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Essentials of Medical Pharmacology
KD Tripathi
SECTION 1: GENERAL PHARMACOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
CHAPTER 1:
Introduction, Routes of Drug Administration
INTRODUCTION
DRUG NOMENCLATURE
DRUG COMPENDIA
ESSENTIAL MEDICINES (DRUGS) CONCEPT
Prescription and non-prescription drugs
ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
LOCAL ROUTES
SYSTEMIC ROUTES
1. Oral
2. Sublingual (s.l.) or buccal
3. Rectal
4. Cutaneous
5. Inhalation
6. Nasal
7. Parenteral
CHAPTER 2:
Pharmacokinetics: Membrane Transport, Absorption and Distribution of Drugs
ABSORPTION
BIOAVAILABILITY
DISTRIBUTION
CHAPTER 3:
Pharmacokinetics: Metabolism and Excretion of Drugs, Kinetics of Elimination
BIOTRANSFORMATION (Metabolism)
INHIBITION OF DRUG METABOLISM
MICROSOMAL ENZYME INDUCTION
Consequences of microsomal enzyme induction
Possible uses of enzyme induction
FIRST PASS (PRESYSTEMIC) METABOLISM
EXCRETION
RENAL EXCRETION
KINETICS OF ELIMINATION
PROLONGATION OF DRUG ACTION
Targeted drug delivery devices
CHAPTER 4:
Pharmacodynamics: Mechanism of Drug Action; Receptor Pharmacology
PRINCIPLES OF DRUG ACTION
MECHANISM OF DRUG ACTION
I. ENZYMES
II. ION CHANNELS
III. TRANSPORTERS
IV. RECEPTORS
ACTION-EFFECT SEQUENCE
TRANSDUCER MECHANISMS
1. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
2. Ion channel receptor
3. Transmembrane enzyme-linked receptors
4. Transmembrane JAK-STAT binding receptors
5. Receptors regulating gene expression (Transcription factors, Nuclear receptors)
Regulation of receptors
Functions of receptors
Nonreceptor-mediated drug action
DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP
COMBINED EFFECT OF DRUGS
SYNERGISM
ANTAGONISM
CHAPTER 5:
Aspects of Pharmacotherapy, Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Development
DRUG DOSAGE
FACTORS MODIFYING DRUG ACTION
RATIONAL USE OF MEDICINES
EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE
NEW DRUG DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER 6:
Adverse Drug Effects
SECTION 2: DRUGS ACTING ON AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
CHAPTER 7A:
Autonomic Nervous System: General Considerations
ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION
NEUROHUMORAL TRANSMISSION
Steps in neurohumoral transmission
Cotransmission
CHAPTER 7B:
Cholinergic System and Drugs
CHOLINERGIC TRANSMISSION
CHOLINERGIC DRUGS (Cholinomimetic, Parasympathomimetic)
CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
ACTIONS (of ACh as prototype)
A. Muscarinic actions
B. Nicotinic actions
C. CNS actions
CHOLINOMIMETIC ALKALOIDS
ANTICHOLINESTERASES
CHEMISTRY
MECHANISM OF ACTION
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
PHARMACOKINETICS
INDIVIDUAL COMPOUNDS
USES
1. As miotic
2. Myasthenia gravis
ANTICHOLINESTERASE POISONING
Treatment
CHAPTER 8:
Anticholinergic Drugs and Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia
ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS (Muscarinic receptor antagonists, Atropinic, Parasympatholytic)
CLASSIFICATION
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
PHARMACOKINETICS
ATROPINE SUBSTITUTES
Quaternary compounds
Tertiary amines
Vasicoselective drugs
Mydriatics
USES
I. As antisecretory
II. As antispasmodic
III. Bronchial asthma, asthmatic bronchitis, COPD
IV. As mydriatic and cycloplegic
V. As cardiac vagolytic
VI. For central action
VII. To antagonise muscarinic effects of drugs and poisons
SIDE EFFECTS AND TOXICITY
Interactions
DRUGS ACTING ON AUTONOMIC GANGLIA
GANGLIONIC STIMULANTS
Nicotine
Treatment of smoking cessation/quiting tobacco chewing
GANGLION BLOCKING AGENTS
CHAPTER 9:
Adrenergic System and Drugs
ADRENERGIC TRANSMISSION
ADRENERGIC DRUGS (Sympathomimetics)
ACTIONS
Administration and preparations
Adverse effects and contraindications
THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION OF ADRENERGIC DRUGS
SELECTIVE β2 STIMULANTS
NASAL DECONGESTANTS
ANORECTIC AGENTS
THERAPEUTIC USES
CHAPTER 10:
Antiadrenergic Drugs (Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists) and Drugs for Glaucoma
α ADRENERGIC BLOCKING DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
GENERAL EFFECTS OF α BLOCKERS
USES OF α BLOCKERS
β ADRENERGIC BLOCKING DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
PHARMACOKINETICS
INTERACTIONS
ADVERSE EFFECTS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
OTHER β BLOCKERS
USES
α + β ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS
DRUGS FOR GLAUCOMA
SECTION 3: AUTACOIDS AND RELATED DRUGS
CHAPTER 11:
Histamine and Antihistaminics
HISTAMINE
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES
H1 ANTAGONISTS (Conventional antihistaminics)
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
PHARMACOKINETICS
SIDE EFFECTS AND TOXICITY
SECOND GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS
USES
CHAPTER 12:
5-Hydroxytryptamine, its Antagonists and Drug Therapy of Migraine
5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE (5-HT, Serotonin)
SYNTHESIS, STORAGE AND DESTRUCTION
SEROTONERGIC (5-HT) RECEPTORS
ACTIONS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES
5-HT ANTAGONISTS
ERGOT ALKALOIDS
Actions
DRUG THERAPY OF MIGRAINE
SPECIFIC ANTIMIGRAINE DRUGS
Selective 5-HT1D/1B agonists (Triptans)
PROPHYLAXIS OF MIGRAINE
CHAPTER 13:
Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes (Eicosanoids) and Platelet Activating Factor
PROSTAGLANDINS AND LEUKOTRIENES (Eicosanoids)
CHEMISTRY, BIOSYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION
ACTIONS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES
Prostaglandins, thromboxanes and prostacyclin
Leukotrienes
PROSTANOID RECEPTORS
LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTORS
USES
SIDE EFFECTS
PLATELET ACTIVATING FACTOR (PAF)
CHAPTER 14:
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and Antipyretic-Analgesics
SALICYLATES
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
PHARMACOKINETICS
ADVERSE EFFECTS
Precautions and contraindications
Interactions
USES
PROPIONIC ACID DERIVATIVES
FENAMATE (Anthranilic acid derivative)
ENOLIC ACID DERIVATIVES (Oxicams)
ACETIC ACID DERIVATIVES
PYRAZOLONES
PREFERENTIAL COX-2 INHIBITORS
SELECTIVE COX-2 INHIBITORS (Coxibs)
PARA-AMINO PHENOL DERIVATIVES
Topical NSAIDs
Choice of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug
Analgesic combinations
CHAPTER 15:
Antirheumatoid and Antigout Drugs
ANTIRHEUMATOID DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
Nonbiological drugs
Biological agents
TNFα inhibitors
DRUGS USED IN GOUT
ACUTE GOUT
CHRONIC GOUT
A. URICOSURIC DRUGS
B. URIC ACID SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS
Allopurinol
Febuxostat
SECTION 4: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DRUGS
CHAPTER 16:
Drugs for Cough and Bronchial Asthma
DRUGS FOR COUGH
DEMULCENTS AND EXPECTORANTS
Mucolytics
ANTITUSSIVES
Opioids
Nonopioids
Antihistamines
Peripherally acting antitussives
DRUGS FOR BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
APPROACHES TO TREATMENT
CLASSIFICATION
SYMPATHOMIMETICS (see Ch. 9)
METHYL XANTHINES
ANTICHOLINERGICS (see Ch. 8)
LEUKOTRIENE ANTAGONISTS
CORTICOSTEROIDS
SYSTEMIC STEROID THERAPY
INHALED STEROIDS
CHOICE OF TREATMENT
SECTION 5: HORMONES AND RELATED DRUGS
CHAPTER 17A:
Introduction
CHAPTER 17B:
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
GONADOTROPINS (Gns)
THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH, THYROTROPIN)
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH, CORTICOTROPIN)
CHAPTER 18:
Thyroid Hormones and Thyroid Inhibitors
THYROID HORMONE
CHEMISTRY AND SYNTHESIS
TRANSPORT, METABOLISM AND EXCRETION
REGULATION OF SECRETION
ACTIONS
Mechanism of action
Relation between T4 and T3
USES
THYROID INHIBITORS
CLASSIFICATION
ANTITHYROID DRUGS (Thioamides)
IODINE AND IODIDES
Uses
Adverse effects
RADIOACTIVE IODINE
β ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS
CHAPTER 19:
Insulin, Oral Hypoglycaemic Drugs and Glucagon
INSULIN
ACTIONS OF INSULIN
Preparations of insulin
Types of insulin preparations
Insulin analogues
REACTIONS TO INSULIN
Drug interactions
USES OF INSULIN
Insulin resistance
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
Sulfonylureas (KATP Channel blockers)
Interactions
Meglitinide / D-phenylalanine analogues (KATP Channel blockers)
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors
Biguanide (AMPK activator)
Thiazolidinedione (PPARγ agonist)
α Glucosidase inhibitors
Status of oral hypoglycaemics in diabetes mellitus
CHAPTER 20:
Corticosteroids
CHAPTER 21:
Androgens and Drugs for Erectile Dysfunction
ANDROGENS (Male Sex Hormones)
ACTIONS
Mechanism of action
PHARMACOKINETICS
SIDE EFFECTS
USES
ANABOLIC STEROIDS
IMPEDED ANDROGENS/ ANTIANDROGENS
5 α-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR
DRUGS FOR ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
CHAPTER 22:
Estrogens, Progestins and Contraceptives
ESTROGENS (Female Sex Hormones)
ACTIONS
PHARMACOKINETICS
ADVERSE EFFECTS
USES
ANTIESTROGENS AND SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS (SERMs)
AROMATASE INHIBITORS
PROGESTINS
ACTIONS
Mechanism of action
PHARMACOKINETICS
ADVERSE EFFECTS
USES
ANTIPROGESTIN
HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES
FEMALE CONTRACEPTION
TYPES OF METHODS
Oral
Injectable
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Practical considerations
ADVERSE EFFECTS
Contraindications
MALE CONTRACEPTIVE
CHAPTER 23:
Oxytocin and Other Drugs Acting on Uterus
UTERINE STIMULANTS (Oxytocics, Abortifacients)
OXYTOCIN
ACTIONS
Physiological role
PHARMACOKINETICS
USE
Adverse effects
ERGOMETRINE, METHYLERGOMETRINE
PROSTAGLANDINS
UTERINE RELAXANTS (Tocolytics)
CHAPTER 24:
Drugs Affecting Calcium Balance
CALCIUM
PARATHYROID HORMONE (Parathormone)
CALCITONIN
VITAMIN D
BISPHOSPHONATES
SECTION 6: DRUGS ACTING ON PERIPHERAL (SOMATIC) NERVOUS SYSTEM
CHAPTER 25:
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
PERIPHERALLY ACTING MUSCLE RELAXANTS
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS
MECHANISM OF ACTION
ACTIONS
PHARMACOKINETICS
NOTES ON INDIVIDUAL COMPOUNDS
INTERACTIONS
TOXICITY
USES
DIRECTLY ACTING MUSCLE RELAXANTS
CENTRALLY ACTING MUSCLE RELAXANTS
CLASSIFICATION
Uses of centrally acting muscle relaxants
CHAPTER 26:
Local Anaesthetics
USES AND TECHNIQUES OF LOCAL ANAESTHESIA
SECTION 7: DRUGS ACTING ON CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
CHAPTER 27:
General Anaesthetics
INHALATIONAL ANAESTHETICS
INTRAVENOUS ANAESTHETICS
FAST ACTING DRUGS
SLOWER ACTING DRUGS
COMPLICATIONS OF GENERAL ANAESTHESIA
DRUG INTERACTIONS
PREANAESTHETIC MEDICATION
CHAPTER 28:
Ethyl and Methyl Alcohols
ETHYL ALCOHOL (Ethanol)
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
PHARMACOKINETICS
INTERACTIONS
Food value
CONTRAINDICATIONS
TOXICITY
CLINICAL USES
Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor
METHYL ALCOHOL (Methanol, Wood alcohol)
CHAPTER 29:
Sedative-Hypnotics
BARBITURATES
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
USES
Interactions
BENZODIAZEPINES (BZDs)
PHARMACOKINETICS
ADVERSE EFFECTS
INTERACTIONS
NON-BENZODIAZEPINE HYPNOTICS
USES
BENZODIAZEPINE ANTAGONIST
Uses
CHAPTER 30:
Antiepileptic Drugs
TREATMENT OF EPILEPSIES
CHAPTER 31:
Antiparkinsonian Drugs
LEVODOPA
ACTIONS
PHARMACOKINETICS
ADVERSE EFFECTS
After prolonged therapy
Interactions
PERIPHERAL DECARBOXYLASE INHIBITORS
DOPAMINERGIC AGONISTS
MAO-B INHIBITOR
COMT INHIBITORS
GLUTAMATE (NMDA receptor) ANTAGONIST (Dopamine facilitator)
CENTRAL ANTICHOLINERGICS
CHAPTER 32:
Drugs Used in Mental Illness: Antipsychotic and Antimanic Drugs
ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS (Neuroleptics)
CLASSIFICATION
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
PHARMACOKINETICS
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF NEUROLEPTICS
ATYPICAL (Second generation) ANTIPSYCHOTICS
ADVERSE EFFECTS
INTERACTIONS
USES
ANTIMANIC AND MOOD STABILIZING DRUGS (Drugs for bipolar disorder)
LITHIUM CARBONATE
Actions and mechanism
Pharmacokinetics and control of therapy
Interactions
Use
ALTERNATIVES TO LITHIUM
HALLUCINOGENS (Psychotomimetics, Psychedelics, Psychodysleptics, Psychotogens)
INDOLE AMINES
CANNABINOIDS
CHAPTER 33:
Drugs Used in Mental Illness: Antidepressant and Antianxiety Drugs
ANTIDEPRESSANTS
CLASSIFICATION
MAO INHIBITORS
TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS (TCAs)
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
Tolerance and dependence
PHARMACOKINETICS
ADVERSE EFFECTS
INTERACTIONS
SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS (SSRIs)
SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITORS (SNRIs)
ATYPICAL ANTIDEPRESSANTS
USES
ANTIANXIETY DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
BENZODIAZEPINES
OTHER ANTIANXIETY DRUGS
β Blockers (see Ch. 10)
TREATMENT OF ANXIETY
CHAPTER 34:
Opioid Analgesics and Antagonists
OPIOID ANALGESICS
MORPHINE
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
PHARMACOKINETICS
ADVERSE EFFECTS
PRECAUTIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
Interactions
CLASSIFICATION OF OPIOIDS
OPIOID RECEPTORS
COMPLEX ACTION OPIOIDS AND OPIOID ANTAGONISTS
PURE OPIOID ANTAGONISTS
ENDOGENOUS OPIOID PEPTIDES
CHAPTER 35:
CNS Stimulants and Cognition Enhancers
CNS STIMULANTS
CLASSIFICATION
III. PSYCHOSTIMULANTS
COGNITION ENHANCERS (Cerebroactive drugs)
SECTION 8: CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS
CHAPTER 36A:
Cardiac Electrophysiological Considerations
CARDIAC ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 36B:
Drugs Affecting Renin-Angiotensin System and Plasma Kinins
RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM
ACTIONS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES
ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS
OTHER ACE INHIBITORS
USES
ANGIOTENSIN ANTAGONISTS (Angiotensin receptor blockers or ARBs)
DIRECT RENIN INHIBITOR
PLASMA KININS (Bradykinin and Kallidin)
ACTIONS
Bradykinin antagonists
CHAPTER 37:
Cardiac Glycosides and Drugs for Heart Failure
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS
PHARMACOKINETICS
ADVERSE EFFECTS
USES
TREATMENT OF CHF
Aldosterone antagonist (Spironolactone, Eplerenone)
CHAPTER 38:
Antiarrhythmic Drugs
CLASS II
CLASS III
CLASS IV
Verapamil
Uses and precautions
Drugs for PSVT
Adenosine
Drugs for A-V Block
Choice and use of antiarrhythmic drugs
CHAPTER 39:
Antianginal and Other Anti-ischaemic Drugs
ANTIANGINAL DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
NITRATES (GTN as prototype)
INDIVIDUAL DRUGS
USES
β BLOCKERS (see Ch. 10)
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS AND ADVERSE EFFECTS
Other dihydropyridines (DHPs)
PHARMACOKINETICS
USES
DRUG COMBINATIONS IN ANGINA
POTASSIUM CHANNEL OPENERS
OTHER ANTIANGINAL DRUGS
DRUGS FOR PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES
DRUG THERAPY IN MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
CHAPTER 40:
Antihypertensive Drugs
TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION
SECTION 9: DRUGS ACTING ON KIDNEY
CHAPTER 41A:
Relevant Physiology of Urine Formation
CHAPTER 41B:
Diuretics
HIGH CEILING (LOOP) DIURETICS
THIAZIDE AND RELATED DIURETICS
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS
POTASSIUM SPARING DIURETICS
OSMOTIC DIURETICS
CHAPTER 42:
Antidiuretics
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (Argenine Vasopressin-AVP)
VASOPRESSIN ANALOGUES
Uses
THIAZIDES
SECTION 10: DRUGS AFFECTING BLOOD AND BLOOD FORMATION
CHAPTER 43:
Haematinics and Erythropoietin
IRON
ACUTE IRON POISONING
MATURATION FACTORS
VITAMIN-B12
Preparations, dose, administration
Uses
FOLIC ACID
Preparations and dose
Uses
ERYTHROPOIETIN
CHAPTER 44:
Drugs Affecting Coagulation, Bleeding and Thrombosis
COAGULANTS
VITAMIN K
LOCAL HAEMOSTATICS (STYPTICS)
ANTICOAGULANTS
HEPARIN
ACTIONS
PHARMACOKINETICS
ADVERSE EFFECTS
Contraindications
Low molecular weight (LMW) heparins
HEPARIN ANTAGONIST
ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS
USES OF ANTICOAGULANTS
FIBRINOLYTICS (Thrombolytics)
ANTIFIBRINOLYTIC DRUGS
ANTIPLATELET DRUGS (Antithrombotic drugs)
CHAPTER 45:
Hypolipidaemic Drugs and Plasma Expanders
HYPOLIPIDAEMIC DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
HMG-CoA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS (Statins)
LIPOPROTEIN-LIPASE ACTIVATORS (Fibrates)
LIPOLYSIS AND TRIGLYCERIDE SYNTHESIS INHIBITOR
Nicotinic Acid (Niacin)
STEROL ABSORPTION INHIBITOR
Summary guidelines on the use of hypolipidaemic drugs
PLASMA EXPANDERS
USE OF PLASMA EXPANDERS
SECTION 11: GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS
CHAPTER 46:
Drugs for Peptic Ulcer and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
PEPTIC ULCER
H2 ANTAGONISTS
Pharmacological actions
Pharmacokinetics
Adverse effects
Interactions
Uses
PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS (PPIs)
Uses
PROSTAGLANDIN ANALOGUE
ANTACIDS
ANTI-HELICOBACTER PYLORI DRUGS
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD)
CHAPTER 47:
Antiemetic, Prokinetic and Digestant Drugs
EMETICS
ANTIEMETICS
CLASSIFICATION
ANTICHOLINERGICS (See Ch. 8)
H1 ANTIHISTAMINICS (See Ch. 11)
NEUROLEPTICS (see Ch. 32)
PROKINETIC DRUGS
Metoclopramide
Actions
Uses
5-HT3 ANTAGONISTS
NK1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
ADJUVANT ANTIEMETICS
DIGESTANTS
GALLSTONE DISSOLVING DRUGS
CHAPTER 48:
Drugs for Constipation and Diarrhoea
LAXATIVES (Aperients, Purgatives, Cathartics)
CLASSIFICATION
MECHANISM OF ACTION
BULK PURGATIVES
STOOL SOFTENER
STIMULANT PURGATIVES
Diphenylmethanes
Anthraquinones
OSMOTIC PURGATIVES
CHOICE AND USE OF PURGATIVES
TREATMENT OF DIARRHOEAS
REHYDRATION
Rationale of ORS composition
MAINTENANCE OF NUTRITION
DRUG THERAPY
1. Antimicrobials in diarrhoea
2. Probiotics in diarrhoea
3. Drugs for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Immunosuppressants (see Ch. 62, 63)
4. Nonspecific antidiarrhoeal drugs
B. Antisecretory drugs
C. Antimotility drugs
SECTION 12: ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
CHAPTER 49:
Antimicrobial Drugs: General Considerations
CHAPTER 50:
Sulfonamides, Cotrimoxazole and Quinolones
SULFONAMIDES
ANTIBACTERIAL SPECTRUM
USES
COTRIMOXAZOLE
QUINOLONES
FLUOROQUINOLONES
Ciprofloxacin (prototype)
Interactions
CHAPTER 51:
Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
PENICILLINS
PENICILLIN-G (BENZYL PENICILLIN)
SEMISYNTHETIC PENICILLINS
CLASSIFICATION
ACID-RESISTANT ALTERNATIVE TO PENICILLIN-G
Phenoxymethyl penicillin (Penicillin V)
PENICILLINASE-RESISTANT PENICILLINS
EXTENDED SPECTRUM PENICILLINS
BETA-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS
CEPHALOSPORINS
FIRST GENERATION CEPHALOSPORINS
SECOND GENERATION CEPHALOSPORINS
THIRD GENERATION CEPHALOSPORINS
FOURTH GENERATION CEPHALOSPORINS
Adverse effects
Uses
MONOBACTAMS
CARBAPENEMS
CHAPTER 52:
Tetracyclines and Chloramphenicol (Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics)
TETRACYCLINES
CHLORAMPHENICOL
CHAPTER 53:
Aminoglycoside Antibiotics
CHAPTER 54:
Macrolide, Lincosamide, Glycopeptide and Other Antibacterial Antibiotics; Urinary Antiseptics
MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTICS
ERYTHROMYCIN
Uses
NEWER MACROLIDES
LINCOSAMIDE ANTIBIOTICS
GLYCOPEPTIDE ANTIBIOTICS
OXAZOLIDINONE
URINARY ANTISEPTICS
TREATMENT OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
Urinary pH in relation to use of AMAs
Urinary infection in patients with renal impairment
Prophylaxis for urinary tract infection
TREATMENT OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDs)
CHAPTER 55:
Antitubercular Drugs
TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS
SHORT COURSE CHEMOTHERAPY
New patient (Category I)
Previously treated patients (Category II)
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection
CHAPTER 56:
Antileprotic Drugs
TREATMENT OF LEPROSY
CHAPTER 57:
Antifungal Drugs
CHAPTER 58:
Antiviral Drugs
CHAPTER 59:
Antimalarial Drugs
CHAPTER 60:
Antiamoebic and Other Antiprotozoal Drugs
ANTIAMOEBIC DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION
NITROIMIDAZOLES
Metronidazole
AMIDES
Diloxanide furoate
8-HYDROXYQUINOLINES
ANTIBIOTICS
Tetracyclines
NOTES ON THE TREATMENT OF AMOEBIASIS
DRUGS FOR GIARDIASIS
DRUGS FOR TRICHOMONIASIS
DRUGS FOR LEISHMANIASIS
CHAPTER 61:
Anthelmintic Drugs
SECTION 13: CHEMOTHERAPY OF NEOPLASTIC DISEASES
CHAPTER 62:
Anticancer Drugs
NOTES ON INDIVIDUAL DRUGS
ALKYLATING AGENTS
PLATINUM COORDINATION COMPLEXES
ANTIMETABOLITES
Methotrexate (Mtx)
MICROTUBULE DAMAGING AGENTS
Vinca alkaloids
Taxanes
TOPOISOMERASE-2 INHIBITOR
TOPOISOMERASE-1 INHIBITORS
Camptothecin analogues
ANTIBIOTICS
MISCELLANEOUS CYTOTOXIC DRUGS
TARGETED DRUGS
HORMONAL DRUGS
GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN CHEMOTHERAPY OF CANCER
SECTION 14: MISCELLANEOUS DRUGS
CHAPTER 63:
Immunosuppressant Drugs
CALCINEURIN INHIBITORS
mTOR INHIBITORS
ANTIPROLIFERATIVE DRUGS
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IN ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION
CHAPTER 64:
Drugs Acting on Skin and Mucous Membranes
CHAPTER 65:
Antiseptics, Disinfectants and Ectoparasiticides
ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS
CLASSIFICATION
1. PHENOLS
2. OXIDIZING AGENTS
3. HALOGENS
4. BIGUANIDE
5. QUATERNARY AMMONIUM (CATIONIC) ANTISEPTICS
6. SOAPS
7. ALCOHOLS
8. ALDEHYDES
9. ACIDS
10. METALLIC SALTS
11. DYES
12. FURAN DERIVATIVES
ECTOPARASITICIDES
CHAPTER 66:
Chelating Agents
CHAPTER 67:
Vitamins
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN A
Physiological role and actions
Therapeutic uses
VITAMIN E
Therapeutic uses
Antioxidant vitamins (vit E, β carotene, vit C) in prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
THE VITAMIN B COMPLEX GROUP
Thiamine (Aneurine, vit B1)
Riboflavin (vit B2)
Niacin (vit B3)
Pyridoxine (vit B6)
VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID)
Therapeutic uses
CHAPTER 68:
Vaccines and Sera
VACCINES
BACTERIAL VACCINES
VIRAL VACCINES
TOXOIDS
MIXED ANTIGENS
ANTISERA AND IMMUNE GLOBULINS
CHAPTER 69:
Drug Interactions
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1:
Solution to Problem Directed Study
APPENDIX 2:
List of Essential Medicines
APPENDIX 3:
Prescribing in Pregnancy
APPENDIX 4:
Drugs in Breastfeeding
APPENDIX 5:
Drugs and Fixed Dose Combinations Banned in India$ (updated till Dec. 2012)
Selected References for Further Reading
INDEX
TOC
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