Jaypee Brothers
In Current Chapter
In All Chapters
X
Clear
X
GO
Normal
Sepia
Dark
Default Style
Font Style 1
Font Style 2
Font Style 3
Less
Normal
More
Human Anatomy for Students
Byas Deb Ghosh
1:
Introduction
HUMAN ANATOMY
Word Meaning
Definition
Anatomical Position (Fig. 1.1)
Divisions
TECHNIQUES AND METHODS OF KNOWING ABOUT LIVING ANATOMY
PLANES OF THE BODY (FIG. 1.2)
ANATOMICAL TERMS IN RELATION TO DIFFERENT ASPECTS
SOME IMPORTANT ANATOMICAL TERMS
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
Z
2:
Superior Extremity
SHOULDER JOINT
Definition
Type
Subtype
Articular Surfaces (Fig. 2.1)
Ligaments of the Joint
Capsular Ligament with Synovial Membrane
Attachments
Glenohumeral Ligaments (Fig. 2.2)
Attachments
Coracohumeral Ligament
Attachments
Transverse Humeral Ligament
Attachments
Glenoidal Labrum
Attachment
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Nerve Supply
Movements
Muscles Involved
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Medial Rotation
Lateral Rotation
Relations of Shoulder Joint (Fig. 2.3)
Superiorly
Inferiorly
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
Bursae Related to the Shoulder Joint (Figs 2.4 and 2.5)
ELBOW JOINT
Introduction
Parts (Fig. 2.6)
Humero-ulnar
Humero-radial
Type
Subtype
Bones Forming the Joint
Above
Below
Ligaments of the Joint (Figs 2.7A and B)
Capsular Ligament with Synovial Membrane
Attachments
Synovial Membrane
Ulnar Collateral (Medial) Ligament (Fig. 2.8)
Anterior Band
Posterior Band
Oblique Band
Radial Collateral (Lateral) Ligament (Fig. 2.9)
Attachments
Relations
Bursae in Relation to the Elbow Joint
Carrying Angle
Arterial Supply
Nerve Supply
Movements
Flexion
Extension
Accessory Movements
WRIST (RADIOCARPAL) JOINT (FIG. 2.10)
Introduction
Type
Subtype
Articular Surfaces
From Above
From Below
Ligaments (Fig. 2.11)
Capsular Ligament
Attachments
Synovial Membrane
Anterior (Palmar) Radiocarpal Ligament
Attachments
Anterior (Palmar) Ulnocarpal Ligament
Attachments
Dorsal Radiocarpal Ligament
Attachments
Radial Collateral/Lateral Ligament
Attachments
Ulnar Collateral/Medial Ligament
Attachments
Arterial Supply
Nerve Supply
Relations
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
Laterally
Movements
Flexion of Wrist
Extension of Wrist
Adduction of Wrist
Abduction of Wrist
Circumduction of Wrist
RADIAL ARTERY (FIG. 2.12)
Introduction
Origin
End
Course
In the Forearm
In the Wrist
In the Hand
Relations (Fig. 2.13)
In the Forearm
In the Wrist
In the Hand
Branches
In the Forearm
In the Wrist
In the Dorsum of Hand
In the Palm
ULNAR ARTERY
Introduction
Beginning
End
Course
Relations (Fig. 2.14)
In the Forearm
In the Wrist
Branches
In the Forearm
In the Wrist
In the Hand
MEDIAN NERVE (FIG. 2.15)
Root Value
Origin
Course with Relations
In the Axilla
In the Arm
In the Cubital Fossa
In the Forearm
In the Hand
Branches (Fig. 2.16)
Muscular Branches
Cutaneous Branches
Articular Branches to Following Joints
Vasomotor Branches
ULNAR NERVE (FIG. 2.17)
Root Value
Origin
Course with Relations (Fig. 2.18)
In the Axilla
In the Arm
In the Forearm
In the Wrist
In the Palm
Branches
Muscular Branches
Cutaneous Branches
Articular Branches
Vascular Branches
RADIAL NERVE (FIG. 2.19)
Root Value
Origin
Course and Relations
In the Axilla
In the Arm
Branches (Fig. 2.20)
In the Axilla
In the Radial Groove
In the Lower Part of the Arm
Terminal Branches
AXILLA
Definition
Boundaries (Figs 2.21 and 2.22A)
Anterior Wall
Posterior Wall
Medial Wall
Lateral Wall
Base
Anterior Axillary Fold
Posterior Axillary Fold
Apex
Contents (Fig. 2.23)
AXILLARY ARTERY
Definition
Direction of the Artery
Beginning
End
Course
Axillary Sheath
Parts or Divisions (Fig. 2.24)
First Part
Second Part
Third Part
Branches (Fig. 2.26)
From the First Part
From the Second Part
From the Third Part
AXILLARY LYMPH NODES (FIG. 2.27)
Definition
Number of Lymph Nodes
Divisions
Anterior or Pectoral Group
Posterior or Subscapular Group
Lateral Group
Central Group
Apical Group
THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS (FIGS 2.28 AND 2.29)
Definition
Extent
Parts
Formation
Roots
Trunks
Cords
Branches
Supraclavicular Branches
Infraclavicular Branches
AXILLARY NERVE (FIG. 2.30)
Root Value
Origin
Course with Relation
Branches
THE MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE (FIG. 2.31)
Root Value
Introduction
Origin
Course and Relations
In the Axilla
In the Arm
In the Elbow
Muscular Branches
Cutaneous Branches
Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of the Forearm
Articular Branches
Communicating Branches
BRACHIAL ARTERY (FIG. 2.32)
Definition
Beginning
End
Course
Relations
In the Arm
In the Cubital Fossa
Branches
ANASTOMOSIS AROUND THE ELBOW JOINT
Introduction (Fig. 2.33)
Descending Arteries
Ascending Arteries
Areas for the Sites of Anastomosis
In Front of Medial Epicondyle
Behind the Medial Epicondyle
In Front of Lateral Epicondyle
Behind the Lateral Epicondyle
Around the Olecranon Fossa
CUBITAL FOSSA
Definition
Boundaries (Fig. 2.34)
Medially
Laterally
Apex
Base
Roof (Fig. 2.35)
Floor
Contents (Figs 2.36 and 2.37)
ADULT FEMALE BREAST
Definition
Situation (Fig. 2.38)
Shape
Extent
Vertically
Horizontally
Relations
Deep Relations
Content
Structures of the Breast (Fig. 2.39)
Skin
Parenchyma
Changes of Breast
Early Pregnancy
Late Pregnancy
Postweaning Period
Postmenopausal Period
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage of Breast (Fig. 2.40)
Introduction
From the Skin Except Nipple and the Areola
From the Stroma
Nerve Supply
Development of Breast
3:
Short Notes on Superior Extremity
ANATOMICAL SNUFF BOX (FIG. 3.1)
Definition
Boundaries
Laterally
Medially
Roof
Floor
Contents
FLEXOR RETINACULUM OF HAND (FIG. 3.2)
Definition
Formation
Shape
Measurements
Attachments
Medially
Laterally
Superiorly
Inferiorly
Relations
PALMAR APONEUROSIS (FIGS 3.3 AND 3.4)
Introduction
Morphology
Features
Shape
Apex
Base
Palmar Septa
Continuation
Structures Underneath
Functions
SUPERFICIAL PALMAR ARCH (FIG. 3.5)
Definition
Formation
Relations
Superficial
Deep
Branches
DEEP PALMAR ARCH (FIG. 3.5)
Introduction
Formation
Relations
Anterior
Posterior
In the concavity of the arch
Branches
EXTENSOR RETINACULUM OF HAND (FIG. 3.6)
Definition
Position
Measurement
Attachments
Laterally
Medially
Structures Passes Beneath the Different Compartments or Tunnels
Structures Passing Through Each Compartment
ERB's POINT (FIG. 3.7)
SIBSON'S FASCIA OR SUPRAPLEURAL MEMBRANE (FIG. 3.8)
Definition
Formation
Fascial Part
Attachments
In front
Medially
Functions
CLAVIPECTORAL FASCIA (FIG. 3.9)
Definition
Extent
Attachments
Medially
Laterally
Continuation
Above
Below
Structures Piercing the Fascia
ARTERIA PROFUNDA BRACHII (FIG. 3.10)
Origin
Course and Relations
Branches
BICEPS BRACHII (FIG. 3.11)
Introduction
Word Meaning
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
TRICEPS BRACHII (FIG. 3.12)
Introduction
Word Meaning ‘Triceps’
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
By Long Head
BRACHIALIS
Introduction
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Action
DELTOID (FIG. 3.13)
Introduction
Origins
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
Structures in Deep Relations of Deltoid
PECTORALIS MAJOR (FIG. 3.14)
Introduction
Origins
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Root Value
Actions
By the Whole Fibers
By the Clavicular Fibers
Structures Underneath the Pectoralis Major
LATISSIMUS DORSI (FIG. 3.15)
Introduction
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
TRAPEZIUS (FIG. 3.16)
Introduction
Origin
Insertion
Upper Fibers
Middle Fibers
Lower Fibers
Nerve Supply
Actions
INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF HAND (FIGS 3.17A AND B)
MUSCLES OF THENAR EMINENCE AND ADDUCTOR POLLICIS
Adductor Pollicis Brevis
Origin
Insertion
Actions
Flexor Pollicis Brevis
Origin
Insertion
Action
Opponens Pollicis
Origin
Insertion
Action
Nerve Supply
Adductor Pollicis
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Action
MUSCLES OF HYPOTHENAR EMINENCE AND PALMARIS BREVIS
Abductor Digiti Minimi
Origin
Insertion
Action
Opponens Digiti Minimi
Origin
Insertion
Actions
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
Origin
Insertion
Actions
Nerve Supply
Palmaris Brevis
Introduction
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
MUSCLES ACTING ON THE FINGERS
Lumbrical Muscles (Fig. 3.18)
Introduction
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
Interosseous Muscles
Palmar Interossei (Fig. 3.19)
Dorsal Interossei (Fig. 3.20)
4:
Thorax
MEDIASTINUM
Definition
Boundaries (Fig. 4.1)
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
Superiorly
Inferiorly
Laterally
Divisions
Superior Mediastinum
Boundaries (Fig. 4.2)
Contents (Fig. 4.3)
Subdivisions of Inferior Mediastinum (Fig. 4.6)
Anterior Mediastinum
Middle Mediastinum
Posterior Mediastinum
PERICARDIUM
Definition
Shape
Situation
Vertebral Level
Layers of Pericardium (Fig. 4.8)
Two Layers
Outer Layer/Fibrous Pericardium
Posteriorly:
Inner Layer/Serous Pericardium
Sinuses of Pericardium (Fig. 4.9)
Transverse Sinus
Oblique Sinus
Anteriorly: Left atrium.
To the right:
HEART
Definition
Measurements
Length
Weight
Shape
Situation
External Features (Fig. 4.10)
Borders of the Heart
Importance of Apical Notch
Surfaces of the Heart
Grooves or Sulci of the Heart
Atrioventricular Groove or Coronary Sulcus
Interatrial Groove
Anterior Interventricular Groove
Posterior Interventricular Groove
Base of the Heart
Shape
Direction
Formation
Vertebral Level of the Base
Boundaries
Features
Relations
Clinical Base of the Heart
Chambers
Right Atrium
Contributions
Relations
Interior of the Right Atrium (Fig. 4.11)
Right Ventricle
Definition
Shape
Contribution
External Features
Interior of the Right Ventricle (Fig. 4.13)
Following features present:
Left Atrium
Shape
Contributions
Interior of the Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Definition
Shape
On Cross-section
Contributions
Relations
Interior of the Left Ventricle (Fig. 4.14)
Features in the Ventricle Proper
Vestibule (Fig. 4.15)
Features in the Vestibule
Valves of the Heart (Fig. 4.16)
Atrioventricular Valves
Attachments to Ventricular Walls:
Semilunar Valves (Fig. 4.17B)
Conducting System of the Heart (Fig. 4.18)
Introduction
Parts of Conductive System
ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF THE HEART
Coronary Arteries (Fig. 4.19)
Introduction
Word Meaning
Branches
Branches:
Areas of distribution:
Course:
Branches:
Areas of distribution:
Coronary Predominance
Right Coronary Predominance
Left Coronary Predominance
Venous Drainage of the Heart
Coronary Sinus
Anterior Cardiac Vein
Venae Cordis Minimi
Lymphatics of the Heart
Nerve Supply of the Heart
Superficial Cardiac Plexus
Deep Cardiac Plexus
Layers of Heart
Development of the Heart
Introduction
Development of Different Components
ARCH OF AORTA
Definition
Situation
Beginning
End
Curvatures
Course
Relations
Anterior and to the Left (Fig. 4.21)
Posterior and to the Right (Fig. 4.22)
Above
Below
Features
Aortic Isthmus
Aortic Spindle
Branches (Fig. 4.23)
Occasional Branches
Development
Congenital Anomaly
LUNGS
Definition
Shape
Color
Consistency
Features
Apex
Medially to the right:
To the left:
Laterally:
Base
Right lung:
Left lung:
Borders
Anterior Border
Posterior Border
Relations of posterior border:
Inferior Border
Surfaces
Medial Surface
Impressions and Relations on the Mediastinal Surface
Right Lung (Fig. 4.24)
Anteriorly:
Posteriorly:
Superiorly:
Inferiorly:
Costal Surface
Arterial Supply
Bronchial Arteries
Pulmonary Arteries
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Superficial Set
Deep Set
Nerve Supply
Development
BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENTS (Figs 4.28A to D)
Definition
Shape
Nomenclature
Right Lung
Left Lung
Formation
Characteristics
PLEURA
Definition
Layers of Pleura (Fig. 4.29)
Visceral Layer/Pulmonary Pleura
Characteristics
Parietal Pleura
Costal Pleura
Diaphragmatic Pleura
Cervical or Apical Pleura
End
Mediastinal Pleura
Recesses of Pleura (Figs 4.30 and 4.31)
Costodiaphragmatic Recess
Functions:
Costomediastinal Recess
Arterial Supply
Parietal Pleura
Pulmonary Pleura
Venous Drainage
Parietal Pleura
Pulmonary Pleura
Lymphatic Drainage
Parietal Pleura
Pulmonary Pleura
Nerve Supply
Parietal Pleura
Pulmonary Pleura
Development
ESOPHAGUS
Definition
Parts
Measurements
Beginning
Vertebral Level
End
Vertebral Level
Constrictions
Curvatures
Course (Fig. 4.32)
Cervical Part
Relations
Thoracic Part
Relations
Abdominal Part
Beginning
End
Relations
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Structures
Development
THORACIC DUCT
Definition
Length
Breadth
Beginning
End
Variations in Termination
Course (Fig. 4.33)
Characteristics of the Thoracic Duct
Relations (Fig. 4.34)
At the Aortic Opening
In the Posterior Mediastinum
In the Superior Mediastinum
At the root of the neck
TRACHEA
Definition
Dimensions
Length
External Transverse Diameter
Internal Diameter of Lumen
Beginning
Vertebral Level
End
Vertebral Level
Course
Parts
Cervical Part
Beginning
End
Length
Relations (Fig. 4.35)
Thoracic Part
Beginning
End
Length
Relations (Fig. 4.35)
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Lymphatics
Nerve Supply
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Structures
Shape
Number of Cartilages
Special Rings
Development
THE DIAPHRAGM
Definition
Shape
Origin
Insertion
Openings of the Diaphragm (Fig. 4.36 and 4.37)
Major Openings
Effects of contraction:
Minor Openings
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Nerve Supply
Motor
Sensory
AZYGOS VEIN
Introduction
Formation
Course
Termination (It Varies)
Relations
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
To the Right
To the Left
Tributaries (Fig. 4.38)
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA (FIG. 4.39)
Introduction
Beginning with Level
Ends with Level
Valves
Measurements
Course
Relations
Anteriorly
Posteromedially
Posterolaterally
Laterally
Medially
Posteriorly
Tributaries
Development
5:
Abdomen and Pelvis
STOMACH
Definition
Another Name
Areas Occupied
Shape
In Cadaver
In Living Subject
Clinical Types
Capacity
Parts
Fundus
Body
Pyloric Part
Subdivision
Features (Fig. 5.1)
Curvatures
Ends
Orifices
Cardiac Orifice
Pyloric Orifice
Notches
Cardiac Notch
Incisura Angularis
Surfaces
Anterosuperior Surface
Posteroinferior Surface
Sulci
Sulcus Intermedius
Sulcus Limitans
Ligaments of Stomach (Fig. 5.5)
Lesser Omentum
Greater Omentum
Gastrosplenic Ligament
Gastrophrenic Ligament
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage (Fig. 5.7)
Continuation of Lymphatics
Nerve Supply
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Development
SMALL INTESTINE
Introduction
Length
Situation
Parts
DUODENUM
Definition
Length
Shape
Beginning
End
Situation
Parts
Superior or First Part of Duodenum
Introduction
Beginning
End
Relations
Second Part of Duodenum
Definition
Length
Beginning
End
Relations (Fig. 5.9)
Inferior of the Second Part of Duodenum (Fig. 5.11)
Third Part of Duodenum
Definition
Length
Beginning
End
Course
Relations (Figs 5.13 and 5.14)
Ascending or Fourth Part of Duodenum
Introduction
Length
End
Relations
Suspensory Muscle of Duodenum or Ligament of Treitz (Fig. 5.16)
Definition
Origin
Course
End
Constituents
Development
JEJUNUM
Introduction
Diameter
Situation
Arrangements of Internal Mucosa
ILEUM
Definition
Diameter
Situation
Arrangements of Internal Mucosa
Specialty
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
CECUM (FIG. 5.17)
Definition
Situation
Measurements
Length
Breadth
Shape
Mobility
Relations
Peritoneal Relation
Recesses
Superior Ileocolic Recess
Inferior Ileocolic Recess
Retrocecal Recess
Other Relations
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
Superiorly
Inferiorly
Medially
Characteristic Features
Internal Features
Situation
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Structures
Development
APPENDIX
Definition
Measurements
Shape
Parts
Peritoneal Relation
Positions of the Appendix (Fig. 5.18)
Appendicular Orifice
Valve
Arterial Supply (Fig. 5.19)
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Structures
Hiatus Muscularis
Development
SPLEEN (FIG. 5.20)
Definition
Characteristic Features
Shape
Situation
Measurements
Features (Fig. 5.21)
Ends
Angles
Borders
Extension
Surfaces
Visceral Surface (Fig. 5.22)
Impressions on the Visceral Surface
Diaphragmatic Surface (Fig. 5.23)
Ligaments of Spleen (Fig. 5.24)
Contents
Attachments
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Development
Functions of Spleen
Accessory Spleen (Fig. 5.25)
PANCREAS (FIGS 5.26 AND 5.27)
Definition
Exocrine Secretion
Endocrine Secretions
Extent
Consistency
Color
Shape
Measurements
Parts
Head
Situation
Vertebral Level
Features of Head
Surfaces
Neck
Length
Direction
Features of Neck
Body
Introduction
Shape
Features of Body
Attachments
Surfaces
Tail
Introduction
Situation
Relations
Ducts of Pancreas (Fig. 5.31)
Main Pancreatic Duct
LIVER
Definition
Exocrine Function
Endocrine Functions
Situation (Fig. 5.33)
Shape
Color
Measurements
Weight
Cause
Area Occupied
Characteristics
Factors Keeping the Liver in Position Properly
Features
Borders
Surfaces
Anterior Surface (Figs 5.34A and B)
Superior Surface
Right Lateral Surface (Fig. 5.35)
Posterior Surface (Fig. 5.36)
Bare Area
Definition
Boundaries
Groove for IVC
Introduction
Groove for Esophagus
Fissure for Ligamentum Venosum
Inferior Surface/Visceral Surface
Direction
Boundaries
Posteriorly
Relations
Lobes
Ligaments of Liver
Contents
Blood Supply
Hepatic Circulation
Venous Drainage
The Hepatic Veins Arranged into Two Groups
Nerve Supply
Lymphatic Drainage
Development
EXTRAHEPATIC BILIARY APPARATUS (FIG. 5.39)
Introduction
Common Hepatic Duct
Formation
End
Measurements
Relations
Cystic Duct
Beginning
End
Length of Cystic Duct
Caliber of Cystic Duct
Course
Relations of Cystic Duct (Fig. 5.40)
Boundaries
Bile Duct
Formation
End
Measurements
Course
Relations of Bile Duct (Fig. 5.41)
Sphincters of Pancreatic and Bile Ducts (Fig. 5.42)
Clinical Anatomy of Cystic Duct and Bile Duct
Gallbladder (Fig. 5.43)
Definition
Measurements
Capacity
Color
Shape
Parts
Hartmann's Pouch
Peritoneal Relation
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Pedicle of Gallbladder
Development
Anomalies of Gallbladder
Functions of Gallbladder
KIDNEYS
Definition
Shape
Situation
Vertebral Level
Regions Occupied
Color
Measurements
Length
Breadth
Thickness (Anteroposterior)
Weight
Male
Female
Axis of the Kidney
Movements of the Kidney
Features (Fig. 5.44)
Borders
Medial Border
Lateral Border
Surfaces
Anterior Surface (Fig. 5.45)
Posterior Surface (Fig. 5.46)
Situation
Relation
Coverings of Kidney
Fibrous Capsule (True Capsule)
Perinephric Fat
Renal Fascia or Fascia of Gerota
Paranephric Fat
Supports of Kidney
Arterial Supply
Renal Circulation (Figs 5.48 and 5.49)
Greater Circulation
Lesser Circulation
Nerve Supply
According to the Number of Kidney
Agenesis of Kidney
Unilateral Agenesis
Bilateral Renal Agenesis
Multiple Kidneys
According to the Size of Kidney
Lobulated Kidney
According to the Position of Kidney
Pelvic Kidney
Ectopic/crossed Ectopia
Lower Lumbar Fused Kidney
Thoracic
According to the Shape of Kidney
Disk Shaped
According to Mobility of Kidney
Floating Kidney
Accessory Renal Artery
One Kidney with Two Ureters
Polycystic Kidney
Macroscopic Structures of the Kidney (Fig. 5.50)
Cortex
Renal Medulla
The Renal Sinuses
Contains
URETERS
Definition
Beginning
End
Length
Diameter
Capacity
Normal Pressure
Parts
Pelvis of Ureter
Formation
Course (Fig. 5.52)
Capacity
Relations
Abdominal Part
Course
Relations
Pelvic Part
First Part (Vertical Part)
Second Part (Oblique Part)
Third Part
Normal Constrictions of Ureters
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
RECTUM
Introduction
Measurements
Length
Breadth
Situation
Extent
Beginning
Ends
Peculiaritis of the Rectum
Course
Curvatures (Fig. 5.55)
Importance of Lateral Curves
Relations
Interior of the Rectum
Introduction
Positions of the Folds or Valves
Upper Fold (Valve)
Middle Fold (Valve)
Lowest Fold (Valve)
Fourth Valve
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage (Fig. 5.59)
Importance of Rectal Veins
Lymphatic Drainage (Fig. 5.60)
Nerve Supply
Structure of the Rectum
From Outside Inwards
Development of Rectum and Anal Canal
Congenital Anomalies of Rectum and Anal Canal
ANAL CANAL
Definition
Situation
Measurements
Length
Breadth
Direction
Extent
Beginning
End
Peculiarities of Anal Canal
Relations
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
Laterally
Surgical Spaces Related to the Anal Canal
Interior of the Anal Canal
Total Length
Parts
Sphincters (Fig. 5.63)
Parts of External anal Sphincter
Anorectal Ring
Situation
Formation
Clinical Anatomy
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Veins Form Plexuses
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
PENIS
Introduction
Radix or Root of Penis
Parts of the Root of the Penis (Fig. 5.65)
Crus of Penis
Relation
Continuation
Bulb of Penis
Surfaces of the Bulb of the Penis
Corpus or Body of Penis
Shape
Surfaces
Ventral Surface
Dorsal Surface
Parts of the Body of Penis (Fig. 5.67)
Corpus Cavernosa
Corpus Spongiosum
Shape
The Glans Penis
Features
Penile Skin
The Superficial Fascia
Ligaments of Penis (Fig. 5.68)
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Erection and Ejaculation of Penis
TESTES/TESTIS
Introduction
Shape
Number
Disposition
Measurements
Length
Breadth
Anteroposterior Diameter
Weight
External Features
Surfaces
Borders
Poles
Attachment
Coverings of the Testis
Intrinsic Coverings of Testis
Extrinsic Covering of Testis
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
DESCENT OF THE TESTIS (FIGS 5.73A TO D)
Introduction
Gubernaculum Testis
Upper End
Lower End
Hormones Control the Descent of the Testis
Position of Testis During its Descent
Factors Responsible for the Descent of Testis
Anomalies of Descent
Anomalies of Position
Anomalies in Number
Partially Descended Testis
Abnormal Migration
PROSTATE
Introduction
Situation (Fig. 5.74)
Shape
Consistency
Measurements
Features with Relations (Fig. 5.75)
Anterior Surface
Posterior Surface (Fig. 5.76)
Inferolateral Surfaces
Lobes (Fig. 5.77)
Anterior Lobe
Posterior Lobe
Median or Middle Lobe
Lateral Lobes
Structures within the Prostate
Prostatic Urethra
Prostatic Utricle
Ejaculatory Ducts
Coverings of the Prostate (Fig. 5.78)
Inside Outwards
Ligaments of the Prostate (Fig. 5.79)
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Sympathetic Nerve
Parasympathetic Nerve
Structural Zones of the Prostate (Fig. 5.80)
Age Changes in the Prostate
THE OVARIES
Definition
Situation
In Nulliparous Adult
In Newborn
After Repeated Pregnancies
Boundaries of the Ovarian Fossa (Fig. 5.81)
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
Floor
Shape
Measurements
Axis of the Ovary (Figs 5.82A and B)
Characteristics
External Features
Poles/extremities (in Nulliparous Women)
Borders
Relations
Surfaces
Peritoneal Relation of the Ovary
Ligaments of the Ovary
Ovarian Ligament
Suspensory Ligament of the Ovary
Mesovarium
Arterial Supply (Fig. 5.83)
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Age Related Changes in the Ovary
The Pre-pubertal Ovary
The Postmenopausal Ovary
UTERINE TUBE (FALLOPIAN TUBES)
Definition
Situation
Communication
Medially
Laterally
Length
Parts
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus
Intramural Part/Intrauterine Part
Course
Relations
Ligaments
Attachments
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Development
Structures
THE UTERUS
Definition
Situation
Shape
Measurements
Length
Inside Length
Breadth
Thickness
Weight
Axis of Uterus (Fig. 5.84)
Communications
Superiorly
Inferiorly
Parts (Figs 5.85 and 5.86)
Body of Uterus
Borders
Lateral Borders
Relations
Cornu (Fig. 5.87)
Attachments of Cornu
Fundus of Uterus
Definition
Relations
Isthmus
Definition
Feature
Cervix Uteri
Definition
Shape
Extent
Shape of External Os
In Nulliparous
In parous
Length
Compare to the Body of the Uterus
Parts
Supravaginal Part
Vaginal Part
Interior of Cervix Uteri or Cervical Canal
Definition
Shape
Features
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Ligaments of Uterus (Fig. 5.88)
False or Peritoneal Ligaments
True or Non-peritoneal Ligaments
False ligaments
True Ligaments
ii. Utero-sacral Ligaments
iii. Round Ligaments
iv. Pubo-cervical Ligaments
Development of Uterus
Congenital Anomalies of Uterus
Structures
Changes of Uterus with Age
In Fetal Life
At Puberty
In Adults
During Menstruation
During Pregnancy
After Parturition
In Old Age (after menopause)
VAGINA
Introduction
Definition
Direction of Vagina
Measurements
Anterior Wall
Posterior Wall
Diameter
Upper End
Lower End
Extent
Situation
Vaginal Orifice (Introitus)
Characteristics
Lumen of the Vagina in Transverse Section
In the Lower Part
In the Intermediate Part
In the Upper Part
Fornices of Vagina
Number of Fornices
Relations (Fig. 5.90)
Upper half
Nerve Supply
Lower One-third
Upper Two-thirds
Interior of the Vagina
Hymen
URINARY BLADDER
Definition
Situation
Shape
Involuntary Micturition Occur
Normal Pressure in the Urinary Bladder
External Features (Fig. 5.91)
Base/Fundus (Fig. 5.92)
Relations (Fig. 5.93)
Male
Female
Peritoneal Relation
Apex
Neck
Situation
Structure Pierces
Relations
In Male
In Female
Borders
Surfaces
In Empty Condition
In Distended Condition
Superior Surface
Inferolateral Surfaces
Space of Retzius
Definition
Boundaries of Space of Retzius
Contents
Function
Ligaments (Fig. 5.94)
True Ligaments or Non-peritoneal
False Ligaments or Peritoneal
INTERNAL TRIGONE (FIG. 5.95)
Definition
Shape
Dimension
In Empty Bladder
In Distended Bladder
Boundaries
Base
Apex
Sides
Characteristics
Uvula Vesicae
Structures of the Internal Trigone
From Within Outwards
Arterial Supply
Additional Supply in Females
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Structures of the Bladder
Development
Congenital Anomalies
MALE URETHRA
Definition
Measurement
Length
Beginning
End
Parts (Fig. 5.96)
Preprostatic Part
Prostatic Part
Diameter
Membranous Part
Spongy Part
Situation
Parts of the Spongy Part
Beginning
End
Shape
Dilatations
Curvatures
Openings in the Urethra
Sphincters of Urethra
Internal Sphincter Vesicae
External Sphincter Urethrae
FEMALE URETHRA
Beginning
Length
Diameter
Course
Lumen on Cross Section
Glands Around the Urethra
ABDOMINAL AORTA
Introduction
Beginning
End
Measurements
Length
Breadth
Relations (Fig. 5.98)
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
Right Side
Left Side
Branches (Fig. 5.99)
CELIAC TRUNK
Introduction
Origin
Length
Relations
Anteriorly
To the Right
To the Left
Inferiorly
Branches
SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY
Introduction
Origin
Course with Relations
Branches (Fig. 5.100)
INFERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY
Introduction
Origin
Course
Branches (Fig. 5.102)
INFERIOR VENA CAVA
Definition
Measurements
Length
Diameter
Formation with Level
Vertebral Level
End with Level
Course
Relations (Fig. 5.103)
In the Abdomen
Valve
In Adult
In Fetus
Development
PORTAL VEIN
Definition
Measurements
Length
Diameter
Formation with Level (Fig. 5.105)
Vertebral Level
End
Course
Peculiarities
Relations
Below the lesser Omentum
In the Lesser Omentum
At Porta Hepatis
6:
Short Notes on Abdomen and Pelvis
LINEA ALBA
Definition
Situation
Formation
Attachments
HOLDEN'S LINE (FIG. 6.1)
Introduction
Importance of Holden's Line
THE UMBILICUS OR OMPHALOS
Introduction
Position
Attachments of Fibrous Bands
INGUINAL LIGAMENT/POUPART'S LIGAMENT (FIG. 6.2)
Definition
Length
Extent
Attachments
Characteristics
Expansion
Relations of the Inguinal Ligament
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
Above
Below
Muscles arise from it
Lacunar Ligament
Introduction
Course
Reflected Part of the Inguinal Ligament
Course with Relations
FALX INGUINALIS/CONJOINT TENDON
Formation
Attachments
Medially
Laterally
RECTUS SHEATH (FIG. 6.3)
Contents of Rectus Sheath
Muscles
Arteries
Veins
Nerves
INGUINAL CANAL (FIG. 6.4)
Definition
Direction
Length
Situation
Extent
Boundaries (Fig. 6.5)
Anterior Wall
Posterior Wall
Roof
Floor
Contents
DEFENSIVE MECHANISM OF THE INGUINAL CANAL
Superficial Inguinal Ring
Situation
Shape
Measurements
Boundaries
Medially
Laterally
Structures passing through it
Deep Inguinal Ring
Situation
Shape
Size
Relations
Superiorly
Medially
Structures Transmits
SCROTUM (FIG. 6.6)
Introduction
Divisions
Left Side or Half
General Features
Layers of Scrotum
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Functions
SPERMATIC CORD
Introduction
Course and Relations (Fig. 6.7)
Constituents of the Spermatic Cord (Fig. 6.8)
THE MESENTERY (FIG. 6.9)
Definition
Shape
Measurements
Extent
Attachments
Borders
Course
Relations
Posteriorly
Contents
EPIPLOIC FORAMEN
Definition
Situation
Length
Boundaries (Fig. 6.10)
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
Superiorly
Inferiorly
MECKEL'S DIVERTICULUM (FIGS 6.11A TO C)
Definition
Length
Location
Caliber
Structures
PEYER'S PATCHES (FIG. 6.12)
Definition
Number
Length
Contents
Situation
Special Features
CISTERNA CHYLI (FIG. 6.13)
Definition
Situation
Vertebral Level
Measurements
Length
Transversely
Shape
Relations
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
Tributaries
RENAL FASCIA OR FASCIA OF GEROTA
Definition (Fig. 6.14)
Layers
Tracings
Laterally
Medially
Superiorly
Inferiorly
ISCHIORECTAL FOSSA (FIG. 6.15)
Definition
Measurements
Length (Anteroposteriorly)
Breadth (Side-to-Side)
Depth (Vertically)
Shape
Boundaries
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
Laterally
Medially
Apex
Base/Floor
Contents
Recesses of the Ischiorectal Fossa
Types
Anterior Recess
Posterior Recess (Fig. 6.16)
Situation
The Horseshoe-shaped Recess
Fascial Disposition of the Ischiorectal Fossa (Spaces and Canals of the Fossa)
Lunate Fascia
Pudendal or Alcock's Canal (Fig. 6.17)
Formation
Relations
Contents
Subdivisions of the Ischiorectal Fossa
Supra-tegmental Space
Ischiorectal Space
Perianal Space
PERINEAL BODY/CENTRAL TENDON OF THE PERINEUM (FIG. 6.18)
Definition
Situation
Muscles Attached to it
Functions
SUPERFICIAL PERINEAL POUCH (FIG. 6.19)
Definition
Boundaries
Above (Deep)
Below (Superficial)
On Each Side
Behind (Posteriorly)
In Front (Anteriorly)
Contents
Muscles
Vessels
Nerves
Others
DEEP PERINEAL POUCH
Definition
Boundaries
Above
Below
On Each Side
In Front
Behind
Contents (Fig. 6.20)
Muscles
Vessels
Nerve
Others
THE SUPRARENAL GLANDS (FIGS 6.21A AND B)
Definition
Situation
Color
Measurements
Height (Vertically)
Breadth (Transversely)
Thickness (Anteroposteriorly)
Weight
Shape
Right
Left
Parts
Capsule
Right Suprarenal Gland (Parts with Relations)
Apex
Base
Surfaces
Borders
Left Suprarenal Gland (Parts with Relation)
Ends
Surfaces
Superior area
Inferior area
Relations
Borders
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Development
Accessory Suprarenal Glands
Structures of the Suprarenal Gland
Cortex is Composed of Three Zones
Medulla
NAME DIFFERENT REGIONS OF ABDOMEN AND THEIR IMPORTANT CONTENTS
Right Hypochondrium (Fig. 6.22)
Epigastrium
Left Hypochondrium
Right Lumbar Region
Umbilical Region
Left Lumbar Region
Right Iliac Region
Hypogastrium
Left Iliac Region
7:
Inferior Extremity
MUSCLES OF ANTERIOR ASPECT OF THIGH (FIG. 7.1)
Quadriceps Femoris
Rectus Femoris
Insertion
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Medialis
Vastus Intermedius
Sartorius
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
Articularis Genu
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
HAMSTRING MUSCLES (FIG. 7.2)
Characteristics
Semitendinosus
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
Semimembranosus
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
Biceps Femoris (Long Head)
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
Biceps Femoris (Short Head)
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
MUSCLES OF THE MEDIAL ASPECT OF THE THIGH (FIG. 7.3)
Gracilis
Introduction
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
Pectineus
Introduction
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
Adductor Longus
Introduction
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
Adductor Magnus
Introduction
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
Adductor Brevis
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
MUSCLES OF GLUTEAL REGION (FIG. 7.4)
Gluteus Maximus
Introduction
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
Structures deep to the gluteus aximus (FIG. 7.5)
Muscles
Nerves
Bones
Vessels
Gluteus Medius
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
Structures Deep to the Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Minimus
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
Structures Deep to the Gluteus Minimus
Piriformis
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
Obturator Internus
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
FEMORAL ARTERY (FIG. 7.6)
Introduction
Origin
End
Course
RELATIONS
In the Femoral Triangle
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
Medially
Laterally
In the Adductor Canal
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
Laterally
Medially
Branches (Figs 7.7 and 7.8)
Superficial Branches
Deep Branches
POPLITEAL ARTERY (FIG. 7.9)
Introduction
Beginning
End
Relations
Anteriorly or Deep
From Above Downwards
Posteriorly or Superficially
Above
Middle
Below
Laterally
Above
Below
Medially
Above
Below
ANTERIOR TIBIAL ARTERY (FIG. 7.10)
Origin
Course
In the Flexor Compartment of the Leg
In the Anterior Compartment of the Leg
POSTERIOR TIBIAL ARTERY (FIG. 7.11)
Beginning
End
Course
Relations
Superficial
In the Upper Two-Thirds
In the Lower One-Third
In the Lower One-Third
FEMORAL NERVE
Introduction
Root Value
Origin
Course and Relations
Branches (Fig. 7.12)
In the Thigh
OBTURATOR NERVE (FIG. 7.13)
Root Value L2, 3, 4
Origin
Course with Relations
Branches
SCIATIC NERVE (FIG. 7.14)
Root Value L4, 5, S1, 2 and 3
Definition
Breadth
Course
Relations
COMMON PERONEAL NERVE (FIG. 7.16)
Beginning
Course
Branches
Genicular Branches
Cutaneous Branches
Terminal Branches
DEEP PERONEAL NERVE (ANTERIOR TIBIAL NERVE) (FIG. 7.17)
Origin
Course and Relations
Branches
Lateral Terminal Branch
Medial Terminal Branch
Muscular Branches to
Articular Branches to
Cutaneous Branch
SUPERFICIAL PERONEAL NERVE
Introduction
Origin
Course with Relations
Branches
Muscular Branches
Cutaneous Branches
Medial Branch
Lateral Branch
Communicating Branches
TIBIAL NERVE
Root Value
Beginning
Course with Relations (Fig. 7.18)
In the Popliteal Fossa
In the Back of the Leg
Branches (Fig. 7.19)
Muscular Branches to
Sural Nerve
Articular Branches
Medial Calcanean Branches
Vascular Branches
Terminal Branches
HIP JOINT
Introduction
Type
Subtype
Articular Surfaces (Fig. 7.20)
Ligaments
Attachments
Acetabular Labrum
Attachments
Transverse Acetabular Ligament
Attachments
Transmits
Ligament of the Head of the Femur
Attachments
Ilio-femoral Ligament or Ligament of Bigelow (Fig. 7.21)
Shape
Attachments
Ischiofemoral Ligament (Fig. 7.22)
Attachments
Pubofemoral Ligament (Fig. 7.21)
Attachments
Relations of Hip Joint (Figs 7.23 and 7.24)
Arterial Supply (Fig. 7.25)
Nerve Supply
Movements
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Medial Rotation
Lateral Rotation
Circumduction
KNEE JOINT
Introduction
Type
Subtype
According to Degree of Movements
According to Form and Shape of Articular Surface
Articular Surfaces
Ligaments
Capsular Ligament (Figs 7.26 and 7.27)
Ligamentum Patellae
Oblique Popliteal Ligament
Arcuate Popliteal Ligament
Tibial Collateral Ligament
Fibular Collateral Ligament
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (Fig. 7.28)
Posterior Cruciate Ligament
Transverse Ligament
Menisci (Fig. 7.29)
BURSAE AROUND THE KNEE JOINT (FIG. 7.30)
Introduction
Anterior Aspect
Lateral Aspect
Medial Aspect
Relations of the Knee Joint
Anteriorly (Fig. 7.31)
Posteriorly (Fig. 7.32)
Movements
Flexion
Extension
Medial Rotation (in Flexed Knee)
Lateral Rotation (In Flexed Knee)
ANKLE OR TALOCRURAL JOINT
Introduction
Type
Subtype
Articular Surfaces
Ligaments
Capsular Ligament
Attachments
Deltoid Ligament (Fig. 7.33)
Superficial Fibers
Deep Fibers
Lateral Ligament (Fig. 7.34)
Anterior Talofibular Ligament
Posterior Talofibular Ligament
Calcaneofibular Ligament
Arterial Supply
Nerve Supply
Relations (Fig. 7.35)
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
Movements
Dorsi Flexion
Plantar Flexion
Accessory Movements
8:
Short Notes on Inferior Extremity
DEEP FASCIA OF THIGH/FASCIA LATA
Attachments
Proximally
Anteriorly
Laterally
Posteriorly
Medially
Distally
Behind
Intermuscular Septa
Number
ILIOtIBIAL TRACT (FIG. 8.1)
Definition
Extent
Characters
Attachments
Above
Below
Muscles Inserted in the Iliotibial Tract
Functions
Nerve Supply
SAPHENOUS OPENING (SEE FIG. 8.27)
Situation
Measurements
Length
Breadth
Axis
Margins
Cribriform Fascia
INGUINAL LYMPH NODES (FIG. 8.2)
Definition
Classification
Superficial Inguinal Lymph Nodes
Situation
Proximal or Horizontal Set
Distal or Vertical Set
Deep Inguinal Lymph Nodes
Situation
Number
Afferents (Receive)
Superficial Inguinal Nodes:
Efferents (Drain)
FEMORAL SHEATH (FIG. 8.3)
Definition
Shape
Extent
Above
Measurements
Length
Breadth
Formation
Anterior wall
Posterior Wall
Medial and Lateral Walls
Structures Piercing the Anterior Wall
Structures Piercing the Medial Wall
Compartments
Lateral Compartment
Intermediate Compartment
Medial Compartment or Lymphatic Compartment
Femoral Canal
Length
Femoral Ring
Boundaries of the Femoral Ring
Femoral Septum
Femoral Fossa
Contents of Femoral Canal
Importance of Femoral Canal
TENDOCALCANEUS OR TENDOACHILleS (FIG. 8.4)
Formation
Length
Beginning
Attachment
Bursae
Nerve Supply
Action
PLANTAR APONEUROSIS
Definition (Fig. 8.5)
Parts
Central Part
Medial Part
Lateral Part
FIRST LAYER OF MUSCLES OF SOLE (FIG. 8.6)
Abductor Hallucis
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
Abductor Digiti Minimi
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
LATERAL PLANTAR ARTERY (FIG. 8.7)
Origin
Course with Relations
Branches
MEDIAL PLANTAR ARTERY (FIG. 8.7)
Origin
Course with Relations
Branches
PLANTAR ARTERIAL ARCH (FIG. 8.7)
Formation
Situation
Extent
Relations
Branches
SUPERIOR EXTENSOR RETINACULUM
Definition (Figs 8.8 and 8.9)
Shape
Length
Situation
Attachments
Medially
Laterally
Proximal Border
Distal Border
Structures Passing Deep to the Retinaculum
Structures Passing Through the Compartments
Structures Passing Superficial to the Retinaculum
Function
INFERIOR EXTENSOR RETINACULUM
Definition (Figs 8.8 and 8.9)
Situation
Parts
Stem
Bands
Attachments
Stem
Upper Band
Lower Band
Structures Passing Deep to the Retinaculum
Synovial Sheaths of the Tendons
Functions
SUPERIOR PERONEAL RETINACULUM (FIG. 8.10)
Definition
Attachments
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
Relations
INFERIOR PERONEAL RETINACULUM
Definition (Fig. 8.10)
Attachments
Superiorly
Inferiorly
Compartments
Relations
Above
Below
Functions of Retinaculum
FLEXOR RETINACULUM (FIG. 8.11)
Definition
Direction
Attachments
Anteriorly
Posteriorly and Laterally
Above
Below
Structures Passing Deep to the Flexor Retinaculum
Muscle Arises from Flexor Retinaculum
Structures Pierce Flexor Retinaculum
Function
ARTERIA PROFUNDA FEMORIS (FIG. 8.12)
Introduction
Beginning
End
Course
Relations
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
Laterally
Branches
ARTERIA DORSALIS PEDIS (FIG. 8.13)
Introduction
Beginning
End
Course
Relations
Superficial
Deep
Medial
Lateral
Branches
SUPERFICIAL VEINS OF THE LOWER LIMB
GREAT SAPHENOUS VEIN (FIG. 8.14)
Introduction
Beginning
End
Course
Relations (Fig. 8.15)
Valves
Tributaries
SMALL OR SHORT SAPHENOUS VEIN
Formation
Course with Relations
Tributaries
Valves
ARCHES OF THE FOOT (Figs 8.16 to 8.24)
Introduction
Classification
Structures of Arches
Longitudinal Arches
Transverse Arches
Anterior Transverse Arch
Posterior Transverse Arch
STRUCTURES MAINTAIN THE FOOT ARCHES
Bones of the Foot
Ligaments
Intrinsic Muscles
Long Leg Muscles
Functions of Foot Arches
GREATER SCIATIC FORAMEN
Structures Passing Through Greater Sciatic Foramen
Through Upper Compartment
Through Lower Compartment
LESSER SCIATIC FORAMEN
Structures Transmits
FEMORAL TRIANGLE
Definition
Boundaries of the Femoral Triangle (Fig. 8.26)
Roof
Floor (Fig. 8.28)
Contents of the Femoral Triangle (Figs 8.29 and 8.30)
A. Femoral Sheath with its Contents
B. Outside of the Femoral Sheath
Anterior Division
Posterior Division
ADDUCTOR CANAL/HUNTER'S CANAL OR SUBSARTORIAL CANAL
Definition (Fig. 8.31)
Boundaries
Anterolaterally
Floor or Posteriorly
Roof or Anteromedially
POPLITEAL FOSSA
Definition
Boundaries (Fig. 8.33)
Above and Laterally
Below and Laterally
Above and Medially
Below and Medially
Floor (Fig. 8.34)
Above Downwards
Contents (Fig. 8.36)
ANASTOMOSIS AROUND THE KNEE JOINT
First Arch
Formation
Situation
Second Arch
Formation
Situation
Third Arch
Formation
Situation
Fourth Arch
Formation
Situation
9:
Head, Neck and Face
Middle Ear or Tympanic Cavity
Definition (FIG. 9.1)
Situation
Measurements
Anteroposterior Diameter
Vertical Diameter
Transverse Diameter
Shape
Communications
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
Contents
Parts
Boundaries
Anterior Wall
Posterior Wall
Roof
Floor
Medial Wall (Fig. 9.2)
Lateral Wall (Fig. 9.3
Features
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Formation of Tympanic Plexus
EYEBALL
Introduction
Measurements
Poles
Anterior Pole
Posterior Pole
Optic Axis (FIG. 9.4)
Visual Axis
Equator of the Eyeball
Meridian of the Eyeball
Layers of Eyeball
Fibrous Layer
Sclera (Fig. 9.5)
Cornea
Measurements
Surfaces
Structures
Arterial Supply
Lymphatics
Nerve Supply
Vascular or Pigmented Layer (Fig. 9.7)
Canal of Schlemm or Sinus Venosus Sclera
Choroid
Ciliary Body
Ciliary processes:
Iris
Nervous Layer (Retina) (See Fig. 9.7)
Formation
Thickness
Parts
Extent
Attachments
Important Features of Retina
Layers of Retina
Introduction
Retina Consists of Ten Layers (Fig. 9.10)
Arterial Supply
Vein
Lens
Situation
Measurements
Surfaces
Poles
Axis
Ligament of Lens
Structures
Nutrition of the Lens
Site of Secretion
Draining
Compositions
Functions
Hyaloid Canal
Attachments of Hyaloid Membrane
Hyaloid Fossa
Compositions
Refractive Media of the Eyeball
THE LARYNX
Definition
Extent
Beginning
End
Position
In Adult
In Children
Continuation
Superiorly
Inferiorly
Measurements
Length
Transverse diameter
Anteroposterior Diameter/sagittal
Relations
Anteriorly
Laterally
Posteriorly
Skeleton of larynx (Fig. 9.13)
Cartilages (Fig. 9.14)
Unpaired Cartilages
Paired Cartilages
Unpaired Cartilages
Continuity
Attachments
Features
Borders
Surfaces
Relation
Cornua or Horns
Features
Articulations (by synovial joints)
Attachments
Paired Cartilages
Joints of Larynx
Cricothyroid joint
Cricoarytenoid Joint
Ligaments of Larynx
Thyrohyoid Membrane
Hyoepiglottic Ligament
Cricotracheal Ligament
Interior of the Larynx or Cavity of Larynx
Extent
Walls of Cavity
Different Folds of Mucous Membrane
Spaces Between the Paired Folds
Subdivisions of Larynx
Vestibule
Middle Part or Sinus of Larynx
Lower Part
Features Within the Larynx (Figs 9.16 and 9.17)
Cavum Laryngis
Boundaries
Vestibular Folds
Vocal Folds/vocal Cords
Rima vestibuli
Contents
Actions
Rima Glottidis or Glottis
Boundaries
Actions
Laryngeal Sinus or Sinus of Larynx
Saccule of Larynx
Intrinsic Muscles of Larynx
Cricothyroid
Posterior Cricoarytenoideus or Safety Muscle of Larynx
Lateral Cricoarytenoid
Transverse Arytenoid
Oblique Arytenoid
Aryepiglotticus
Thyroarytenoid
Vocalis
Thyroepiglotticus
Grouping of Intrinsic Muscles (According to Actions)
Nerve Supply of Intrinsic Muscles
Functions of Larynx
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Development
Mechanism of speech (phonation)
Introduction
Phonation Involves Four Processes Such As
1. Expired Air
2. Vibrators (Phonation)
3. Resonators
4. Articulators
THE PHARYNX
Definition
Beginning
End
Measurements
Length
Breadth
Boundaries
Superiorly
Inferiorly
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
Laterally
Parts (Fig. 9.18)
Nasopharynx
Situation
Beginning
End
Characteristics
Communications
Boundaries
Roof and Posterior Wall
Features
Laterally
Oropharynx (Masopharynx)
Situation
Beginning
End
Vertebral Level
Boundaries of Oropharynx
Boundaries of Oropharyngeal Isthmus
Functions
Features
Laryngopharynx (Hypopharynx)
Situation
Beginning
End
Vertebral Level
Relations
Structures of the Pharynx (Fig. 9.19)
Constrictor Muscles of Pharynx (Fig. 9.20)
Superior Constrictor
Below
Insertion
Middle Constrictor
Inferior Constrictor
Actions of Constrictors
Structures Passing Through the Gaps Between the Constrictor Muscles
Longitudinal Layer Consists of Three Paired Muscles
Stylopharyngeus
Salpingopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus
Killian's Dehiscence
Arterial Supply of the Pharynx
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Important Regions of Pharynx
Pharyngeal Isthmus
Boundaries
Physiological Conditions of Closure of Isthmus
Mechanism of Closure of Isthmus
ANTERIOR TRIANGLE OF NECK (FIG. 9.21)
Boundaries
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
Subdivisions
Boundaries and Contents of each Subdivisions of Anterior Triangle
Boundaries
Floor
Contents
Carotid Triangle
Boundaries
Floor
Roof
Contents
Nerves
Others
Digastric or Submandibular Triangle
Boundaries
Roof
Floor
Contents (Fig. 9.22B)
Submental Triangle
Boundaries (Fig. 9.23)
Floor
Sides
Contents
POSTERIOR TRIANGLE OF NECK
Boundaries
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
Base
Apex
Floor (Fig. 9.24)
Roof (Fig. 9.25)
Subdivisions (Fig. 9.21)
Occipital Triangle
Boundaries
Superiorly
Inferiorly
Floor (Fig. 9.24)
Roof (Fig. 9.25)
Contents (Fig. 9.26)
Supraclavicular or Subclavian Triangle
Boundaries
Floor
Roof
Contents
THYROID GLAND (Fig. 9.27)
Definition
Shape
Color
Situation
Extent
Dimensions
Each Lobe
Capsules of the Thyroid (Fig. 9.28)
Features of the False Capsule
Ligament of Berry
Attachments
Functions
Lobes
Lateral Lobes
Pyramidal Lobe
Functions
Development
PAROTID GLAND
Definition
Situation (Fig. 9.33)
Shape
Color
Weight
Coverings/Capsules
True Capsule
False Capsule or Parotid Sheath
Parts
Apex
Structures Passing Through the Apex
Surfaces
Superior Surface/base
Superficial Surface
Anteromedial Surface (Fig. 9.34)
Posteromedial Surface
Borders
Anterior Border
Posterior Border
Medial Border
Structures Passing through the Gland (Figs 9.35A to C)
Arteries
Vein
Nerves
Other
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic Nerves (Preganglionic Fibers)
Development
PAROTID DUCT OR STENSEN'S DUCT
Introduction
Beginning
Length
Relations
Superiorly
Inferiorly
Course
Special Features
Development
TONGUE
Definition
Situation
Color
External Features
Root
Apex or tip
Surfaces
Dorsal Surface (dorsum) of the Tongue (Fig. 9.36)
Oral/Anterior/Pre-sulcal Part
Location
Relations
Features on the Dorsum of the Tongue
Foliate Papillae
Circumvallate Papillae
Fungiform Papillae
Filiform Papillae
Other Papillae
Papillae Simplices
Pharyngeal/Posterior/Postsulcul Part
Location
Lingual Tonsil
Inferior or Under Surface of Tongue (Fig. 9.37)
Features
Lateral Margins
Muscles of the tongue
Extrinsic Muscles of Tongue (Fig. 9.38)
Genioglossus (Fig. 9.39)
Hyoglossus (Fig. 9.40)
Palatoglossus
Chondroglossus
Styloglossus
Intrinsic Muscles of Tongue (Fig. 9.41)
Features
Functions of the Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue
Longitudinalis Linguae Superior
Longitudinalis Linguae Inferior
Transversus Linguae
Verticalis Linguae
Artery Supply
Venous Drainage
Nerve Supply
Sensory Nerves
Lymphatics of Tongue (Fig. 9.42)
Marginal Vessels
Central Vessels
Dorsal Vessels
Congenital Anomalies of Tongue
Aglossia
Hemiglossia
Thyroglossal Cyst
Tongue Tie (Ankyloglossia)
Bifid Tongue
Lingual Thyroid
Taste Buds
Definition
Site
Constituent's Part
Openings
Taste Sensations on the Sites of Tongue
Structures
COMMON CAROTID ARTERY (Fig. 9.43)
Introduction
Beginning
Ends
Vertebral Level
Course
In the Thorax
In the Neck
Relations
In the Thorax (Only Left Common Carotid Artery)
In the Neck (Both the Arteries)
Branches
Occasional Branches
Some Special Features
Carotid Sinus
Carotid Body
EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY
Introduction
Beginning
Vertebral Level
End
Course
Relations
In the Carotid Triangle
Above the Carotid Triangle
In the Parotid Gland
Branches (Fig. 9.44)
Facial Artery (Fig. 9.45)
Origin
Course
Termination
Branches
Maxillary Artery (Fig. 9.46)
Introduction
Origin
Parts
Course and Relations
Branches (Fig. 9.46)
Middle Meningeal Artery
Introduction
Origin
Course
Termination
Branches
Subclavian Artery
Introduction
Origin with Level
Parts (Fig. 9.47)
Course
Relations (Fig. 9.48)
In the Neck
Right Subclavian Artery
Second Part
Right and Left Subclavian Arteries
Third Part
Right and Left Subclavian Arteries
Branches (Fig. 9.49)
INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY
Introduction
Origin
Course
Cervical Part
Petrous Part
Cavernous Part
Cerebral Part
Carotid Siphon
INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN
Introduction
Beginning
End
Course
Bulbs
Valves
Relations
Medially
Posteriorly
Superficially
Anteriorly
Tributaries (Fig. 9.50)
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
Introduction
Type
Subtype
Articular Surfaces (Fig. 9.51)
Above
Ligaments
Capsular Ligament
Attachments
Synovial Membrane
Lateral or Temporomandibular Ligament
Attachments (Fig. 9.52)
Stylomandibular Ligament
Attachments
Sphenomandibular Ligament
Attachments
Articular Disk
Relations of the Temporomandibular Joint
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
Superiorly
Inferiorly
Medially (Fig. 9.53)
Laterally
Arterial Supply
Veins
Nerve Supply
Movements
Depression
Elevation
Protrusion
Retraction
10:
Short Notes on Head, Neck and Face
SCALP
Definition
EXTENT
Layers of the Scalp (Fig. 10.1)
Skin
Superficial Fascia
Epicranial Aponeurosis or Galea Aponeurotica
Loose areolar tissue
Pericranium
Arterial Supply to the Scalp and Superficial Temporal Region (Fig. 10.2)
Anterior Aspect of the Auricle
Posterior Aspect of the Auricle
Venous Drainage of Scalp
Nerve Supply of the Scalp (Fig. 10.2)
Anterior to the Auricle
Behind to the Auricle
MUSCLES OF THE FACE (FIG. 10.3)
Topographical Classification
Muscles of the Facial Expressions (According to Facial Expressions) (Figs 10.4A and B)
Nerve Supply of Face
Motor Nerve
Distribution
CAROTID SHEATH (FIG. 10.5A)
Introduction
Formation
Anterior Wall
Posterior Wall
Contents
Features
Relations (Fig. 10.5B)
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
Others
WALDEYER'S LYMPHATIC RING (FIG. 10.6)
Introduction
Formation
Posteriorly and Above
Laterally and Above
Inferiorly
On Each Side
Functions
PALATINE TONSIL (FIG. 10.7)
Definition
Shape
Situation
Measurements
Boundaries of Tonsillar Fossa or Sinus
In Front
Behind
Lateral Wall or Tonsillar Bed
Base
Apex
Parts
Surfaces
Features:
Tonsils Maintain its Position
Attachments of the Tonsillar Hemicapsule
Arterial Supply (Fig. 10.8)
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Development
POSTERIOR CRICOARYTENOIDEUs OR SAFETY MUSCLE OF LARYNX
Introduction
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Action
STYLOID APPARATUS (FIG. 10.9)
Introduction
Muscles
Ligaments
Special Features
Relations of Styloid Process
Medially
Laterally
Development
THE ORBITS (FIG. 10.10)
Definition
Measurements
Anteroposterior
Vertical (at the Base)
Transverse (at the Base)
Shape
Axis of the Orbit
Visual Axis
Boundaries
Base
Apex
Roof
Floor
Medial Wall
Relations
Lateral Wall
Relations of Orbit
Above
Below
Medially
Laterally
Contents of Orbit
EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES (FIG. 10.12)
Voluntary Muscles
Recti Muscles
Oblique Muscles
Levator Palpebrae Superioris
Nerve Supply (Fig. 10.13)
Actions
Involuntary Muscles
Nerve Supply
Actions
MUSCLES OF MASTICATION (FIG. 10.14)
Medial Pterygoid (Fig. 10.15)
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
Lateral Pterygoid (Fig. 10.15)
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
Temporalis
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
Masseter (Fig. 10.16)
Origin
Nerve Supply
Actions
Buccinator
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
SOFT PALATE (FIG. 10.17)
Definition
Functions
Surfaces
Borders
Structures of Soft Palate
PALATINE APONEUROSIS
Attachments
In Front
On Each Side
On the Middle
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
MUSCLES OF SOFT PALATE
Tensor Veli Palatini
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
Levator Veli Palatini
Origin
Insertion
Actions
Musculus Uvulae
Origin
Insertion
Action
Palatopharyngeus
Origin
Insertion
Actions
Palatoglossus
Origin
Insertion
Action
Nerve Supply of Muscles
Development
Congenital Anomalies of Palate
LATERAL WALL OF NOSE (FIG. 10.18)
Definition
Formation
Bones
Cartilages
Fibrofatty Tissue
Parts
Consists of Three Parts
Number of Conchae (Fig. 10.19)
Meati of the Nose (Fig. 10.19)
Superior Meatus
Middle Meatus
Inferior Meatus
Arterial Supply of Lateral Wall (Fig. 10.20A)
Venous Drainage
Nerve Supply (Fig. 10.20B)
Lymphatic Drainage
NASAL SEPTUM (FIG. 10.21)
Introduction
Features
Borders
Surfaces
Formation (Fig. 10.21)
Bony Part
Cartilaginous Part
Cuticular Part
Lining Membrane
Arterial Supply of the Nasal Septum (Fig. 10.22)
Little's Area of Nose or Epistaxis
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Anterior Half
Posterior Half
Nerve Supply
Special Sensory Nerves
General Sensory Nerves
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE OR EARDRuM
Definition
Measurements
Diameter
Position
Shape
Surfaces
Parts
Characteristic Features
Movements of Tympanic Membrane
Structures
Arterial Supply
Outer Surface
Inner Surface
Venous Drainage
From Outer Surface
From Inner Surface
Nerve Supply
Outer Surface
Inner Surface
Congenital Anomalies
PHARYNGOTYMPANIC OR AUDITORY OR EUSTACHIAN TUBE (FIG. 10.25)
Definition
Direction
Parts
Bony Part
Cartilaginous Part
Anterolaterally:
Posteromedially
Muscles Attached to the Cartilaginous Part
From Medial Lamina
From Lateral Lamina
Factors Keeping the Tube in Position
Characteristics of the Tube in Children
Characters of the Mucous Membrane
Mechanism of Opening of the Tube
Development
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Functions of the Auditory Tube
THE CIRCULUS ARTERIOSUS OR CIRCLE OF WILLIS (FIG. 10.26)
Introduction
Formation
Anteriorly
Anterolaterally
Laterally
Posterolaterally
Posteriorly
Branches
Variations of the Circle of Willis
Functions
BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (FIG. 10.27)
Definition
Layers
Absence of Blood-Brain Barrier
Functions
THE OPTIC CHIASMA
Definition
Situation
Continuation
Relations (Fig. 10.28)
Dorsal
Ventral
Lateral
Posterior
Fibers in the Optic Chiasma (Fig. 10.29)
DURAL SINUSES (FIG. 10.30)
Sinuses Present in the Median Plane
Superior Sagittal Sinus (Fig. 10.31)
Straight Sinus
Inferior Sagittal Sinus (Fig. 10.31)
Occipital Sinus
Sinuses Present in the Higher Horizontal Plane
Sphenoparietal Sinus
Sinuses Present in the Lower Horizontal Plane
Cavernous Sinuses (See Below) Transverse Sinuses
Inferior Petrosal Sinuses
Superior Petrosal Sinuses
Sinuses Running Transversely and Communicating the Paired Sinuses of the Opposite Sides
Anterior Intercavernous Sinus
Posterior Intercavernous Sinus
Communication
Basilar Sinus
CAVERNOUS SINUSES (FIG. 10.32)
Definition
Situation
Extent
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
Measurements
Length
Breadth
Formation
Course
Termination
Relations (Fig. 10.32)
Medially
Laterally
Superiorly
Posteriorly
Contents
Tributaries (Fig. 10.33)
Communications
Peculiarities
Development
OTIC GANGLION
Introduction
Shape
Size
Color
Situation
Relations
Connections
Branches
CILIARY GANGLION
Definition
Situation
Shape
Size
Color
Content
Relations
Connections or Roots
Branches
Peculiarity
ANSA CERVICALIS OR ANSA HYPOGLOSSI (FIG. 10.34)
Introduction
Root Value
Formation
Distribution
NASOCILIARY NERVE
Introduction
Type
Origin
Course
Termination
Branches
Communicating
Distributing Branches
PARANASAL SINUSES (FIG. 10.35)
Introduction
Name of the Sinuses
Functions
Frontal Sinuses
Situation
Extent
Number
Shape
Measurements
Communication
Inner Lining
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Nerve Supply
Surface Anatomy
Maxillary Sinuses
Definition
Number
Shape
Measurements
Boundaries
Communication
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Sphenoidal Sinuses
Situation
Number
Measurements
Extent
Relations
Communication
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Ethmoidal Sinuses
Situation
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
LACRIMAL APPARATUS (FIG. 10.36)
Introduction
Lacrimal Gland
Situation
Features
Arterial Supply
Nerve Supply
Functions
Conjunctival Sac
Introduction
Features
Lacrimal Puncta and Canaliculi
Features
Situation
Lacrimal Sac
Features
Relations
Nasolacrimal Duct
Beginning
Course
Features
VERTEBRAL ARTERY (FIG. 10.37)
Introduction
Origin
Course
Parts
First Part
Second Part
Third Part
Fourth Part
Branches
In the Neck
In the Cranial Cavity
PITUITARY GLAND (FIG. 10.38)
Definition
Color
Shape
Measurements
Transversely
Anteroposteriorly
Weight
Situation (Fig. 10.38)
Coverings
Parts/lobes (Fig. 10.39)
Adenohypophysis or Anterior Lobe
Neurohypophysis or Posterior Lobe
Relations
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
Superiorly
Inferiorly
Laterally
Structures
Anterior Lobe
Arterial Supply
Superior Hypophyseal Arteries
Inferior Hypophyseal Arteries
Venous Drainage
Development
Anterior Lobe
Posterior Lobe
Posterior Lobe/Neurohypophysis
Pars Nervosa
STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID MUSCLE (FIG. 10.40)
Introduction
Origin
Insertion
Artery Supply
Venous Drainage
Nerve Supply
Actions
Relations
Superficial
Deep
11:
Brain and Spinal Cord
CEREBRUM
Introduction
External Features
Borders (Fig. 11.1)
Lobes
Poles
Surfaces
The Inferior Surface of the Cerebrum (Fig. 11.2)
The Stem of the Lateral Sulcus
The Anterior Perforated Substance
Boundaries of the Anterior Perforated Substance
The Orbital Surface
The Tentorial Surface
Interpeduncular Fossa (Figs 11.3A and B)
The Medial Surface of the Cerebral Hemisphere
Features
Corpus Callosum
Superior Surface
Inferior Surface
Superior Surface
Inferior Surface
Posteriorly
Lamina Terminalis
Fornix (Fig. 11.6)
Septum Pellucidum
Sulci
Gyri (Figs 11.7A and B)
Superolateral Surface of the Cerebral Hemisphere
Sulci on the Superolateral Surface
Sulci on the Frontal Lobe
Sulci on the Parietal Lobe
Sulci on the Occipital Lobe
Sulci on the Temporal Lobe
Gyri on the Superolateral Surface (Figs 11.8A and B)
Functional Areas of Cerebrum on the Superolateral Surface (Fig. 11.9)
BASAL NUCLEI
Introduction (Fig. 11.10)
Masses of Gray Matter Other than Basal Nuclei Functionally Related to Basal Nuclei
Parts
Corpus Striatum
Caudate Nucleus
Laterally
Lentiform Nucleus
Amygdaloid Body
Shape
Situation
Continuation
Parts of Amygdaloid Body
Connections (Fig. 11.12)
Functions of Amygdaloid Body
Claustrum
Situation
Continuation
Function
Arterial Supply
Functions of the Basal Nuclei
INTERNAL CAPSULE
Definition
Situation
Shape
Continuation
Superiorly
Inferiorly
Boundaries
Above
Below
Medially
Laterally
Parts (Fig. 11.13)
Anterior Limb
Situation
Fibers Passing through the Anterior Limb
Genu
Situation
Fibers Passing through It
Posterior Limb
Situation
Fibers Passing through It
Fibers Pass Across the Posterior Limb
Retrolentiform Part
Structures Passing through It
Sublentiform Part
Situation
Structures Passing through It
Arterial Supply
Anterior Limb
Genu
Posterior Limb
Retrolentiform Part
Sublentiform Part
Venous Drainage
WHITE MATTER OF THE CEREBRUM
Association (Arcuate) Fibers (Fig. 11.14)
Types
Projection Fibers
Commissural Fibers
FOURTH VENTRICLE
Introduction
Definition
Lining Membrane
Content
Shape
On Sagittal Section
Communications
Above
Below
Dorsally
Laterally
Boundaries (Fig. 11.15)
Lateral Wall
Roof (Fig. 11.16)
Upper Part
Floor (Figs 11.17A and B)
Angles
Recesses
LATERAL VENTRICLES
Definition
Contents
Lining Membrane
Shape
Situation
Communication
Parts (Figs 11.18 to 11.20)
Body (Fig. 11.21)
Anterior Horn
Posterior Horn
Inferior Horn
THIRD VENTRICLE
Definition
Lining Membrane
Contents
Communications
Laterally
Posteroinferiorly
Extent
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
Boundaries (Fig. 11.25)
Roof
Floor
Anterior Wall
Posterior Wall
Lateral Wall
Recesses
THALAMUS (FIG. 11.26)
Introduction
Situation
Measurements
Length
External Features
Poles/Ends
Surfaces (Fig. 11.27)
Structures of the Thalamus (Fig. 11.28)
Nuclei in the Lateral Group
Nuclei in the Ventral Group
Connections of the Thalamus
Functions of the Thalamus
METATHALAMUS (FIG. 11.29A)
Situation
Medial Geniculate Body
Lateral Geniculate Body
EPITHALAMUS (FIG. 11.29B)
PINEAL BODY
Structures
Functions
HABENULAR NUCLEI
Functions
HYPOTHALAMUS
Introduction
Boundaries
Anteriorly
On Each Side
Inferiorly
Posterosuperiorly
Parts of Hypothalamus
Nuclei Present in Different Parts
Connections of the Hypothalamus
Afferents
Efferents
Functions
SUBTHALAMUS
Gray Matter
White Matter
CEREBELLUM
Introduction
Situation
Measurements
Weight in Adults
In Infants
Greatest Diameter
Relations
Anteriorly
Posteroinferiorly
Superiorly
External Features
Parts of the Superior Vermis
Parts of the Inferior Vermis
Subdivisions or Parts of the Cerebellar Hemispheres (Fig. 11.32)
Morphological and Functional Subdivision
Cerebellar Peduncles
Internal Structures of Cerebellum
Cortex
Nuclei (Fig. 11.34)
Functions of Cerebellum
SPINAL CORD
Definition
Extent (Fig. 11.35)
Beginning
End
Continuation
Cranially
Caudally
Measurements
Length
Breadth
Weight
Shape
Situation
External Features
Enlargements (Fig. 11.36)
Fissures/Sulci
Coverings of the Spinal Cord
Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater
Conus Medullaris
Terminal or 5th Ventricle
Filum Terminale
Extent
Nerve Roots
Length
Parts
Cauda Equina (Fig. 11.37)
Factors Protecting the Spinal Cord
Spinal Nerves
Approximate Vertebral
Levels of the Cord Segments
Arterial Supply (Figs 11.38 and 11.39)
Venous Drainage
Development
INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF THE SPINAL CORD (FIG. 11.40)
Nuclei in Spinal Cord
Nuclei in Anterior (Ventral) Gray Column or Horn
Nuclei in Posterior (Dorsal) Gray Column or Horn
Laminae of the Spinal Gray Matter (Fig. 11.41)
White Matter in the Spinal Cord
Some Important Descending Tracts in the Spinal Cord (Fig. 11.42)
Some Important Ascending Tracts in the Spinal Cord (Fig. 11.43)
Sensory Receptors
Classification
Special Sense Receptors
MENINGES
Introduction
Layers of Meninges
Dura Mater
Introduction
Cranial Dura Mater
Subdural Space
Dural Processes
Falx Cerebri (Fig. 11.45)
Tentorium Cerebelli (Fig. 11.46)
Falx Cerebelli
Diaphragma Sellae
Arterial Supply of Cranial Dura Mater
Nerve Supply of the Cranial Dura Mater
Spinal Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Introduction
Cranial Arachnoid
Cranial Subarachnoid Space
Spinal Arachnoid
Pia Mater
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
Definition
Formation
Total Quantity of CSF
Daily Production of CSF
Normal Pressure of CSF
Circulation (Fig. 11.48)
Absorption of CSF (Fig. 11.49)
Functions
BRAINSTEM (FIGS 11.50 AND 11.51)
Introduction
Medulla Oblongata
Definition
Extent
Situation
Measurements
Shape
Parts
External Features
Internal Structures
Pons
Literally Meaning
Situation
Length
External Features
Internal Structures
Midbrain
Definition
Length
Cavity
Communication
Relations
External Features
Subdivision of the Internal Structures of the Midbrain
Internal Structures of the Midbrain
12:
Other Short Notes
UMBILICAL CORD (FIG. 12.1)
Attachments
Measurements
Length (at full term)
Breadth (at full term)
Characteristics
Contents
Functions
Development
THE PLACENTA (FIG. 12.1)
Definition
Measurements
Diameter (at full term)
Thickness (at full term)
Weight (at full term)
External Features
Fetal Surface
Maternal Surface
Principal Margin
Structures of the Placenta
Growth of the Placenta
In the First Half of Pregnancy
In the Second Half of Pregnancy
Development
Placental Circulation
The Placental Barrier
Introduction
Layers of Placental Barrier
Up to the Third Month of Pregnancy
From the Fourth Month Onwards
Functions of Placenta
Transport Functions
Placental Barrier
Synthesis of Hormones
Storage Organ
Normal Site of Implantation of Ovum
Abnormal Sites of Implantation of Ovum
Types of Placenta Previa
Implantation Outside the Uterus
FETAL CIRCULATION
HORNER'S SYNDROME
Definition
Causes
Clinical Manifestations
TURNER'S SYNDROME
Instruction
Incidence
Genotype
Phenotype
Clinical Manifestations
DOWN'S SYNDROME OR MONGOLISM
Introduction
Incidence
Genotype
Clinical Features
NOTOCHORD (FIG. 12.2)
Definition
Extent
Situation
Source of Cells
Formation
Functions
Fate
RIGHT ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVE OR TRICUSPID VALVE (FIG. 12.3)
Situation
Circumference
The Tricuspid Annulus
The Cusps or Leaflets
Blood Supply
The Chordae Tendineae
False Chordae
True Chordae
Papillary Muscles (Fig. 12.4)
13:
Cranial Nerves and Some Neural Pathways
OLFACTORY NERVE (FIG. 13.1)
Introduction
Type
Origin
Course with Relations
Testing of the Olfactory Nerve
OPTIC NERVE (FIG. 13.2)
Introduction
Type
Functional Components
Formation/Origin
Peculiarities
Measurements
Total Length
Intraorbital Part
Canalicular Part
Intracranial Part
Course
Parts
Intraorbital Part
Canalicular Part
Intracranial Part
Testing of the Optic Nerve
OCULOMOTOR NERVE (FIG. 13.3)
Introduction
Type
Functional Components
Origin
Deep Origin or Nuclear Origin
Superficial Origin
Components of Nuclei and their Distribution
Connections of Nucleus
Course, Relations and Distributions
Intraneuronal Part (Part Within the Brain)
Extraneuronal Part (Part Outside the Brain)
Communications
TROCHLEAR NERVE (FIG. 13.4)
Definition
Type
Functional Component
Nucleus
Central Connections
Course and Distribution
Communications
Peculiarities
TRIGEMINAL NERVE (FIG. 13.5)
Introduction
Type
Functional Component
Nucleus
Origin
Divisions
Testing of the Trigeminal Nerve
ABDUCENT NERVE (FIG. 13.6)
Introduction
Type
Functional Component
Nucleus
Course and Distribution
Communications
Testing of the Oculomotor, Trochlear and Abducent Nerves
FACIAL NERVE (FIG. 13.7)
Roots
Nuclei
Functional Components
Course and Relations
Intracranial—Intrapetrous Part
Extracranial Part
Branches (Fig. 13.8)
In the Facial Canal
Below the Stylomastoid Foramen
In the Face
Communicating Branches
Ganglia Associated with Facial Nerve
Testing of the Facial Nerve
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE
Introduction
Type
Nuclei
Cochlear Nerve
Vestibular Nerve
Testing of the Vestibulocochlear Nerve
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE (FIG. 13.9)
Introduction
Functional Components
Nuclei
Course and Relations
Branches and Distribution
Testing of the Glossopharyngeal Nerve
VAGUS NERVE (FIG. 13.10)
Introduction
Origin
Parts
Cervical Part
Thoracic Part
Abdominal Part
Branches
Testing of the Vagus Nerve
ACCESSORY NERVE
Introduction
Type
Functional Components
Nuclei
Cranial Part
Spinal Part
Branches
Communicating Branches
Distributing Branches
Testing of the Accessory Nerve
HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (FIG. 13.11)
Introduction
Nature
Functional Component
Nucleus
Central Connections
Course and Relations
Intracranial Part
Extracranial Part
Communications
Branches
Testing of the Hypoglossal Nerve
VISUAL PATHWAY
Structures Belonging to Visual Pathway
Structures Associated with Visual Reflex
Retina
Optic Nerve
Optic Chiasma
Pathway of Light Reflex
Pathway of Accommodation Reflex
AUDITORY PATHWAY (PATHWAY OF HEARING)
VESTIBULAR PATHWAY
TASTE PATHWAY
OLFACTORY PATHWAY
Receptors and the First Neuron
Second Neuron
Third Neuron
Fourth Neuron
PATHWAY OF TOUCH/TRACT OF CONSCIOUS PROPRIOCEPTIVE IMPULSES
Introduction
Receptors
PATHWAY OF PAIN AND TEMPERATURE OR LATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT
Introduction
Receptors
Origin
Course
RETICULAR FORMATION
Introduction
Location
In the Medulla Oblongata
In the Pons
In the Midbrain
Connections
Functions
LIMBIC SYSTEM
Introduction
Parts Forming the Limbic System
Connections of Limbic System
Afferents Fibers
Efferents Fibers
Functions of Limbic System
14:
Dissection
DISSECTION OF ANTERIOR TRIANGLE
Introduction (Fig. 14.1)
Steps of Dissection
Position of Body
Incisions on Skin
Reflection of Skin
Incisions and Reflection of Superficial Fascia
DISSECTION OF POSTERIOR TRIANGLE OF THE NECK (FIG. 14.6)
Definition
Steps of Dissection
Position of Body
Incisions on Skin
DISSECTION OF PAROTID REGION (FIG. 14.9)
Definition
Steps of Dissection
Position of Body
Incisions on Skin
DISSECTION OF SUBOCCIPITAL TRIANGLE
Definition (Fig. 14.10)
Steps of Dissection
Position of Body
Incisions on Skin
Skin Reflection
Structures Exposed
Boundaries
Roof
Floor
Contents
DISSECTION OF AXILLA (FIG. 14.11)
Definition
Steps of Dissection
Position of the Body
Incisions on the Skin
Incisions on Superficial Fascia
Incisions on Deep Fascia
Cephalic Vein
Boundaries
Anterior Wall
Posterior Wall
Medial Wall
Lateral Wall
Base
Apex
Contents (Fig. 14.11)
Identification of the Contents of Axilla Nerves
DISSECTION OF THE FRONT OF THE ARM
Steps of Dissection (Fig. 14.12)
Position of the Body
Incisions on the Skin
Reflection of the Skin
DISSECTION OF THE TRIANGULAR AND QUADRANGULAR SPACES (FIG. 14.13)
Steps of Dissection
Position of the Body
Incisions on the Skin
Boundaries of the Triangular Space
Above
Below
Base (Laterally)
Apex
Contents of the Triangular Space
Boundaries of the Quadrangular Space
Above
Below
Medially
Laterally
Contents of the Quadrangular Space
DISSECTION OF CUBITAL FOSSA (FIG. 14.14)
Definition
Steps of Dissection
Position of the Body
Incisions on the Skin
Incisions on Superficial Fascia
Incisions on Deep Fascia
Boundaries
Medially
Laterally
Apex
Base
Roof (Fig. 14.15)
Floor
Contents (Figs 14.16 and 14.17)
Identification of the Structures
DISSECTION OF THE FRONT OF THE FOREARM
Steps of Dissection
Position of the Body (Fig. 14.18)
Incisions on the Skin
Incisions on Superficial Fascia
Special Features of the Deep Fascia
Identified Structures
DISSECTION OF THE PALM (FIG. 14.21)
Steps of Dissection
Position of the Body
Incisions on the Skin
DISSECTION OF THE DORSUM OF THE HAND
Steps of Dissection
Position of the Body (Fig. 14.24)
Incisions on the Skin
Reflection of the Skin
DISSECTION OF RECTUS SHEATH
Definition (Fig. 14.25)
Steps of Dissection
Position of Body
Incisions on Skin
Incision on the Anterior Wall of Rectus Sheath
Contents of Rectus Sheath
DISSECTION OF INGUINAL CANAL
Definition (Fig. 14.26)
Steps of Dissection
Position of Body
Incisions on Skin
DISSECTION OF FEMORAL TRIANGLE
Steps of Dissection (Fig. 14.27)
Position of Body
Incisions on Skin
Reflection of Skin
Arteries Dissected-out
Incisions on the Superficial Fascia
Structures Exposed
Incisions on the Deep Fascia
Saphenous Opening
Situation
Axis
Margin
Cribriform Fascia
Anterior Division
Posterior Division
Identification of the Contents of the Femoral Triangle
Femoral Artery
Femoral Vein
Femoral Nerve
Arteria Profunda Femoris
Profunda Femoris Vein
Medial and Lateral Femoral Circumflex Arteries
Deep External Pudendal Artery
Deep Inguinal Lymph Nodes
Femoral Branch of the Genitofemoral Nerve
Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh
DISSECTION OF ADDUCTOR CANAL/HUNTER'S CANAL
Definition
Steps of Dissection
Position of Body
Incisions on Skin
Boundaries of the Adductor Canal
Anterolaterally
Floor or Posteriorly
Roof or Anteromedially
Contents of the Adductor Canal
Identification of the Contents of the Adductor Canal
DISSECTION OF GLUTEAL REGION (FIG. 14.28)
Steps of Dissection
Position of the Body
Incisions on Skin
DISSECTION OF POPLITEAL FOSSA
Definition
Steps of Dissection
Position of the Body
Incisions on Skin
Incisions on the Superficial Fascia
Incisions on the Deep Fascia
Boundaries (Fig. 14.29)
Above and Laterally
Below and Laterally
Above and Medially
Below and Medially
Floor
Roof (Fig. 14.30)
Contents of Popliteal Fossa (Figs 14.31 and 14.32)
Identification of the Contents of the Popliteal Fossa
Popliteal Artery
Tibial Nerve
Sural Nerve
Common Peroneal Nerve
Genicular Branch of the Obturator Nerve
DISSECTION OF SOLE OF FOOT
Definition
Steps of Disseciton
Position of Body
Incisions on Skin
Plantar Aponeurosis (Fig. 14.33)
15:
Histology (T.S.)
GENERAL STRUCTURES OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT (T.S.)
Introduction
Description of the Features
Mucous Membrane
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serous Layer
T.S. OF STOMACH (FIG. 15.1)
Cardiac Region
Pyloric Region
Fundic Region
T.S. OF DUODENUM (FIG. 15.2)
Presence of Villi
Presence of Brunner's Glands
T.S. OF JEJUNUM (FIG. 15.3)
Presence of Villi
Goblet Cells
Crypts of Lieberkühn (Intestinal Glands)
Muscularis Mucosae
Submucosa
Circular Muscle
Longitudinal Muscle
T.S. OF ILEUM (FIG. 15.4)
Description of the Structures
T.S. OF VERMIFORM APPENDIX (FIG. 15.5)
T.S. OF LARGE INTESTINE (FIG. 15.6)
T.S. OF SPLEEN (FIG. 15.7)
Capsule
Trabeculae
White Pulp
Red Pulp
Splenic Sinusoids
T.S. OF PANCREAS (FIG. 15.8)
Introduction
Description of the Structures
Serous Acini
Intralobular Duct
Interlobular Duct
Islets of Langerhans
T.S. of LIVER (FIG. 15.9)
Description of the Structures
Liver Cells
Central Vein
Hepatic Lobules
T.S. OF GALLBLADDER (FIG. 15.10)
T.S. OF KIDNEY (FIG. 15.11)
Capsule
Renal Corpuscle (Malpighian Corpuscle)
Proximal Convoluted Tubules
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Collecting Tubules
Medullary Rays
T.S. OF URETER (FIG. 15.12)
Mucous Membrane
Smooth Muscle Coat
Fibrous Coat
T.S. OF PROSTATE (FIG. 15.13)
Follicles
Amyloid Bodies
Fibromuscular Tissue
Prostatic Urethra
T.S. OF TESTIS (FIG. 15.14)
Description of the Structures
Tunica Albuginea
Seminiferous Tubules
Interstitial Cells of Leydig
Straight Tubules
Rete Testis
Efferent Ductules
T.S. OF EPIDIDYMIS (FIG. 15.15)
T.S. OF OVARY (FIG. 15.16)
Description of the Structures
Germinal Epithelium
Tunica Albuginea
Primordial Follicles
Primary Follicles
Secondary Follicles
Mature or Graafian Follicle
Corpus Luteum
T.S. OF FALLOPIAN TUBE (FIG. 15.17)
T.S. OF UTERUS (FIG. 15.18)
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
T.S. OF SUPRARENAL (ADRENAL) GLANDS (FIG. 15.19)
Description of the Structures
The Cortex
Zona Glomerulosa
The Medulla
T.S. OF THYROID GLAND (FIG. 15.20)
Description of the Structures
Thyroid Follicles
Colloid
Parafollicular Cells
Connective Tissue
T.S. OF LUNG (FIG. 15.21)
Description of the Structures
Intrapulmonary Part of the Bronchus
Structures of the Bronchi
Bronchioles
Respiratory Bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveoli
T.S. OF TONGUE (FIG. 15.22)
Mucous Membrane
The Lamina Propria
Taste Buds
T.S. OF CEREBRUM (FIG. 15.23)
Layers of Cerebral Cortex
T.S. OF CEREBELLAR CORTEX (FIG. 15.24)
Outer Molecular Layer
Middle Purkinje Cells Layer
Internal Granular Layer
T.S. OF SPINAL CORD (FIG. 15.25)
T.S. of HYALINE CARTILAGE (FIG. 15.26)
Features Present
Chondrocytes
Matrix
Perichondrium
Distribution
Functions
T.S. OF ELASTIC CARTILAGE (FIG. 15.27)
Distribution
T.S. OF FIBROCARTILAGE (FIG. 15.28)
Distribution
T.S. OF COMPACT BONE (FIG. 15.29)
T.S. OF SKIN (FIG. 15.30)
16:
Radiology
RADIOLOGY OF HEAD AND NECK SKULL
Radiographic Appearance (Fig. 16.1)
Lateral View
Anteroposterior View (Fig. 16.2)
Posteroanterior View
RADIOLOGY OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Radiographic Appearance of Anteroposterior and Lateral Views (Fig. 16.3)
General Features
Special Features
Cervical Spine
Thoracic Spines
Lumbar Spines
Sacrum and Coccyx
Anteroposterior View
RADIOLOGY OF THORAX/CHEST
Radiographic Appearance (Figs 16.5 to 16.8)
Posteroanterior View
Right or Left Lateral View
Right Anterior Oblique View
Left Anterior Oblique View
RADIOLOGY OF ABDOMEN AND PELVIS
Radiographic Appearance (Figs 16.9 to 16.15)
Anteroposterior View
Gastrointestinal Tract
Barium Meal
Biliary Tract
Radiographic Appearance
Urinary Tract
Descending Pyelogram (Fig. 16.16)
Ascending Pyelogram
Female Genital Tract
Hysterosalpingography
Pelvimetry
RADIOLOGY OF SUPERIOR EXTREMITY (Figs 16.17 to 16.23)
Shoulder Region
Radiographic Appearance
SEQUENCES OF OSSIFICATION AND UNION
Shoulder Region
Appearance
Fusion
Elbow Region
Radiographic Appearance
Sequences of Ossification and Union at the Elbow
Fusion
Wrist and Hand
Radiographic Appearance
Metacarpal Bones
Phalanges
Sequences of Ossification and Union at the Hand and Wrist
Appearance
Fusion
RADIOLOGY OF INFERIOR EXTREMITY (FIGS 16.24 TO 16.31)
The Hip Region
Posture
Radiographic Appearance
Knee Joint
Radiographic Appearance
Ankle Region
Radiographic Appearance
Foot
Radiographic Appearance
17:
Surface Anatomy
HEAD, NECK AND FACE
Skull (Fig. 17.1)
Some Important Features
Parietal Tuberosity
Thyroid Gland (Fig. 17.3)
Isthmus
Lower Pole
Upper Pole
Parotid Gland (Fig. 17.4)
Anterior Border
Upper Border
Posterior Border
Parotid Duct (Fig. 17.4)
Hypoglossal Nerve (Fig. 17.5)
Accessory Nerve (Fig. 17.5)
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (Fig. 17.5)
Vagus Nerve (in the Neck) (Fig. 17.5)
Phrenic Nerve (in the Neck) (Fig. 17.5)
Brachial Plexus (Supraclavicular Part)
Common Carotid Artery (Fig. 17.6)
External Carotid Artery (Fig. 17.6)
Internal Carotid Artery (Fig. 17.6)
Middle Meningeal Artery (Fig. 17.7)
Trunk
Anterior Division
Posterior Division
Internal Jugular Vein (Fig. 17.6)
Lingual Nerve (Fig. 17.7)
Inferior Alveolar Nerve
THORAX
Position
Nipple
Sternal Angle
Upper Border of Sternum
Xiphisternal Joint
HEART (FIG. 17.8)
Left Border
Right Border
Inferior Border
Apex of Heart
Orifices/Valves of the Heart
Pulmonary Orifice
Aortic Orifice
Tricuspid Orifice
Mitral Orifice or Bicuspid Orifice
Auscultatory Areas of the Heart
Mitral Area
Tricuspid Area
Pulmonary Area
Aortic Area
Arch of Aorta
Brachiocephalic Artery
LUNGS (FIG. 17.9)
Anterior Border
Right Lung
Left Lung
Posterior Border
Inferior Border
Apex of the Lung
Oblique Fissure
Transverse Fissure (Right Side Only)
ABDOMEN AND PELVIS
Stomach (Fig. 17.10)
Cardiac Orifice
Pyloric Orifice
Lesser Curvature
Greater Curvature
Fundus
Kidneys (Fig. 17.11)
From Front
From Back (Fig. 17.12)
Ureters
From Front
From Back (Fig. 17.14)
Pancreas (Fig. 17.13)
Liver (Fig. 17.10)
Superior Border
Right Border
Inferior Border
Bile Duct
Spleen (Fig. 17.12)
Anterior End
Posterior End
Fundus of Gallbladder
Celiac Trunk (Fig. 17.14)
Common Hepatic (Fig. 17.14)
Splenic Artery (Fig. 17.14)
Superior Mesenteric Artery (Fig. 17.14)
Inferior Mesenteric Artery (Fig. 17.14)
Left Gastric Artery (Fig. 17.14)
Portal Vein (Fig. 17.14)
Abdominal Aorta (Fig. 17.14)
Inferior Vena Cava (Fig. 17.14)
Common and External Iliac Arteries (Fig. 17.14)
Duodenum (Fig. 17.15)
First Part
Second Part
Third Part
Fourth Part
Ileocecal Valve or Orifice
Cecum
Base of Appendix
McBurney's Point
Ascending Colon
Right Colic Flexure
Transverse Colon
Left Colic Flexure
Descending Colon
Rectum and Anal Canal
SUPERIOR EXTREMITY
Tip of the Coracoid Process
Axillary Artery
Position of the Arm (Fig. 17.16)
Brachial Artery (Fig. 17.16)
Bifurcation of Brachial Artery
Radial Artery
In the Forearm (Fig. 17.17)
In the Wrist
Ulnar Artery (Fig. 17.17)
Pisiform Bone
Superficial Palmar Arch
Median Nerve (Fig. 17.17)
Radial Nerve (Fig. 17.17)
Ulnar Nerve (Fig. 17.17)
In the Arm
In the Forearm
INFERIOR EXTREMITY
Femoral Artery (Fig. 17.18)
Femoral Nerve (Fig. 17.18)
Sciatic Nerve (Fig. 17.19)
Anterior Tibial Artery (Fig. 17.20)
Deep Peroneal Nerve (Fig. 17.20)
Superficial Peroneal Nerve (Fig. 17.20)
Popliteal Artery (Fig. 17.21)
Posterior Tibial Artery
Tibial Nerve (Fig. 17.22)
Flexor Retinaculum of Leg
Lateral Plantar Artery (Fig. 17.23)
Medial Plantar Artery (Fig. 17.22)
18:
Osteology
INTRODUCTION
Osseous system or skeletal system
Histology of Bones
Functions of Bones
Bones of Skeleton
Formation of Bones
Center of Ossification
Law of Union of Ossification
CLAVICLE
Introduction
Peculiarities
Anatomical Position
Side Determination
Description of the Parts
Shaft
Ends
Ossification
Difference Between Male and Female Clavicles
Origin
Insertion
SCAPULA
Introduction
Type
Anatomical Position
Side Determination
Parts
Surfaces
Borders
Angles
Processes
Notches
Neck
Fossa
Tubercles
Features with Descriptions
Costal Surface
Dorsal Surface
Superior Border
Medial or Vertebral Border
Lateral or Axillary Border
Superior Angle
Inferior Angle
Lateral Angle
Spinous Process
Acromion Process
Coracoid Process
Supraglenoid Tubercle
Infraglenoid Tubercle
Ossification
Secondary Centers
HUMERUS
Introduction
Anatomical Position
Side Determination
Upper or Proximal End
Head
Neck
Lesser Tubercle
Greater Tubercle
Intertubercular Sulcus/Bicipital Groove
Shaft
Characters
Anterior Border
Lateral Border
Medial Border
Anterolateral Surface
Anteromedial Surface
Posterior Surface
Lower End
Characters
Articular Part
Non-articular Part
Ossification
RADIUS
Introduction
Anatomical Position
Side Determination
Upper End
Characters
Head
Neck and Radial Tuberosity
Shaft
Characters
Anterior Border
Posterior Border
Interosseous Border
Anterior Surface
Posterior Surface
Lateral Surface
Lower End
Characters
Anterior Surface
Posterior Surface
Lateral Surface
Medial Surface
Inferior Surface
Ossification
ULNA
Introduction
Anatomical Position
Side Determination
Upper End
Characters
Olecranon Process
Coronoid Process
Shaft
Characters
Lower End
Characters
Ossification
SKELETON OF THE HAND
Carpal Bones
Introduction
Metacarpal Bones
Identifying Characters
Phalanges of Hand
Introduction
General Characteristics of Phalanges
Hip Bone
Introduction
Anatomical Position
Side Determination
Parts
Ilium
Characters
Upper End (Iliac Crest)
Lower End
Borders
Surfaces
Ischium
Characters
Body
Surfaces
Ends
Borders
Lesser Sciatic Notch
Ramus
Pubis
Characters
Body
Surfaces
Border
Pubic Crest
Pubic Tubercle
Superior Ramus
Borders
Surfaces
Inferior Ramus
Surfaces
Borders
Obturator Foramen
Acetabulum
Difference Between the Male and Female Hip Bones
Ossification
FEMUR
Introduction
Anatomical Position
Side Determination
Parts
Upper End
Head
Neck
Greater Trochanter
Lesser Trochanter
Intertrochanteric Line
Intertrochanteric Crest
Shaft
Characters
Medial and Lateral Borders
Posterior Border
Anterior Surface
Medial Surface
Lateral Surface
Upper Posterior Surface
Lower Posterior Surface
Lower End
Characters
Attachments
Ossification
PATELLA
Introduction
Anatomical Position
Side Determination
Description
Characters
Attachments
Ossification
TIBIA
Introduction
Anatomical Position
Side Determination
Parts
Upper End
Lateral Condyle
Medial Condyle
Tuberosity of the Tibia
Intercondylar Area
Shaft
Anterior Border
Lateral or Interosseous Border
Medial Border
Lateral Surface
Relations of the Following
Posterior Surface
Medial Surface
Lower End
Anterior Surface
Posterior Surface
Lateral Surface
Medial Surface
Inferior Surface
Medial Malleolus
Ossification
FIBULA
Introduction
Anatomical Position
Side Determination
Parts
Upper End
Head
Neck
Shaft
Anterior Border
Interosseous Border
Posterior Border
Anterior/Medial/Extensor Surface
Posterior/Flexor Surface
Attachments
Lateral/Peroneal Surface
Lower End
Lateral Surface
Medial Surface
Posterior Surface
Anterior Border
Posterior Border
Inferior Border
Ossification
SKELETON OF THE FOOT
TARSUS/TARSAL BONES
Introduction
talus
Introduction
Anatomical Position
Side Determination
Parts
Head
Features
Neck
Features
Surfaces
Body
Features
Surfaces
Ossification
calcaneus/calcaneum
Features
Anatomical Position
Side Determination
Surfaces
Anterior Surface
Posterior Surface
Medial Surface
Plantar or Inferior Surface Features
Lateral Surface
Attachments
Ossification
METATARSAL BONES
Introduction
Common Characteristics of the Metatarsal Bones
Parts
Characters
PHALANGES
Phalanges of the Foot
Characteristic Features of the Proximal Row of Phalanges
Characteristic Features of Middle Row of Phalanges
Characteristic Features of Distal Row of Phalanges
Ribs
Introduction
Number
Classification of Ribs
TYPICAL RIBS
Anterior End
Posterior End
Head
Characters
Attachments
Relations
Neck
Characters
Attachments
Shaft or Body
Characters
Attachments
ATYPICAL RIBS
First Rib
Special Features
Anatomical Position
Side Determination
Features with Descriptions
Second Rib
Characters
Tenth Rib
Characters
Eleventh Rib
Characters
Twelfth Rib
Characters
STERNUM
Introduction
Characters
Parts
Manubrium Sterni
Anterior Surface
Posterior Surface
Superior Border
Inferior Border
Lateral Borders
Anterior Surface
Posterior Surface
To the Clavicular Notch
Body of the Sternum
Anterior Surface
Posterior Surface
Lateral Borders
Lower End
Upper End
Attachments
Xiphoid Process
Characters
Attachments
Ossification
Primary Centers
Secondary Centers
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
Characteristics of a Typical Cervical Vertebrae
Body
Vertebral Foramen
Pedicles
Lamina
Spinous Process
Articular Processes
Transverse Process
Characteristics of the Atypical Cervical Vertebrae
First Cervical Vertebra
Second Cervical Vertebra
Identifications
Attachments
Relations
Seventh Cervical Vertebra
Identification
Attachments
THORACIC VERTEBRAE
Typical Thoracic Vertebrae
Atypical Thoracic Vertebrae
Characteristics of a Typical Thoracic Vertebrae
Characteristics of Atypical Thoracic Vertebrae
First Thoracic Vertebra
Tenth Thoracic Vertebra
Eleventh Thoracic Vertebra
Twelfth Thoracic Vertebra
LumbAr Vertebrae
Characteristics of the Typical Lumbar Vertebrae
Attachments
Others
Fifth Lumbar Vertebra
SACRUM
Introduction
Parts
Base
Apex
Pelvic Surface
Dorsal Surface
Intermediate Sacral Crest
Transverse Elevations
Sacral Cornu
Sacral Canal
Lateral Surface
Particular Features
Transmits
Pelvic Surface
Dorsal Surface
Lateral Surface
Lower Narrower Part
Contents of Sacral Canal
Structures Transmitted Through the Hiatus
SKULL
Introduction
Anatomical Position of Skull
Skull Joints
Sutures
Classification of Sutures
Norma
Norma Verticalis
Metopic Suture
Bregma:
Lambda:
Norma Frontalis
Sutures of the Norma Frontalis
Norma Lateralis
Pterygopalatine Fossa
Norma Basalis
Sutures:
Shape:
Norma Occipitalis
OCCIPITAL BONE
Introduction
Parts
Squamous Part
External Surface
Internal Surface
Superior Angle
Lateral Angles
Lambdoid Border
Mastoid Border
Basilar Part
Anterior Surface
Superior Surface
Inferior Surface
Lateral Borders
Posterior Border
Lateral or Condylar Part
Situation
Articulation
Hypoglossal Canal
Condylar Fossa
Tuberculum Jugulare
Jugular Process
Jugular Foramen
Foramen Magnum
Anterior Compartment
Posterior Compartment
TEMPORAL BONE
Introduction
Parts
Squamous Part
External Surface
Internal Surface/Cerebral Surface
Superior Border
Inferior Border
Anterior Extremity
Mastoid Part
External Surface
Internal or Cerebral Surface
Superior Border
Posterior Border
Mastoid Air Cells
Petrous Part
Base
Apex
Anterior Surface
Posterior Surface
Entrance:
Exit:
Inferior Surface
Superior Border
Posterior Border
Tympanic Part
Anterior Surface
Posterior Surface
Lateral Border
Superior Border
Lower Border
Styloid Process
Attachments
MANDIBLE
Introduction
Parts
Body
External Surface
Internal Surface
Superior Border
Inferior Border
Ramus of Mandible
Internal Surface
External Surface
Anterior Border
Posterior Border
Superior Border
Inferior Border
Coronoid Process
Condyloid Process
Pterygoid Fovea
Mandibular Canal
Salivary Glands Related to Mandible
Nerves Closely Related to Mandible
SPHENOID BONE
Situation
Behind
In Front
Sides
Body
Shape
Surfaces
Superior Surface or Cerebral Surface
Nasal or Inferior Surface
Lateral Surface
Posterior Surface
Greater Wings (Fig. 18.98)
Cerebral Surface
Lateral Surface
Orbital Surface
Posterior Border
Squamosal Border
Apex
Lesser Wings
Superior or Cerebral Surface
Inferior or Orbital Surface
Anterior Border
Posterior Border
Superior Orbital Fissure
Pterygoid Processes
Pterygopalatine Fossa
Pterygoid Fissure
Pterygoid Fossa
Pterygoid Canal
Lateral Pterygoid Plate or Lamina
Medial Pterygoid Plate or Lamina
PARIETAL BONE
Introduction
Parts
External Surface
Internal Surface (Fig. 18.100)
Sagittal Border/Superior Border
Squamosal/Inferior Border
Frontal or Anterior Border
Occipital or Posterior Border
Frontal or Anterosuperior Angle
Sphenoidal or Anteroinferior Angle
Occipital or Posterosuperior Angle
Mastoid or Posteroinferior Angle
FRONTAL BONE
Introduction
Surfaces
External/Frontal Surface
Internal/Cerebral Surface
Temporal Surfaces
Orbital Plates
Orbital/Inferior Surface
Attachment
Superior or Cerebral Surface of Orbital Plate
Posterior Border
Medial Border
Frontal Air Sinuses
MAXILLAE
Introduction
Body
Anterior Surface
Posterior Surface (Infratemporal)
Orbital or Superior Surface
Nasal Surface
Process
Frontal process
Zygomatic Process
Palatine Process
Alveolar Process
19:
Oral Questions and Answers
INDEX
TOC
Index
×
Chapter Notes
Save
Clear
