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Textbook of Dental Anatomy, Physiology & Occlusion
Rashmi GS (Phulari)
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION AND NOMENCLATURE
CHAPTER 1:
Introduction to Dental Anatomy
DENTITIONS IN HUMANS
Deciduous/Primary Dentition (Figs 1.1A and B)
Permanent/Secondary/Succedaneous Dentition (Figs 1.2A and B)
Arrangement in the Dental Arches (Fig. 1.3)
Classes of Teeth (Table 1.1 and Fig. 1.4)
Types of Teeth (Table 1.2 and Fig. 1.4)
TRAIT CATEGORIES OF TEETH
Set Traits
Arch Traits
Class Traits
Type Traits
NOMENCLATURE OF TEETH
DENTAL FORMULAE IN HUMANS
Dental Formula for Primary/Deciduous Dentition
Dental Formula for Permanent Dentition
STAGES OF DENTITIONS IN HUMANS
Deciduous Dentition Period (6 Months to 6 Years)
Mixed Dentition Period (6 to 12 Years)
Permanent Dentition Period (12 Years and Beyond)
PARTS OF TOOTH
STRUCTURE OF TOOTH (Fig. 1.9)
Enamel
Dentin
Cementum
Pulp
BASIC TERMINOLOGIES IN DENTAL ANATOMY
Surfaces of Teeth (Figs 1.10A and B)
Labial/Buccal Surface
Lingual Surface
Mesial and Distal (Proximal) Surfaces
Incisal/Occlusal Surface
ANATOMIC LANDMARKS ON TOOTH SURFACE (FLOW CHART 1.1)
Cusp
Tubercle
Cingulum
Anatomy
Ridges
Mesial and Distal Cusp Ridges
Lobe
Mamelons
DEPRESSIONS ON THE TOOTH SURFACE
Fossae
Sulcus
Developmental Grooves
Pit
LANDMARKS ON THE ROOT (Fig. 1.22)
Root Trunk
Furcation
Apex of the Root
Apical Foramen
ARBITRARY DIVISIONS OF CROWN AND ROOT INTO THIRDS (Fig. 1.23)
Mesiodistally
Cervico-occlusally/Cervicoincisally
Faciolingually
DIVISIONS OF THE ROOT
LINE ANGLES AND POINT ANGLES ON THE CROWN
Line Angles (Figs 1.24A and B, Table 1.5)
Point Angles (Figs 1.25A and B, Table 1.6)
MEASUREMENTS OF TEETH
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 2:
Tooth Notation Systems
UNIVERSAL NOTATION SYSTEM
Universal Notation for Permanent Teeth (Figs 2.1A and B)
Universal Notation for Primary Teeth (Figs 2.2A and B)
Advantages of Universal Numbering System
Disadvantages
ZSIGMONDY-PALMER SYSTEM/SYMBOLIC SYSTEM/QUADRANT SYSTEM/GRID SYSTEM/ANGULAR SYSTEM
Zsigmondy-Palmer Notation for Permanent Teeth (Figs 2.4A and B)
Zsigmondy-Palmer Notation for Primary Teeth (Figs 2.5A and B)
Advantages
Disadvantages
FDI NOTATION SYSTEM/TWO-DIGIT SYSTEM/ISO 3950 NOTATION/INTERNATIONAL NUMBERING SYSTEM
FDI Notation for Permanent Dentition (Figs 2.7A and B)
FDI Notation for Primary Dentition (Figs 2.8A and B)
Advantages
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
SECTION 2: CHRONOLOGY OF TOOTH DEVELOPMENT AND FORM AND FUNCTION
CHAPTER 3:
Chronology of Tooth Development
TOOTH DEVELOPMENT: AN OVERVIEW
STAGES OF TOOTH DEVELOPMENT
Bud Stage (Fig. 3.6A)
Cap Stage (Fig. 3.6B)
Early Bell Stage (Fig. 3.6C)
Advance Bell Stage (Fig. 3.6D)
ROOT FORMATION
ERUPTION OF TEETH
DENTITION STAGES IN HUMANS
PRIMARY DENTITION STAGE (6 MONTHS TO 6 YEARS)
Development of Primary Dentition
Emergence of Primary Teeth
Sequence of Emergence of Primary Teeth
Primary Dentition Period
Shedding of Primary Teeth
Pattern of Shedding
MIXED DENTITION STAGE (6-12 YEARS)
PERMANENT DENTITION STAGE (12 YEARS AND BEYOND)
Development of Permanent Teeth
Eruption Sequence
DENTAL AGE
Based on the Status of Tooth Emergence (Eruption) in the Oral Cavity
Dental Age 6 (Fig. 3.23A)
Dental Age 7 (Fig. 3.23B)
Dental Age 8 (Fig. 3.23C)
Dental Ages 9 and 10 (Fig. 3.23D)
Dental Age 11 (Fig. 3.23E)
Dental Age 12 (Fig. 3.23F)
Dental Ages 13 to 15 (Fig. 3.23G)
Based on the Stages of Tooth Formation Observed on Radiographs
Abbreviations
Subscripts
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 4:
Form and Function of Orofacial Complex
SIZE OF CROWN AND ROOT
TOOTH FORM AND JAW MOVEMENTS
INTERPROXIMAL SPACES AND PROTECTION OF INTERDENTAL GINGIVA
PROXIMAL CONTACT AREAS
Clinical Significance of Contact Areas
Position of Contact Areas
Contact Area Location as Viewed Facially (Figs 4.13 and 4.14)
Location of Proximal Contacts as Viewed Occlusally (Figs 4.16 and 4.17)
EMBRASURES (SPILLWAYS)
Functions of Embrasures
FACIAL AND LINGUAL PHYSIOLOGIC CONTOURS OF TEETH (FIGS 4.21A TO C)
In Anterior Teeth (Fig. 4.22A)
In Posterior Teeth
Maxillary Posteriors (Fig. 4.22B)
Mandibular Posteriors (Fig. 4.22C)
CURVATURES OF CERVICAL LINE (CEJ): MESIALLY AND DISTALLY
IMAGINARY OCCLUSAL OF PLANES AND CURVES
Curve of Spee (Anteroposterior Curve/the Curve Occlusal Plane)
Curve of Wilson (Side-to-Side Curve)
GEOMETRIES OF CROWN OUTLINES
Facial and Lingual Aspects of all Teeth
Mesial and Distal Aspects of Anterior Teeth
Mesial and Distal Aspects of Maxillary Posterior Teeth
Mesial and Distal Aspects of Mandibular Posterior Teeth
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
SECTION 3: DECIDUOUS DENTITION
CHAPTER 5:
Primary (Deciduous) Dentition
DENTAL FORMULA FOR PRIMARY DENTITION
Life Cycle
SIGNIFICANCE OF DECIDUOUS DENTITION
DECIDUOUS INCISORS
DECIDUOUS MAXILLARY CENTRAL INCISOR
Crown
Labial Aspect (Figs 5.10A and 5.11A)
Labial Surface within the Outlines
Lingual Aspect (Figs 5.10B and 5.11B)
Lingual Surface within the Outlines
Mesial Aspect (Figs 5.10C and 5.11C)
Distal Aspect (Figs 5.10D and 5.11D)
Incisal Aspect (Figs 5.10E and 5.11E)
Root
Form
Apex
Curvature of the Root
Cross-section at the Cervix
DECIDUOUS MAXILLARY LATERAL INCISOR
Crown
Labial Aspect (Figs 5.12A and 5.13A)
Lingual Aspect (Figs 5.12B and 5.13B)
Mesial and Distal Aspects [Figs 5.12 (C and D) and 5.13 (C and D)]
Incisal Aspect (Figs 5.12E and 5.13E)
Root
Size
Form
DECIDUOUS MANDIBULAR CENTRAL INCISOR
Crown
Labial Aspect (Figs 5.14A and 5.15A)
Lingual Aspect (Figs 5.14B and 5.15B)
Mesial and Distal Aspects [Figs 5.14 (C and D) and 5.15 (C and D)]
Incisal Aspect (Figs 5.14E and 5.15E)
Root
Form
DECIDUOUS MANDIBULAR LATERAL INCISOR
Crown
Labial Aspect (Figs 5.16A and 5.17A)
Lingual Aspect (Figs 5.16B and 5.17B)
Mesial and Distal Aspects [Fig 5.16 (C and D) and 5.17 (C and D)]
Incisal Aspect (Figs 5.16E and 5.17E)
Root
DECIDUOUS MAXILLARY CANINE
Crown
Labial Aspect (Figs 5.18A and 5.19A)
Lingual Aspect (Figs 5.18B and 5.19B)
Mesial and Distal Aspect [Figs 5.18 (C and D) and 5.19 (C and D)]
Incisal Aspect (Figs 5.18E and 5.19E)
Root
Form
DECIDUOUS MANDIBULAR CANINE
Crown
Labial Aspect (Figs 5.20A and 5.21A)
Lingual Aspect (Figs 5.20B and 5.21B)
Mesial and Distal Aspects [Figs 5.20 (C and D) and 5.21(C and D)
Incisal Aspect (Figs 5.20E and 5.21E)
Root
DECIDUOUS MOLARS
DECIDUOUS MAXILLARY 1ST MOLAR
Crown
Buccal Aspect (Figs 5.22A and 5.23A)
Lingual Aspect (Figs 5.22B and 5.23B)
Mesial Aspect (Figs 5.22C and 5.23C)
Distal Aspect (Figs 5.22D and 5.23D)
Occlusal Aspect (Figs 5.22E and 5.23E)
Root
Form
DECIDUOUS MAXILLARY 2ND MOLAR
Crown
Buccal Aspect (Figs 5.24A and 5.25A)
Lingual Aspect (Figs 5.24B and 5.25B)
Mesial Aspect (Figs 5.24C and 5.25C)
Distal Aspect (Figs 5.24D and 5.25D)
Occlusal Aspect (Figs 5.24E and 5.25E)
Root
DECIDUOUS MANDIBULAR 1ST MOLAR
Crown
Buccal Aspect (Figs 5.26A and 5.27A)
Lingual Aspect (Figs 5.26B and 5.27B)
Mesial Aspect (Figs 5.26C and 5.27C)
Distal Aspect (Figs 5.26D and 5.27D)
Occlusal Aspect (Figs 5.26E and 5.27E)
Cusps and Ridges
Fossae, Grooves and Pits
Root
DECIDUOUS MANDIBULAR 2ND MOLAR
Crown
Buccal Aspect (Figs 5.28A and 5.29A)
Lingual Aspect (Figs 5.28B and 5.29B)
Mesial Aspect (Figs 5.28C and 5.29C)
Distal Aspect (Figs 5.28D and 5.29D)
Occlusal Aspect (Figs 5.28E and 5.29E)
Cusps and Cusp Ridges
Fossae, Grooves and Pits
Root
Number
Size
Form
Apices
Curvature
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 6:
Differences between Primary and Permanent Dentitions
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
SECTION 4: PERMANENT DENTITION
CHAPTER 7:
The Permanent Maxillary Incisors
FUNCTIONS OF INCISORS
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MAXILLARY CENTRAL INCISOR FROM ALL ASPECTS
CROWN
Labial Aspect (Fig. 7.7)
Crown Outlines
Labial Surface within the Outlines
Lingual Aspect (Fig. 7.9)
Geometric Shape
Crown Outlines
Lingual Surface within the Outlines
Cingulum (Fig. 7.9)
Lingual Fossa
Mesial Aspect (Fig. 7.10)
Geometric Shape
Crown Outlines
Mesial Surface within the Outlines
Incisal Ridge and Incisal Edge
Distal Aspect (Fig. 7.11)
Crown Outlines
Distal Surface within the Outlines
Incisal Aspect (Fig. 7.12)
Relative Dimensions
ROOT
Number
Size
Form
Cross-section
VARIATIONS (Fig. 7.13)
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES (Figs 7.14A to C)
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MAXILLARY LATERAL INCISOR FROM ALL ASPECTS
CROWN
Labial Aspect (Fig. 7.18)
Crown Outlines
Lingual Aspect (Fig. 7.19)
Lingual Surface within the Outlines
Mesial Aspect (Fig. 7.20)
Crown Outlines
Mesial Surface within the Outlines
Distal Aspect (Fig. 7.21)
Distal Surface within the Outlines
Incisal Aspect (Fig. 7.22)
Geometric Shape
ROOT
Number
Size
Form
Cross-section
Root Curvature
Apex
VARIATIONS (Fig. 7.23)
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES (Figs 7.24A to E)
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 8:
The Permanent Mandibular Incisors
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MANDIBULAR CENTRAL INCISOR FROM ALL ASPECTS
CROWN
Labial Aspect (Fig. 8.4)
Crown Outlines
Labial Surface within the Outlines
Lingual Aspect (Fig. 8.6)
Mesial Aspect (Fig. 8.7)
Crown Outlines
Mesial Surface within the Outlines
Distal Aspect (Fig. 8.9)
Incisal Aspect (Fig. 8.10)
Relative Dimensions
Identification Features
ROOT
Number
Form
Apex
Curvature of Root
VARIATIONS (Fig. 8.11)
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MANDIBULAR LATERAL INCISOR FROM ALL ASPECTS
CROWN
Labial Aspect (Fig. 8.15)
Crown Outlines
Lingual Aspect (Fig. 8.16)
Crown Outlines
Lingual Surface within the Outlines
Mesial Aspect (Fig. 8.17)
Crown Outlines
Mesial Surface within the Outlines
Distal Aspect (Fig. 8.18)
Incisal Aspect (Fig. 8.19)
Relative Dimension
Symmetry
Incisal Form
ROOT
VARIATIONS
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 9:
The Permanent Canines
FUNCTIONS
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS (CLASS TRAITS) OF PERMANENT CANINES
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MAXILLARY CANINE FROM ALL ASPECTS
CROWN
Labial Aspect (Fig. 9.5)
Crown Outlines
Labial Surface within the Outlines
Lingual Aspect (Fig. 9.6)
Crown Outlines
Lingual Surface within the Outlines
Mesial Aspect (Fig. 9.7)
Crown Outlines
Mesial Surface within the Outlines
Distal Aspect (Fig. 9.8)
Incisal Aspect (Fig. 9.9)
Labially
Lingually
Mesial and Distal Contact Areas
ROOT
VARIATIONS (Fig. 9.10)
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MANDIBULAR CANINE FROM ALL ASPECTS
CROWN
Labial Aspect (Fig. 9.16)
Crown Outlines
Labial Surface within the Outlines
Lingual Aspect (Fig. 9.17)
Lingual Surface within the Outlines
Mesial Aspect (Fig. 9.18)
Crown Outlines
Mesial Surface within the Outlines
Distal Aspect (Fig. 9.19)
Incisal Aspect (Fig. 9.20)
ROOT
VARIATIONS (Figs 9.21A to C)
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 10:
The Permanent Maxillary Premolars
FUNCTIONS
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS (CLASS TRAITS) OF PREMOLARS
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MAXILLARY 1ST PREMOLAR FROM ALL ASPECTS
CROWN
Buccal Aspect (Fig 10.5A)
Crown Outlines
Buccal Surface within the Outlines
Lingual Aspect (Fig. 10.6)
Lingual Surface within the Outlines
Mesial Aspect (Fig. 10.7)
Crown Outlines
Mesial Surface within the Outlines
Distal Aspect (Fig. 10.8)
Crown Outlines
Distal Surface within the Outlines
Occlusal Aspect (Figs 10.9A and B)
Relative Dimensions
Boundaries of Occlusal Surface
Cusps and Cusp Ridges
Grooves and Pits
Marginal Ridges and Fossae
ROOT
Root Form
Two Root Form
VARIATIONS (Fig 10.10A)
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES (Fig 10.10B)
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MAXILLARY 2ND PREMOLAR FROM ALL ASPECTS
CROWN
Buccal Aspect (Fig. 10.15)
Crown Outlines
Buccal Surface within the Outlines
Lingual Aspect (Fig. 10.16)
Crown Outlines
Lingual Surface within the Outlines
Mesial Aspect (Fig. 10.17)
Crown Outlines
Mesial Surface within the Outlines
Distal Aspect (Fig. 10.18)
Occlusal Aspect (Fig. 10.19)
Cusps and Ridges
Grooves and Pits
Marginal Ridges and Fossae
ROOT
VARIATIONS (Figs 10.20A to C)
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 11:
The Permanent Mandibular Premolars
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MANDIBULAR 1ST PREMOLAR FROM ALL ASPECTS
CROWN
Buccal Aspect (Fig. 11.5)
Crown Outlines
Buccal Surface within the Outlines
Lingual Aspect (Fig. 11.6)
Crown Outlines
Lingual Surface within the Outlines
Mesial Aspect (Fig. 11.7)
Crown Outlines
Mesial Surface within the Outlines
Distal Aspect (Fig. 11.8)
Crown Outlines
Distal Surface within the Outlines
Occlusal Aspect (Fig. 11.9)
Relative Dimensions
Cusp and Cusp Ridges
Fossae
Grooves and Pits
Marginal Ridges
ROOT
Developmental Groove and Depressions
Apex
Curvature
VARIATIONS (Fig. 11.10)
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MANDIBULAR 2ND PREMOLAR FROM ALL ASPECTS
CROWN
Buccal Aspect (Fig. 11.16)
Crown Outlines
Buccal Surface within the Outlines
Lingual Aspect (Fig. 11.17)
Crown Outlines
Lingual Surface within the Outlines
Mesial Aspect (Fig. 11.18)
Crown Outlines
Mesial Surface within the Outlines
Distal Aspect (Fig. 11.19)
Crown Outlines
Distal Surface within the Outlines
Occlusal Aspect (Fig. 11.20)
Three Cusps Type (More Common)
Grooves and Pits
Two Cusps Type
ROOT
VARIATIONS (Fig. 11.21)
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 12:
The Permanent Maxillary Molars
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS (CLASS TRAITS) OF MOLARS
FUNCTIONS OF MOLARS
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MAXILLARY 1ST MOLAR FROM ALL ASPECTS
CROWN
Buccal Aspect (Fig. 12.7)
Crown Outlines
Buccal Surface within the Outlines
Lingual Aspect (Fig. 12.8)
Crown Outlines
Lingual Surface within the Outlines
Mesial Aspect (Fig. 12.9)
Crown Outlines
Mesial Surface within the Outlines
Distal Aspect (Fig. 12.10)
Crown Outlines
Distal Surface within the Outlines
Occlusal Aspect (Figs 12.11A and B)
Relative Dimensions
Maxillary Molar Primary Cusp Triangle (Fig. 12.12)
Boundaries of the Occlusal Surface
Occlusal Surface within Boundaries
Cusps and Cusp Ridges
Grooves and Pits
Fossae and Marginal Ridges
ROOT
Number
Size
Form
Visibility from Different Aspects
Developmental Grooves and Depressions on Root
Apices
Curvature
VARIATIONS
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES (Figs 12.13A and B)
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MAXILLARY 2ND MOLAR FROM ALL ASPECTS
CROWN
Buccal Aspect (Fig. 12.20)
Crown Outlines
Buccal Surface within the Outlines
Lingual Aspect (Fig. 12.21)
Crown Outlines
Lingual Surface within the Outlines
Mesial Aspect (Fig. 12.22)
Crown Outlines
Mesial Surface within the Outlines
Distal Aspect (Fig. 12.23)
Crown Outlines
Distal Surface within the Outlines
Occlusal Aspect (Fig. 12.24)
Relative Dimensions
Rhomboidal Form
Heart-shaped Form
ROOT
Number
Size
Form
Apices
Curvature of Roots
VARIATIONS (Figs 12.25A and B)
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MAXILLARY 3RD MOLAR FROM ALL ASPECTS
CROWN
Buccal Aspect (Fig. 12.30)
Lingual Aspect (Fig. 12.31)
Mesial and Distal Aspects (Figs 12.32 and 12.33)
Occlusal Aspect (Fig. 12.34)
Relative Dimensions
Occlusal Features
ROOT
VARIATIONS (Fig. 12.35)
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 13:
The Permanent Mandibular Molars
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MANDIBULAR 1ST MOLAR FROM ALL ASPECTS
CROWN
Buccal Aspect (Fig. 13.5)
Crown Outlines
Buccal Surface within the Outlines
Lingual Aspect (Fig. 13.6)
Crown Outlines
Lingual Surface within the Outlines
Mesial Aspect (Fig. 13.7)
Crown Outlines
Mesial Surface within the Outlines
Distal Aspect (Fig. 13.8)
Crown Outlines
Distal Surface within the Outlines
Occlusal Aspect (Figs 13.9A and B)
Boundaries of Occlusal Surface
Relative Dimensions
Lingual Convergence
Occlusal Surface within the Boundaries
ROOT
Size
Form
Developmental Depressions
Apices
Cross-section of Roots
VARIATIONS (FIGS 13.10A AND B)
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MANDIBULAR 2ND MOLAR FROM ALL ASPECTS
CROWN
Buccal Aspect (Fig. 13.14)
Crown Outlines
Buccal Surface within the Outlines
Lingual Aspect (Fig. 13.15)
Crown Outlines
Lingual Surface within the Outlines
Mesial Aspect (Fig. 13.16)
Crown Outlines
Mesial Surface within the Outlines
Distal Aspect (Fig. 13.17)
Crown Outlines
Distal Surface within the Outlines
Occlusal Aspect (Figs 13.18A and B)
Geometric Shape
Relative Dimensions
Occlusal Surface within the Boundaries
ROOT
Number
Size
Form
Apices
Curvature
Developmental Depressions
VARIATIONS
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MANDIBULAR 3RD molar from ALL ASPECTS
CROWN
Buccal Aspect (Fig. 13.23)
Lingual Aspect (Fig. 13.24)
Mesial Aspect (Fig. 13.25)
Geometric Shape
Distal Aspect (Fig. 13.26)
Occlusal Aspect (Fig. 13.27)
Relative Dimensions
Occlusal Anatomy
ROOT
Number
Size
Form
Apices
VARIATIONS (FIGS 13.28A AND B)
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS (FIGS 13.29A TO D)
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 14:
Pulp Morphology
THE TERMINOLOGY
Pulp Cavity
Pulp Chamber
Root Canals
Classification of Root Canals
Weine's Classification of Root Canals (Fig. 14.2)
Apical Foramen and Accessory Foramina
AGE RELATED CHANGES IN PULP MORPHOLOGY
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
MAXILLARY TEETH
Permanent Maxillary Central Incisor (Fig. 14.7)
Pulp Chamber
Root Canal
Cross-section
Access Opening
Permanent Maxillary Lateral Incisor (Fig. 14.8)
Pulp Chamber
Root Canal
Cross-section
Access Opening
Permanent Maxillary Canine (Fig. 14.9)
Pulp Chamber
Root Canal
Cross-section
Access Opening
Permanent Maxillary 1st Premolar (Fig. 14.10)
Pulp Chamber
Root Canals
Cross-section
Access Cavity
Permanent Maxillary 2nd Premolar (Fig. 14.11)
Pulp Chambers
Pulp Canals
Cross-section
Access Cavity
Permanent Maxillary 1st Molar (Fig. 14.12)
Pulp Chamber
Root Canals
Cross-section
Access Cavity
Permanent Maxillary 2nd Molar (Fig. 14.13)
Pulp Chamber
Root Canal
Cross-section
Access Cavity
Permanent Maxillary 3rd Molar (Fig. 14.14)
MANDIBULAR TEETH
Permanent Mandibular Central Incisor (Fig. 14.15)
Pulp Chamber
Pulp Canal
Cross-section
Access Cavity
Permanent Mandibular Lateral Incisor (Fig. 14.16)
Pulp Chamber
Pulp Canals
Cross-section
Access Cavity
Permanent Mandibular Canine (Fig. 14.17)
Pulp Chamber
Root Canal
Cross-section
Access Cavity
Permanent Mandibular 1st Premolar (Fig. 14.18)
Pulp Chamber
Root Canal
Cross-section
Access Cavity
Permanent Mandibular 2nd Premolar (Fig. 14.19)
Pulp Chamber
Root Canal
Cross-section
Access Cavity
Permanent Mandibular 1st Molar (Fig. 14.20)
Pulp Chamber
Root Canals
Cross-section
Access Cavity
Permanent Mandibular 2nd Molar (Fig. 14.21)
Pulp Chamber
Root Canal
Cross-section
Permanent Mandibular 3rd Molar (Fig. 14.22)
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
SECTION 5: CLASS, ARCH AND TYPE TRAITS OF TEETH
CHAPTER 15:
Class, Arch and Type Traits of Incisor Teeth
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS (CLASS TRAITS) OF INCISORS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 16:
Class and Arch Traits of Canine Teeth
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS (CLASS TRAITS) OF CANINES
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 17:
Class, Arch and Type Traits of Premolar Teeth
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS (CLASS TRAITS) OF PREMOLARS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 18:
Class, Arch and Type Traits of Molar Teeth
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS (CLASS TRAITS) OF MOLARS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
SECTION 6: DENTO-OSSEOUS STRUCTURES: TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
CHAPTER 19:
Dento-osseous Structures: Blood Supply, Lymphatics and Innervation
SKULL AND JAWS AT BIRTH
DEVELOPMENT OF SKULL/CRANIOFACIAL COMPLEX
BONES OF NEUROCRANIUM
VISCEROCRANIUM/FACE
MAXILLA
Body of the Maxilla
Process of Each Maxilla
Zygomatic Process
Frontal (Frontonasal) Process
Palatine Process (Fig. 19.7)
Alveolar Process
Maxillary Sinus
MANDIBLE
Mandibular Body
External Surface of Mandibular Body (Fig. 19.11)
Internal Surface of Mandibular Body (Fig. 19.13)
Mandibular Ramus (Fig. 19.15)
BLOOD SUPPLY (Fig. 19.16)
Blood Supply to Maxillary Teeth and Periodontium (Table 19.1 and Flow chart 19.1)
Blood Supply to Mandibular Teeth and Periodontium (Table 19.2 and Fig. 19.16)
BLOOD SUPPLY TO PALATE, CHEEK, TONGUE AND LIPS (TABLE 19.3)
Palate
Cheeks
Tongue
Lips
VENOUS DRAINAGE OF ORODENTAL TISSUES (Fig. 19.17)
Teeth and Periodontium
Mandible
Maxilla
Palate
Lips
Tongue
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF ORODENTAL TISSUES (TABLE 19.4 AND FIG. 19.18)
Lower Part of the Face
Maxillary and Mandibular Teeth
Lymphatic Drainage of Palate
NERVE SUPPLY TO ORODENTAL TISSUES (Fig. 19.19)
Nerves of the Oral Cavity
Types of Nerve Fibers Based on their Functions
Sensory Fibers or Afferent Fibers
Motor Fibers or Efferent Fibers
Secretory Fibers
TRIGEMINAL NERVE (FIFTH CRANIAL NERVE)
Ophthalmic Nerve
Maxillary Nerve (Flow chart 19.6)
Pterygopalatine Branch of Maxillary Nerve
Posterosuperior Alveolar Nerve
Infraorbital Nerve
Zygomatic Nerve
Mandibular Nerve (Flow chart 19.7)
Motor Fibers
Sensory Fibers
Inferior Alveolar Nerve
Mylohyoid Nerve
Mental Nerve
Incisive Nerve
Auriculotemporal Nerve
INNERVATION OF MAXILLA
INNERVATION OF MANDIBLE
INNERVATION OF PALATE AND LIPS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 20:
Temporomandibular Joint
ARTICULAR SURFACES (FIGS 20.2A AND B)
INTRAARTICULAR DISK (Fig. 20.3)
FIBROUS CAPSULE (Fig. 20.4)
LIGAMENTS OF TMJ (Fig. 20.5)
Temporomandibular Ligament /Lateral Ligament
Sphenomandibular Ligament
Stylomandibular Ligament
BLOOD AND NERVE SUPPLY TO TMJ
MUSCLES OF THE JOINT
Masseter Muscle (Fig. 20.6)
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Action
Temporalis Muscle (Fig. 20.6)
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Action
Medial Pterygoid Muscle (Fig. 20.7A)
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Action
Lateral Pterygoid Muscle (Fig. 20.7B)
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Action
Accessory Muscles of Mastication
MANDIBULAR MOVEMENTS AND MUSCLE ACTIVITY
Depression of Mandible
Elevation of Mandible
Retrusion
Protrusion
Lateral Movements
FUNCTIONS OF TMJ, TEETH AND MUSCLES
Mastication
Jaw Reflexes
Factors Affecting Mastication
DEGLUTITION
Phase I: Oral Stage
Phase II: Pharyngeal Stage
Phase III: Esophageal Stage
Deglutition Reflex
Applied Physiology
SPEECH
Sensory Aspect
Motor Aspect
Classification of Sounds
Vowels
Consonants
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
SECTION 7: OCCLUSION
CHAPTER 21:
Occlusion
TERMS COMMONLY USED IN DISCUSSIONS ABOUT OCCLUSION AND MALOCCLUSION
Ideal Occlusion
Normal Occlusion
Physiological Occlusion
Functional Occlusion
Balanced Occlusion
Unilateral Balanced Occlusion
Bilateral Balanced Occlusion
Therapeutic Occlusion
Traumatic Occlusion
Trauma from Occlusion
Centric Occlusion
Centric Relation Occlusion
Centric Relation
Vertical Relation of Occlusion
Deflective Malocclusion
Canine Protected Occlusion
DEVELOPMENT OF OCCLUSION
Gum Pad Stage (0-6 Months)
Characteristic Features of Gum Pad Stage
Deciduous Dentition Stage (6 Months to 6 Years)
Eruption Chronology of Primary Teeth
Characteristics of Occlusion of Deciduous Dentition
Interdental Spacing
Significance of Anthropoid Spaces
Incisor Relationship
Deepbite
Increased Overjet
Molar Relationship
Flush Terminal Plane
Significance of Terminal Plane Relationship
Mixed Dentition Stage (6-12 Years)
Early Transitional Period (6-8 Years)
Emergence of the First Permanent Molars
Eruption of Permanent Incisors
INCISAL LIABILITY
Intertransitional Period
Second Transitional Period (10-13 Years)
Eruption of Permanent Canines
UGLY DUCKLING STAGE
Eruption of the Premolars
LEEWAY SPACE OF NANCE
Significance of Leeway Space of Nance
Eruption of Permanent 2nd molars
Change in the Anteroposterior Molar Relationship in Mixed Dentition
Differential Mandibular Growth
Permanent Dentition Stage
CHARACTERISTICS OF OCCLUSION IN PERMANENT DENTITION
Molar Relationship
TYPES OF CUSPS
Centric Holding Cusp/Stamp Cusp/Supporting Cusp
Guiding Cusp/Shear Cusp/Non-supporting Cusps
CENTRIC OCCLUSAL CONTACTS
Anterior Centric Occlusal Contacts
Posterior Centric Occlusal Contacts
Cusp-fossa Occlusion
Cusp-embrasure Occlusion
TOOTH GUIDANCE
Group Functions
Canine Guidance
Incisal Guidance
Condylar Guidance
IMAGINARY OCCLUSAL PLANES AND CURVES
Curve of Spee (Anteroposterior Curve/The Curve Occlusal Plane)
Curve of Wilson (Side-to-Side Curve)
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
SECTION 8: EVOLUTION OF TEETH, COMPARATIVE DENTAL ANATOMY, FORENSICS AND DENTAL ANTHROPOLOGY
CHAPTER 22:
Evolution of Teeth, Comparative Dental Anatomy and Forensic Odontology
EVOLUTION OF TEETH
Important Changes in the Course of Evolution of Teeth
Evolution Favored an Increase in Teeth Complexity
COMPARATIVE DENTAL ANATOMY
Fishes
Amphibians
Reptiles
MODERN MAMMALS
Rodents (Guinea Pig, Rat and Hamster)
Herbivorous Mammals (Sheep, Cow, Horse)
Carnivorous Mammals (Dog, Cat, Seal)
Dog
Cat
New World Monkey
FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY
Identification of Human Remains
Bite Marks
Age Estimation
Dental Deoxyribonucleic Acid
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 23:
Dental Anthropology
BRANCHES/SUBFIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY
Physical Anthropology
Evolution
Human Variation
Archeology
Linguistics
Ethnology
DENTAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Terms used in Dental Anthropology
Categories of Teeth by Shape
‘Homodont'Dentition (Homo = Similar)
‘Heterodont’ Dentition (Hetero = Different)
Categories of Teeth by Generation
Crown
Teeth in the Study of Human Variation
METRIC VARIATION IN TEETH
NON-METRIC VARIATIONS IN TEETH
Carabelli Trait (Cusp of Carabelli)
Shovel-shaped Incisors
Winged Incisors
Protostylid of Molars
Lower Molar Groove Pattern
6th Cusp on Lower Molar
Taurodontism (Taurus = Bull)
Variation in Root Morphology
Single Rooted Upper 1st Premolar
Two Rooted Lower Canine
Three Rooted Lower 1st Molar
Sexual Dimorphism and Teeth
Nonmetric Features
Incisor Index (Aitchison)
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
SECTION 9: TOOTH CARVING
CHAPTER 24:
Tooth Carving
RATIONALE OF TOOTH CARVING
ARMAMENTARIUM (Fig. 24.1)
Wax Blocks
Lecron Carver (Fig. 24.2)
Knife Shaped Working End (Fig. 24.3)
Spoon Shaped Working End (Fig. 24.4)
Ruler with Millimeter Markings
Boley's Gauge or Vernier Calipers
Divider
Cotton or a Piece of Soft Silk Cloth
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CARVING
Instrument Grasp
Instrument Stabilization
PRELIMINARY STEPS
CARVING OF MAXILLARY CENTRAL INCISOR
Crown Carving
Root Carving
CARVING OF MAXILLARY LATERAL INCISOR (FIGS 24.18A TO E)
CARVING OF MANDIBULAR CENTRAL INCISOR (FIGS 24.19A TO E)
CARVING OF MANDIBULAR LATERAL INCISOR (FIGS 24.20A TO E)
CARVING OF MAXILLARY CANINE
Crown Carving
Root Carving
CARVING OF MANDIBULAR CANINE
CARVING OF MAXILLARY 1ST PREMOLAR
Crown Carving
Root Carving
MAXILLARY 2ND PREMOLAR CARVING
CARVING A MANDIBULAR 1 ST PREMOLAR
Crown Carving
Root Carving
CARVING OF MANDIBULAR 2ND PREMOLAR
Crown Carving
Root Carving
CARVING A MAXILLARY 1ST MOLAR
Crown Carving
Occlusal Carving
Root Carving
CARVING OF MAXILLARY 2ND MOLAR
CARVING A MANDIBULAR 1ST MOLAR
Crown Carving
Root Carving
CARVING OF MANDIBULAR 2ND MOLAR
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
INDEX
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