Index

Physicon—The Reliable Icon in Physiology (Preparatory Manual for Undergraduates) Sanoop KS, Mridul GS, Nishanth PS

SECTION 1: THEORY
CHAPTER 1:General Physiology
- INTRODUCTION
- TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE
- BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS (FIG. 1.6)
- INTERCELLULAR CONNECTIONS (FIG. 1.7)
- ACTION POTENTIAL
CHAPTER 2:Circulating Body Fluids
- BLOOD
  - Functions of Blood
- PLASMA PROTEINS
  - Functions of Plasma Proteins
- HEMOGLOBIN
- ERYTHROCYTES (RBC)
- LEUKOCYTES
- PLATELETS
- BLOOD GROUPS
- IMMUNITY
- LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3:Respiratory System
- GENERAL PRINCIPLES
- MECHANISM OF BREATHING/VENTILATION
- TRANSPORT OF GASES
- REGULATION OF RESPIRATION
- APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
- RESPIRATORY CHANGES IN EXERCISE
  - Changes in Ventilation
CHAPTER 4:Cardiovascular System
- ORGANIZATION OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM
  - Windkessel Effect
- HEMODYNAMICS
- PROPERTIES OF CARDIAC MUSCLE
- CARDIAC CYCLE
- ARTERIAL PULSE
  - Types of Pulse
- HEART SOUNDS
  - Murmurs and Bruits
- ECG
- HEART BLOCK
  - Types
  - ECG Changes in Electrolyte Concentration
- CARDIAC OUTPUT
  - Variation in Cardiac Output
  - Regulation of Cardiac Output
- STROKE VOLUME
  - Regulation of Stroke Volume
    - Heterometric Regulation
    - Homometric Regulation
- HEART RATE
- BLOOD PRESSURE
- CORONARY CIRCULATION
  - Special Features of Coronary Circulation
  - Factors Regulating Coronary Blood Flow
- CEREBRAL CIRCULATION
- TRIPLE RESPONSE
- CIRCULATORY SHOCk
- CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
- CARDIAC FAILURE
- CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES IN EXERCISE
CHAPTER 5:Gastrointestinal System
- PHYSIOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF GIT
  - Nerve Supply of GIT
    - Extrinsic Innervation
    - Enteric Nervous System
- SALIVA
- STOMACH AND ITS SECRETION
- PANCREATIC JUICE
- LIVER
  - Blood Supply
    - Functions
  - Biliary System
- GALLBLADDER
- SMALL INTESTINE
- LARGE INTESTINE
- MOVEMENTS OF GIT
- GASTRIC MOVEMENTS
- MOVEMENTS OF SMALL INTESTINE
- MOVEMENTS OF LARGE INTESTINE/COLON
- DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
- GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) HORMONES
CHAPTER 6:Renal Physiology
- INTRODUCTION
  - Functions of Kidney
- NEPHRON
- JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS
- RENAL CIRCULATION
- MECHANISM OF URINE FORMATION
- REABSORPTION OF BICARBONATE
- CONCENTRATION OF URINE
  - Formation of Concentrated Urine
  - Hyperosmotic Renal Medulla
    - Countercurrent Multiplier System
    - Countercurrent Exchanger System
- ACIDIFICATION OF URINE
  - Secretion of H+
  - Removal of H+
- RENAL CLEARANCE TESTS
- MICTURITION
- DIURESIS
- DIALYSIS
CHAPTER 7:Temperature Regulation
CHAPTER 8:Endocrinology
- PITUITARY GLAND
- THYROID GLAND
- PARATHYROID GLANDS
- PANCREAS
- ADRENAL CORTEX
- ADRENAL SEX HORMONES
CHAPTER 9:Reproductive System
- ABNORMAL SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION
  - Chromosomal Abnormalities
  - Hormonal Abnormalities
    - Causes
- MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- PREGNANCY
- CONTRACEPTION
  - Contraceptive Measures in Males
  - Contraceptive Measures in Female
CHAPTER 10:Nerve and Muscle Physiology
- NEURON
- NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION (NMJ)
  - Synthesis Storage and Release of ACh
  - Sequence of events (Flow chart 10.1)
- SKELETAL MUSCLE
- SMOOTH MUSCLE
CHAPTER 11:Central Nervous System
- SYNAPSE
  - Types of Synapse (Fig. 11.2)
  - Physiological Classification of Synapse (Table 11.1)
  - Electrical Events at Synapses
  - Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential
    - Ionic Basis of Development of EPSP
  - Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential
    - Ionic Basis of Development of IPSP
  - Synaptic Inhibition
    - Postsynaptic Inhibition
    - Presynaptic Inhibition
  - Properties of Synapse
    - Forms of Synaptic Plasticity
- RECEPTORS
  - Properties of Receptors
- REFLEXES
  - Reflex Arc
  - Classification of Reflexes
    - Monosynaptic Reflexes (Stretch Reflexes)
  - Muscle Spindle
  - Inhibition of Stretch Reflexes
  - Reciprocal Innervation
    - Significance
  - Inverse Stretch Reflex/Autogenic Inhibition
    - Golgi Tendon Organ
    - Significance of Inverse Stretch Reflex
  - Polysynaptic Reflexes (Withdrawal Reflexes)
    - Withdrawal Reflex
  - General Properties of Reflexes
- SENSORY SYSTEM
  - Sensory Cortex
  - Ascending (Sensory) Tracts
  - Ventral (Anterior) Spinothalamic Tract
    - Crude Touch Pathway
  - Dorsal (Posterior) Spinocerebellar Tract
  - Ventral (Anterior) Spinocerebellar Tract
    - 1st Order Neuron
  - Sensation from Face
  - Pain Sensation
    - Visceral Pain
    - Characteristic Features of Visceral Pain
  - Referred Pain
    - Basis
    - Theories of Referred Pain
  - Modulation of Pain
  - Spinal Level
    - Gate Control Theory
  - Supraspinal Level
    - Endogenous Pain Inhibiting System
    - Revised Gate Control Theory
- MOTOR SYSTEM
  - Motor Cortex
    - Primary Motor Area (Area 4)
  - Motor Homunculus
  - Pyramidal Tract
  - Origin
  - Course of Pyramidal Tract
  - Functions of Pyramidal Tract
  - Extrapyramidal System
  - Applied Aspect
- AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
  - Classification
  - Sympathetic Nervous System
  - Parasympathetic Nervous System
  - Neurotransmitters of ANS
  - Synthesis of Neurotransmitters
- SPINAL CORD LESIONS
  - Complete Transection of Spinal Cord
  - Hemisection of Spinal Cord (Brown-Sequard Syndrome)
  - Symptoms of Hemisection of Spinal Cord
  - Changes Below the Level of Lesion
    - On the Same Side
    - On the Opposite Side
  - Changes at the Level of Lesion
    - On the Same Side
    - On the Opposite Side
  - Incomplete Transection of the Spinal Cord
  - Stage of Spinal Shock
  - Stage of Reflex Activity
    - Characteristic Features
  - Sensory Disturbances
- VESTIBULAR APPARATUS
  - Semicircular Canal
  - Otolith Organ: Utricle and Saccule
    - Functions
    - Vestibular Pathways
  - Functioning of Vestibular Apparatus
  - Vestibular Dysfunctions
    - Symptoms
    - Prevention
- REGULATION OF POSTURE
  - Mechanisms Involved in Maintenance of Posture
  - Role of Different Regions of Nervous System in Posture Maintenance
  - Midbrain Animal
    - Characteristic Features
  - Decorticate Animal
- RETICULAR FORMATION
  - Ascending Reticular System
    - Pathway for Arousal and Alertness
  - Descending Reticular System
  - Functions of Reticular Formation
- CEREBELLUM
  - Anatomical Divisions
  - Functional Divisions
    - Organization
    - Cerebellar Cortex
  - Neuronal Circuits and Neuronal Activity in Cerebellum
  - Connections of the Cerebellum (Fig. 11.57)
  - Afferent Connections
  - Efferent Connections
  - Functions of Cerebellum
  - Cerebellar Lesions
  - Characteristic Features
    - Disturbance of Posture
    - Disturbance of Voluntary Movements
- THALAMUS
  - Anatomical Classification of Thalamic Nuclei
  - Functional Classification of Thalamic Nuclei
  - Nonspecific Projection Nuclei
  - Specific Projection Nuclei
  - Functions of Thalamus
- ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM
  - Normal EEG
  - α- Rhythm
  - Uses of EEG
  - Forms of Epilepsy
    - Grandmal Epilepsy
    - Petit Mal Epilepsy
- SLEEP
  - Physiological Changes During Sleep
  - Types of Sleep
    - Sleep Cycle
  - Genesis of Sleep
- BASAL GANGLIA
  - Connections (Flow chart 11.1)
  - Functions of Basal Ganglia (BG)
  - Diseases of the Basal Ganglia
  - Chorea, Athetosis and Ballism
  - Hemiballism
  - Wilson's Disease/Hepatolenticular Degeneration
  - Huntington's Disease
- HYPOTHALAMUS
  - Nuclei of Hypothalamus (Fig. 11.64)
  - Connections of Hypothalamus (Fig. 11.63)
    - Afferents
    - Efferents
  - Functions of hypothalamus
    - Mechanism
    - Glucostastic Theory
  - Role of Hypothalamic Peptides
  - Role in Regulation of Water Balance
    - Hypothalamic Mechanism
  - Control of Emotional Behavior
  - Sexual Behavior
- CORTICAL AREAS
  - Frontal Lobe
- PARIETAL LOBE
- TEMPORAL LOBE
- OCCIPITAL LOBE
- LIMBIC SYSTEM
  - Connections
    - Papez Circuit
  - Functions of Limbic System
- HIGHER FUNCTIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
- LANGUAGE (SPEECH)
  - Development of Speech
  - Mechanism of Speech and Speech Centers
  - Understanding of Speech (Sensory Aspects of Communication)
    - Understanding of Spoken Speech
    - Understanding of Written Speech
  - Expression of Speech (Motor Aspect of Speech)
  - Speech Disorders
    - Aphasia
  - Dysarthria
- LEARNING AND MEMORY
  - Learning
    - Pavlov's Experiment
  - Memory
  - Declarative/Explicit/Recognition Memory
  - Non-declarative/Implicit/Reflexive Memory
  - Mechanism of Memory (Physiological and Cellular Basis)
    - Mechanism of Implicit Memory
  - Alzheimer's Disease
CHAPTER 12:Special Senses
- VISION
- AUDITION
- SENSATION OF TASTE
  - Taste Pathway
    - Abnormalities
- OLFACTION
  - Olfactory Bulb
  - Olfactory Pathway
    - Characteristics of Pathway
    - Abnormalities
SECTION 2: PRACTICALS
CHAPTER 13:Hematology
- DETERMINATION OF ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE
- PACKED CELL VOLUME (HEMATOCRIT)
- ESTIMATION OF HEMOGLOBIN (SAHLI'S METHOD)
- RBC COUNT
- WBC COUNT
- DLC
- DETERMINATION OF BLOOD GROUP
- RETICULOCYTE COUNT
- PLATELET COUNT
- BLEEDING TIME AND CLOTTING TIME
- ABSOLUTE EOSINOPHIL COUNT
CHAPTER 14:Amphibian Experiments
- GASTROCNEMIUS MUSCLE AND SCIATIC NERVE PREPARATION OF FROG
  - Composition of amphibian ringer Solution
- RECORDING OF A SIMPLE MUSCLE CURVE
  - Simple Muscle Twitch
- EFFECT OF TWO SUCCESSIVE STIMULI ON SKELETAL MUSCLE
  - Refractory Period
- EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON SIMPLE MUSCLE TWITCH
  - Causes for These Changes
    - Heat Rigor
    - Cold Rigor
- GENESIS OF FATIGUE
  - Fatigue
    - Causes of Fatigue
- EFFECT OF AFTERLOAD AND FREE-LOAD ON MUSCLE CONTRACTION
  - Afterload
  - Free-load
    - Observation
- GENESIS OF TETANUS
  - Tetanus
    - Tetany
- VELOCITY OF NERVE IMPULSE
  - Factors which Increase Velocity
  - Factors which Decrease Velocity
- AMPHIBIAN HEART EXPERIMENTS
CHAPTER 15:Clinical Examinations (Reporting Pattern)
- CLINICAL EXAMINATION PROFORMA
  - General Examination
  - Impression
- HUMAN ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE
- EXAMINATION OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
  - General Examination
  - Systemic Examination
- EXAMINATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
  - General Examination
  - Systemic Examination
- EXAMINATION OF HIGHER FUNCTIONS AND SENSORY SYSTEM
- EXAMINATION OF MOTOR SYSTEM
- EXAMINATION OF CRANIAL NERVE
- EXAMINATION OF REFLEXES
SECTION 3: RAPID FIRE
CHAPTER 16:Multiple Choice Questions
- GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
- CIRCULATING BODY FLUIDS
- RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
- RENAL PHYSIOLOGY
- REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- ENDOCRINOLOGY
- NERVE MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
- CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
- SPECIAL SENSES
- ANSWERS
- GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
- CIRCULATING BODY FLUIDS
- RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
- RENAL PHYSIOLOGY
- REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- ENDOCRINOLOGY
- NERVE MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
- CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
- SPECIAL SENSES
CHAPTER 17:Reasoning Type Questions
- CIRCULATING BODY FLUIDS
- RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
- RENAL PHYSIOLOGY
- ENDOCRINOLOGY
- REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
- SPECIAL SENSES
CHAPTER 18:Question Bank
- GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
- CIRCULATING BODY FLUIDS
- RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
- RENAL PHYSIOLOGY
- TEMPERATURE REGULATION
- ENDOCRINOLOGY
- REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- NERVE MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
- CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
- SPECIAL SENSES
  - vision
    - Short Notes
    - Essays
- LIST OF DIAGRAMS
CHAPTER 19:Normal Values
- CIRCULATING BODY FLUIDS
- RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
- RENAL PHYSIOLOGY
- ENDOCRINOLOGY
- REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- NERVE AND MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
- CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
- SPECIAL SENSES
- GENERAL
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
  - Theory
  - Practical

INDEX

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Index

Chapter Notes