 12.21)
  - Indications of Hand-Wrist Radiograph
    - Hand-Wrist X-ray can be Correlated
- MRI: MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (FIG. 12.22)
- DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY OR REAL-TIME IMAGING (FIG. 12.23)
  - Advantages
  - Disadvantages
- DENTAL XERORADIOGRAPHY
  - Advantages
  - Cone Beam CT
- RADIATION PROTECTION OR RADIATION HYGIENE MEASURES
- QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 13:Dental Extractions in Children
- INTRODUCTION
- NEUROLOGIC ANATOMY
- TOPICAL ANESTHESIA
  - Agents Used as Topical Anesthetics
  - Method of Application of Topical Anesthetic Agent
- LOCAL ANESTHESIA
- TYPES OF SYRINGE
- TYPES OF INJECTION PROCEDURES
- ANESTHESIA FOR THE MAXILLARY TISSUES
- ANESTHESIA FOR THE MANDIBULAR TISSUES
- MANDIBULAR ANESTHESIA
- COMMONLY MADE MISTAKES
- EXTRACTION OF TEETH
- TECHNIQUE FOR EXTRACTION
- ANALGESICS AND ANTIBIOTICS USED IN DENTISTRY
  - Anti-inflammatory Analgesics
    - Classification of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
  - Antimicrobial Agents Used in Dentistry
- QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 14:Gingival and Periodontal Diseases in Children
- INTRODUCTION
- DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE CHILD AND ADULT PERIODONTIUM
  - Features Seen in a Child1–5
- PHYSIOLOGIC GINGIVAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH TOOTH ERUPTION
- ETIOLOGY OF GINGIVAL DISEASES
- QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 15:Prosthodontic Considerations in Children
- DEFINITION
- INDICATIONS FOR PROSTHETIC REPLACEMENT/PROSTHESIS
- AIMS OF PROSTHODONTIC REHABILITATION
- HARMFUL EFFECTS OF PROSTHESIS AND ITS PREVENTION
- EXAMINATION, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT PLANNING
  - Mouth Preparation
- TYPES OF PROSTHESIS
- QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 16:Common Oral Pathologic Conditions
- INTRODUCTION
- DISORDERS OF THE TONGUE
- DISORDERS OF THE BUCCAL MUCOSA
- DISORDERS OF THE LIPS
- DISORDERS AFFECTING THE SHAPE OF THE TEETH
- DISORDERS AFFECTING THE NUMBER OF TEETH
- DISORDERS AFFECTING THE STRUCTURE OF THE TEETH
- BENIGN TUMORS OF THE ORAL CAVITY
- CYSTS OF ORAL CAVITY
- DISORDERS OF THE JAW
- DISORDERS OF THE FACE
  - Facial Hemihypertrophy
  - Facial Hemiatrophy
- BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
- VIRAL INFECTIONS
- FUNGAL INFECTIONS
  - Acute Pseudomembranous Candidiasis (Thrush)
- OTHERS
- QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 17:Infection Control
- INTRODUCTION
- ROUTES OF TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION1–2
- GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR ALL DENTAL OFFICE STAFF3–7
- BARRIER PRECAUTIONS8–10
- HANDWASHING AND CARE OF HANDS11–13
- USE AND CARE OF SHARP INSTRUMENTS AND NEEDLES13
- STERILIZATION OR DISINFECTION OF INSTRUMENTS14
- CLEANING AND DISINFECTION OF DENTAL UNIT AND ENVIRONMENTAL SURFACES
- DISINFECTION AND THE DENTAL LABORATORY
- CARE OF HANDPIECES
- SINGLE-USE DISPOSABLE INSTRUMENTS
- DISPOSAL AND TREATMENT OF HEALTH CARE WASTE MATERIALS8,15–21
- QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 18:Genetics in Pedodontic Practice
- INTRODUCTION
- TERMS COMMONLY USED
- CLASSIFICATION OF CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS
- GENETICS AND DENTAL CARIES
- GENETICS AND PERIODONTAL DISEASE
- GENETICS AND MALOCCLUSION
- GENETIC COUNSELING
- QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 19:Survey Procedures and Indices
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- TYPES OF SURVEYS
- SURVEY METHODS
- USES OF SURVEYS
- STEPS IN SURVEYING
- ORAL HEALTH SURVEYS (PATHFINDER SURVEYS)
  - Classification of Pathfinder Survey
    - Pilot Survey
    - National Pathfinder Survey
- INDICES USED IN ROUTINE DENTAL PRACTICE
- QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 20:Dental Auxiliaries
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- CLASSIFICATION OF DENTAL AUXILIARIES
  - WHO Classification (Suggested at the Conference Conducted by the WHO in New Delhi in 1967)
  - Revised Classification
- QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 21:Practice Management
- INTRODUCTION
- COMPONENTS OF A SUCCESSFUL DENTAL PRACTICE
- PRODUCTION AND COLLECTIONS
- DENTAL OFFICE SETTING
- QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 22:General Epidemiology
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- COMPONENTS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
- AIMS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PRINCIPLES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
- EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS
- DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES
  - Procedures in Descriptive Epidemiology
  - Uses of Descriptive Epidemiology
- ANALYTICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - Case Control Study
- EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - Aims of Experimental Studies
    - Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)
    - Blinding
- USES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
- QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 23:Medical Emergencies in Dental Clinic
- INTRODUCTION
- EQUIPPING FOR AN EMERGENCY
  - Equipping Himself
  - Equipping the Office
- PRECAUTIONS AGAINST AN EMERGENCY
- MANAGEMENT DURING AN EMERGENCY
  - PABC Assessment and Management (BLS/CPR)
- MANAGEMENT OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
- QUESTIONS

INDEX

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Index

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Chapter Notes