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Diseases of Ear, Nose & Throat Mohan Bansal

SECTION 1: BASIC SCIENCES
1:Anatomy and Physiology of Ear
- TEMPORAL BONE
- AURICLE
- EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL
- TYMPANIC MEMBRANE (FIG. 9)
- PARTS OF MIDDLE EAR (TYMPANUM)
- BOUNDARIES OF MIDDLE EAR (FIG. 14)
- OSSICLES
- INTRATYMPANIC MUSCLES
- INTRATYMPANIC NERVES(FIG. 21)
- MIDDLE EAR MUCOSA
- COMPARTMENTS AND FOLDS OF MIDDLE EAR(FIGS 22 AND 23)
- MASTOID ANTRUM
- TYPES OF MASTOID (FIG. 25)
  - Mastoid Air Cells (Figs 26 to 28)
- KORNER'S SEPTUM
- BLOOD SUPPLY
  - Arterial Supply
  - Venous Drainage
- LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF EAR
- BONY LABYRINTH
- MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH
- INNER EAR FLUIDS
  - Perilymph
  - Endolymph
- ORGAN OF CORTI
- VESTIBULAR RECEPTORS
- BLOOD SUPPLY OF LABYRINTH
- INTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL
  - Contents
  - Vestibulocochlear (Auditory) Nerve
  - Auricl
  - External Auditory Canal
  - Tympanic Membrane
  - Middle Ear (Fig. 42)
  - Inner Ear
- AUDITORY NEURAL PATHWAYS
- CENTRAL VESTIBULAR CONNECTIONS (FIG. 45)
  - Vestibular Nerve
  - Vestibular Nuclei
  - Functions of Efferents from Vestibular Nuclei
  - Components of Hearing Physiology
- CONDUCTON OF SOUND
  - Pinna
  - External Auditory Canal
  - Impedance Matching Mechanism (Transformer Action) of Middle Ear (Figs 47 and 48)
  - Phase Differential Between Oval and Round Window (Figs 46 and 48)
  - Natural Resonance of External and Middle Ear
- TRANSDUCTION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY TO ELECTRICAL IMPULES
  - Round Window Reflex
  - Organ of Corti (Fig. 49)
  - Transduction
  - Functions of Hair Cells
  - Electrical Potentials
- MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY AND TEMPORAL LOBE AUDITORY CORTEX
- SEMICIRCULAR CANALS FUNTIONS
  - Nystagmus
- UTRICLE AND SACCULE FUNCTIONS
  - Striola
  - Sensory Component
  - Motor Component
  - Push and Pull System
    - Diseases and evaluation of vestibular system
2:Anatomy and Physiology of Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
- INTRODUCTION
- EXTERNAL NOSE
- INTERNAL NOSE
- RESPIRATION
  - Nasal Cycle
- AIR-CONDITIONING OF INSPIRED AIR
- PROTECTION OF AIRWAY
  - Mucociliary Mechanism
- VOCAL RESONANCE
- NASAL REFLEXES
- OLFACTION
  - Olfactory Pathways
  - Vomeronasal Organ of Jacobson
- FUNCTIONS
- VENTILATION OF SINUSES
3:Anatomy and Physiology of Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus
- WALDEYER'S RING (FIG.12)
- ADENOIDS
- PALATINE (FAUCIAL) TONSILS (Figs 17 and 18)
4:Anatomy and Physiology of Larynx and Tracheobronchial Tree
- CARTILAGES (FIGS 1, 2 AND 3)
- JOINTS
- MEMBRANES AND LIGAMENTS (Figs 4 to 6)
  - Extrinsic
  - Intrinsic
- CAVITY OF THE LARYNX (FIGS 7 AND 8)
- MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF THE LARYNX
- LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
- SPACES OF THE LARYNX
- FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS OF VOCAL FOLDS
- PHASE DIFFERENCE
- MUSCLES OF LARYNX
- NERVE SUPPLY OF LARYNX
- DEVELOPMENT
  - Infant Larynx
  - Growth of Larynx
- PROTECTION OF LOWER AIRWAYS
- PHONATION AND SPEECH
- RESPIRATION
- FIXATION OF CHEST
- TRACHEA AND BRONCHI
- TRACHEAL CARTILAGES
- MUCOSA
- BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENTS (Figs 15 to 17)
5:Anatomy of Neck
- SURFACE ANATOMY
- TRIANGLES OF NECK
- CERVICAL FASCIA
  - Superficial Cervical Fascia
  - Deep Cervical Fascia
- LYMPH NODES OF HEAD AND NECK
  - Levels of Cervical Lymph Nodes (Figs 5 and 6)
- NECK DISSECTION
- THYROID GLAND (FIG. 7)
- PARATHYROID GLANDS (FIG. 8)
- DEVELOPMENT
  - Thyroid Gland
6:Bacteria and Antibiotics
- STAPHYLOCOCCI
  - Staphylococcus Aureus
- STREPTOCOCCI
  - Group A β-Hemolytic Streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes)
  - Streptococcus Pneumoniae (Pneumococcus)
  - Oral Streptococci (Streptococcus viridans)
  - Anginosus-Milleri Group (Streptococcus anginosus or Streptococcus milleri)
- CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE
- NEISSERIA SPECIES
- MOREXELLA CATARRHALIS
- HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
- BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS
- PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
- ENTEROBACTERIACEAE
- ANAEROBES
- MICROAEROPHILIC BACTERIA
- MYCOBACTERIA
- MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE
- CHLAMYDIAE
- SPIROCHAETES
  - Antimicrobial Resistance
  - Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions
  - Prerequisites of Antimicrobial Therapy
  - Surgical Prophylaxis
  - Sensitivity Testing
  - Classification
- INHIBITORS OF BACTERIAL CELL WALL SYNTHESIS (BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS)
  - Penicillins
  - Cephalosporins
  - Glycopeptides (e.g. Vancomycin and Teicoplanin)
- INHIBITORS OF NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS
  - Quinolone Antibiotics
  - Sulphonamides and Trimethoprim (Co-trimoxazole)
  - Rifamycins
  - Metronidazole
- INHIBITORS OF BACTERIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (RIBOSOMAL)
  - Tetracyclines
  - Chloramphenicol
  - Macrolides (Erythromycin and Azithromycin)
  - Fusidic Acid
  - Aminoglycosides
  - Streptogramins
  - Oxazolidinones (Linezolid)
- ANTITUBERCULAR DRUGS
- NONSPECIFIC ANTISEPTICS
7:Fungi and Viruses
- PANDEMIC INFLUENZA A H1N1 (SWINE FLU)
8:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
- HIV/AIDS
- CERVICAL ADENOPATHY
- NEOPLASMS
- NOSE AND SINUSES
- NASOPHARYNX
- EAR
- ORAL CAVITY
- OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
9:History and Examination
- OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY
- HISTORY TAKING
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- GENERAL SET-UP
  - Bull's Eye Lamp
  - Head Mirror
- SWELLINGS AND ULCERS (FIG. 5)
- EXAMINATION OF CRANIAL NERVES
- HEADACHE
- FACIAL PAIN
- TEMPOROMANDIBULAR (CRANIOMANDIBULAR) DISORDERS
SECTION 2: EAR
10:Otologic Symptoms and Examination
- ASSESSMENT (BOX 4)
11:Hearing Evaluation
- AUDIOLOGY AND ACOUSTICS
- TYPES OF HEARING LOSS
- NEED OF HEARING EVALUATION
- METHODS OF HEARING EVALUATION
  - Traditional Screening Tests
  - Voice Tests
    - Conversation and Whisper
- TUNING FORK TESTS
- PURE TONE AUDIOMETRY
- SPEECH AUDIOMETRY
- IMPEDANCE AUDIOMETRY
  - Tympanometry
  - Acoustic Reflex
- ELECTROCOCHLEOGRAPHY
  - Method
  - Uses
- BRAINSTEM EVOKED RESPONSE AUDIOMETRY
  - [Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) or Auditory Nerve and Brainstem Evoked Potentials (ABEP)]
- OTOACOUSTIC EMISSIONS
  - Types
  - Uses
- AUDITORY STEADY STATE RESPONSE (ASSR)
  - Method
  - Advantages
12:Conductive Hearing Loss and Otosclerosis
- CLASSIFICATION OF HEARING LOSS
- CONDUCTIVE HEARING LOSS
- OTOSCLEROSIS
- STAPEDECTOMY
13:Sensorineural Hearing Loss
- SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS
- LABYRINTHITIS
- SYPHILIS
- OTOTOXICITY
  - Pathology
  - Clinical Features
- CISPLATIN
- AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS
- NOISE TRAUMA
- SUDDEN SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS
- PRESBYCUSIS
- GENETIC SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS
- NON-ORGANIC HEARING LOSS
- DEGREE OF HEARING LOSS
- THE ONLY HEARING EAR
  - Precautions
14:Hearing Impairment in Infants and Young Children
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Meningitis
  - Syndromes with Genetic Hearing Loss (Table 1)
- HIGH-RISK REGISTRY
- UNIVERSAL NEWBORN HEARING SCREENING (UNHS)
- EVALUATION OF UNIVERSAL NEWBORN HEARING SCREENING REFER INFANTS
- OTHER HEARING TESTS
- TREATMENT
  - Hearing Aids
  - Cochlear Implants
- REHABILITATIVE MEASURES
15:Hearing Aids and Cochlear Implants
- INTRODUCTION
- TRAINING
- HEARING AIDS
- ASSISTIVE DEVICES
- IMPLANTABLE HEARING AIDS
  - Bone-Anchored Hearing Aid (BAHA)
  - Vibrant MED-EL Soundbridge
- COCHLEAR IMPLANTS
- AUDITORY BRAINSTEM IMPLANT
16:Diseases of External Ear and Tympanic Membrane
- INTRODUCTION
- CONGENITAL DISORDERS
  - Preauricular Sinus and Cyst
- TRAUMATIC DISORDERS
  - Frostbite
- ERYSIPELAS
- PERICHONDRITIS AND CHONDRITIS
  - Etiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
  - Complications
- CHONDRODERMATITIS NODULARIS CHRONICA HELICiS
- RELAPSING POLYCHONDRITIS
- CONGENITAL DISORDERS OF EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL
- TRAUMA OF EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL
- FOREIGN BODIES OF EAR
  - Types and Features of Foreign Bodies
  - Treatment
  - Complications
- EAR MAGGOTS
- OTITIS EXTERNA
  - Microorganisms
  - Treatment
    - Acute Otitis Externa
  - Predisposing Factors
  - Clinical Features
    - Chronic Otitis Externa
  - Types
  - Complications of Otitis Externa
- OTOMYCOSIS
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
  - Aspergillus Niger
  - Candida Albicans
  - Fungal Infection of Temporal Bone
- FURUNCULOSIS
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- KERATOSIS OBTURANS
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- EAR WAX
  - Anatomy and Physiology
  - Components of Ear Wax
  - Factors Facilitating Ear Wax Problem
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- EAR SYRINGING
  - Method
  - Cautions
- HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS-RAMSAY HUNT SYNDROME (VARICELLAZOSTER VIRUS)
- BULLOUS OTITIS EXTERNA AND MYRINGITIS
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- GRANULAR MYRINGITIS
- MALIGNANT OR NECROTIZING OTITIS EXTERNA
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
- RETRACTED TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
  - Atrophic Tympanic Membrane
  - Retraction Pockets and Atelectasis Tympanic Membrane
- TYMPANOSCLEROSIS
- PERFORATION OF TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
- TRAUMATIC RUPTURE OF TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
17:Disorders of Eustachian Tube
- ANATOMY
- PHYSIOLOGY
- EXAMINATION OF EUSTACHIAN TUBE
- TESTS FOR EUSTACHIAN TUBE FUNCTION
- OBSTRUCTION OF EUSTACHIAN TUBE
- PATULOUS EUSTACHIAN TUBE
18:Acute Otitis Media and Otitis Media with Effusion
- INTRODUCTION
  - Risk Factors
  - Prophylactic Measures
- ETIOPATHOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Pathology and Clinical Features (5 Stages)
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Differential Diagnoses
- TREATMENT (FIG. 2)
  - Medical Treatment
  - Surgical Treatment
- RECURRENT ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA
  - Treatment
- ACUTE NECROTISING OTITIS MEDIA
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Otoscopy/Microscopy (Fig. 3)
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
  - Medical
  - Surgical
- SEQUELAE AND COMPLICATIONS
  - Adverse Effects of Chronic Hearing Loss in Children
- AERO OTITIS MEDIA (OTITIC BAROTRAUMA)
19:Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media and Cholesteatoma
- INTRODUCTION
- MASTOID PNEUMATIZATION
- ATELECTASIS AND ADHESIVE OTITIS MEDIA
- CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA
- ATTICOANTRAL CSOM OR CHRONIC OM WITH CHOLESTEATOMA
- TUBOTYMPANIC CSOM OR CHRONIC OM WITHOUT CHOLESTEATOMA
20:Complications of Suppurative Otitis Media
- INTRODUCTION
- FACTORS INFLUENCING DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLICATIONS
- PATHWAYS OF SPREAD
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- ACUTE MASTOIDITIS
- MASKED (LATENT) MASTOIDITIS
- EXTRATEMPORAL COMPLICATIONS (ABSCESSES)
  - Bezold's Abscess (Fig. 4)
- PETROSITIS OR PETROUS APICITIS
- FACIAL NERVE PARALYSIS
  - Acute Otitis Media
  - Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media
- LABYRINTHITIS
- EXTRADURAL (EPIDURAL) ABSCESS
- SUBDURAL ABSCESS OR EMPYEMA
- MENINGITIS
- OTOGENIC BRAIN ABSCESS
- LATERAL SINUS THROMBOPHLEBITIS
- OTITIC HYDROCEPHALUS
21:Evaluation of Dizzy Patient
- INTRODUCTION
  - Indications for Immediate Referral to Otoneurologist
  - Diseases Needing Urgent Treatment
- EVALUATION–GENERAL OUTLINE
- DESCRIPTION OF DIZZINESS
- ONSET, DURATION AND PROGRESSION
- PROVOKING FACTORS
- ASSOCIATED SYMPTOMS
- PERSONAL, FAMILY AND PAST HISTORY
- SPONTANEOUS NYSTAGMUS
  - Method of Eliciting Nystagmus
  - Interpretations
  - Degree of nystagmus (Alexander Law for Peripheral Vestibular Nystagmus)
  - Ewald's Law
- DYNAMIC OCULAR EXAMINATION (Fig. 1)
  - Vergence
  - Saccades
  - Smooth Pursuit
  - Optokinetic Tracking
  - Vestibulo-ocular Reflex
  - Vestibulo-ocular Reflex Cancellation
- FISTULA TEST
  - Principle
  - Method
  - Interpretation
- VALSALVA MANEUVER
- DIX-HALLPIKE MANEUVER
  - Method for Posterior Canal BPPV
  - Interpretations
  - Modified Dix-Hallpike Maneuver for Lateral Canal BPPV
- OPTOKINETIC TEST
- ROTATION TESTS
- CALORIC TEST
  - Gitzgerald-Hallpike Bithermal Caloric Test
  - Interpretations
- TANDEM WALKING
- ROMBERG'S TEST
- CEREBELLAR TESTS
- HYPERVENTILATION
- ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION
- SPECIAL VESTIBULAR INVESTIGATIONS
- DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL VERTIGO
22:Peripheral Vestibular Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- BENIGN PAROXYSMAL POSITIONAL VERTIGO
- ACUTE VESTIBULAR NEURITIS
- MÉNIÈRE'S DISEASE (IDIOPATHIC ENDOLYMPHATIC HYDROPS)
- DELAYED ENDOLYMPHATIC HYDROPS
- RECURRENT VESTIBULOPATHY
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- MIDDLE EAR EFFUSION
- LABYRINTHINE FISTULA
- SEROUS LABYRINTHITIS
- SUPPURATIVE (PURULENT) LABYRINTHITIS
- PERILYMPHATIC FISTULA
23:Central Vestibular Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- MIGRAINE
- VERTEBROBASILAR INSUFFICIENCY
- SUBCLAVIAN STEAL SYNDROME
  - Clinical Features
- WALLENBERG'S SYNDROME
- CEREBELLAR INFARCTION
- CEREBELLAR HEMORRHAGE
- MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
- MOTION SICKNESS
  - Clinical Features
    - Aggravating Factors (Visual Vestibular Conflict)
    - Relieving Factors (Minimizing Visual Vestibular Mismatch)
  - Treatment
- PHOBIC POSTURAL VERTIGO
- HYPERVENTILATION
- AGORAPHOBIA
- CERVICAL VERTIGO OR WHIPLASH VERTIGO
24:Facial Nerve Disorders
- PERTINENT ANATOMY
  - Functional Divisions
  - Motor Nucleus of Facial Nerve (Fig. 1)
  - Course of Facial Nerve
  - Branches of Facial Nerve
  - Blood Supply
- SURGICAL LANDMARKS
  - Middle Ear Cleft
  - Parotid Gland
- CLINICAL EVALUATION OF FACIAL PALSY
  - House-Brackmann System of Grading Facial Nerve Palsy
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF NERVE INJURY
- SUNDERLAND CLASSIFICATION (FIG. 5)
- DIFFERENCES BETWEEN UPPER AND LOWER MOTOR NEURON PAlSY
  - Upper Motor Neuron Facial Paralysis
  - Lower Motor Neuron Facial Paralysis
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - Electrical Tests
  - Topodiagnostic Tests
  - Imaging
- CAUSES OF FACIAL NERVE PARALYSIS
  - Bilateral Facial Nerve Paralysis
- SEQUELAE/COMPLICATION OF FACIAL nerve PALSY
- BELL'S PALSY
  - Etiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Differential Diagnoses
  - Treatment
  - Prognosis
- RECURRENT FACIAL PALSY
- MELKERSSON'S SYNDROME
- RAMSAY HUNT SYNDROME OR HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS (VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS)
- TEMPORAL BONE FRACTURE
  - Types
  - Transverse Temporal Bone Fracture (Usually Otic Capsule Disrupting)
  - Clinical Features
  - Longitudinal Temporal Bone Fracture (Usually Otic Capsule Sparing)
  - Clinical Features
  - Management of Temporal Bone Fracture
- LYME DISEASE (BANNWARTH'S SYNDROME)
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- SARCOIDOSIS
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
- MOBIUS SYNDROME
- IATROGENIC OR SURGICAL TRAUMA
  - Prophylaxis
- HYPERKINETIC DISORDERS OF FACIAL NERVE
  - Hemifacial Spasm
  - Blepharospasm
- SURGICAL TREATMENT OF FACIAL NERVE PALSY
25:Tumors of the Ear and Cerebellopontine Angle
- BENIGN TUMORS OF EXTERNAL EAR
- MALIGNANT TUMORS OF EXTERNAL EAR
- TUMORS OF MIDDLE EAR AND MASTOID
- INTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL AND CEREBELLOPONTINE ANGLE (FIG. 5)
SECTION 3: NOSE AND PARANASAL SINUSES
26:Nasal Symptoms and Examination
- INTRODUCTION
- EXTERNAL NOSE
- VESTIBULE
- ANTERIOR RHINOSCOPY (EXAMINATION OF NASAL CAVITY)
- POSTERIOR RHINOSCOPY
- PATENCY OF NASAL CAVITIES
- SENSE OF SMELL
- PARANASAL SINUSES
- SMELL
- MEASUREMENT OF MUCOCILIARY FLOW
- NASAL OBSTRUCTION
- NASAL VALVES DISORDERS (Figs 12A and B)
- RADIOLOGICAL IMAGING
- DIAGNOSTIC ANTRUM PUNCTURE
- ALLERGIC TESTS
27:Diseases of External Nose and Epistaxis
- INFECTIONS
- DEFORMITIES OF EXTERNAL NOSE
- TUMORS OF EXTERNAL NOSE
- PERTINENT ANATOMY
  - Retrocolumellar Vein
- CAUSES
- EVALUATION
  - HISTORY
  - Examination
- SITES OF EPISTAXIS
  - Anterior Epistaxis
  - Posterior Epistaxis
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
28:Infectious Rhinosinusitis
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Sinusitis
- VIRAL RHINOSINUSITIS (COMMON COLD)
- PANDEMIC INFLUENZA A H1N1 (SWINE FLU)
- ACUTE BACTERIAL RHINOSINUSITIS
- CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS
- PEDIATRIC RHINOSINUSITIS
- COMPLICATIONS OF RHINOSINUSITIS
- MUCOCELE/PYOCELE
- ORBITAL COMPLICATIONS
- OSTEOMYELITIS/OSTEITIS
  - Osteomyelitis of Maxilla
  - Osteomyelitis Frontal Bone
- CAVERNOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS
- INTRACRANIAL COMPLICATIONS
- HYPERTROPHIED TURBINATES
- NASAL POLYPS
- FUNGAL SINUSITIS
- ATROPHIC RHINITIS (OZENA)
29:Nasal Manifestation of Systemic Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- WEGENER'S GRANULOMATOSIS
- PERIPHERAL T-CELL NEOPLASM (NONHEALING MIDLINE GRANULOMA, POLYMORPHIC RETICULOSIS)
- ATROPHIC RHINITIS (OZENA)
- RHINITIS SICCA
- RHINITIS CASEOSA
- SARCOIDOSIS
- CHURG-STRAUSS SYNDROME
- RHINOSCLEROMA
- TUBERCULOSIS
- LUPUS VULGARIS
- NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIA
- LEPROSY
- SYPHILIS
- HISTOPLASMOSIS
- RHINOSPORIDIOSIS
- FUNGAL SINUSITIS
30:Allergic and Nonallergic Rhinitis
- TYPES OF IMMUNOLOGIC (HYPERSENSITIVITY) MECHANISM
- ETIOLOGY
- CLASSIFICATION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLASSIFICATION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
  - Medical
  - Surgical
31:Nasal Septum
- FRACTURE OF NASAL SEPTUM
- DEVIATED NASAL SEPTUM
- SEPTAL HEMATOMA
- SEPTAL ABSCESS
- PERFORATION OF NASAL SEPTUM
- HYPERTROPHIED TURBINATES
- NASAL SYNECHIA
- CHOANAL ATRESIA
32:Maxillofacial Trauma
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- CLASSIFICATION
- GENERAL PRINCIPLES
  - A. Airway
  - B. Breathing
  - C. Circulation
- EVALUATION
  - History and Examination
  - Radiology
  - Laboratory
- SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
  - Facial Lacerations
  - Parotid Gland
  - Facial Nerve
- FRONTAL SINUS
  - Anterior Wall Fractures
  - Posterior Wall Fractures
  - Injury to Frontonasal Duct
- SUPRAORBITAL RIDGE
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- FRONTAL BONE
- NASAL BONES AND SEPTUM
  - Types
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- NASO-ORBITAL ETHMOID (NOE)
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- ZYGOMA (TRIPOD FRACTURE)
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- ZYGOMATIC ARCH
- ORBIT (BLOWOUT FRACTURE)
  - Pure Blowout Fracture
  - Impure Blowout Fracture (Rim Fracture)
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- NASO-MAXILLARY COMPLEX
  - Types
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- MANDIBLE
  - Classification
  - Factors Affecting Displacement
  - Mode of Injury
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- OROANTRAL FISTULA
  - Etiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RHINORRHEA
  - Etiology
  - Sites and Pathways
  - Diagnosis
  - Complications
  - Localization of CSF Leak (CSF Tracers)
  - Treatment
- FOREIGN BODY NOSE
  - Clinical Features
  - Causes of Unilateral Blood Stained Discharge
  - Complications
  - Treatment
- RHINOLITH
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- NASAL MYIASIS (MAGGOTS NOSE)
  - Etiopathology
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
33:Tumors of Nose, Paranasal Sinuses and Jaws
- INTRODUCTION
  - Histopathology
- NEOPLASMS IN CHILDREN
- DIAGNOSIS
- ANGIOFIBROMA
- INTRANASAL MENINGOENCEPHALOCELE
- GLIOMAS
- NASAL DERMOID
- MONOSTOTIC FIBROUS DYSPLASIA
- SQUAMOUS PAPILLOMA
- OSTEOMAS
- PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA
- CHONDROMA
- SCHWANNOMA AND NEUROFIBROMA
- OSSIFYING FIBROMA AND CEMENTOMA
- ODONTOGENIC TUMORS
- INVERTED PAPILLOMA
- MENINGIOMAS
- HEMANGIOMAS
- HEMANGIOPERICYTOMA
- PLASMACYTOMA
- MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS
  - Etiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Classification and Staging
- MALIGNANCY OF MAXILLARY SINUS
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
  - Prognosis
- MALIGNANCY OF ETHMOID SINUS
  - Clinical Features
  - Imaging
  - Treatment
  - Prognosis
- MALIGNANCY OF FRONTAL SINUS
- MALIGNANCY OF SPHENOID SINUS
- ADENOCARCINOMA
- ADENOID CYSTIC CARCINOMA
- MALIGNANT MELANOMA
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- OLFACTORY NEUROBLASTOMA
- SARCOMAS
- RHABDOMYOSARCOMA
- INTRODUCTION
- MANAGEMENT OF JAW SWELLINGS
  - Clinical Evaluation
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
- FISSURAL CYSTS
- PERIAPICAL CYSTS
- FOLLICULAR (DENTIGEROUS) CYSTS
- ODONTOGENIC KERATOCYST
- BASAL CELL NEVUS SYNDROME
- RETENTION CYST
- AMELOBLASTOMA
  - Malignant Ameloblastoma
- OSSIFYING FIBROMA
- FIBROUS DYSPLASIA
- CHERUBISM
- ADENOMATOID ODONTOGENIC TUMOR
SECTION 4: ORAL CAVITY AND SALIVARY GLANDS
34:Oral Symptoms and Examination
- ORAL CAVITY
- EVALUATION OF CANCER LESIONS
- SALIVARY GLANDS
  - Clinical Features
- DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
- FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY
35:Oral Mucosal Lesions
- INTRODUCTION
- ORAL SUBMUCOUS FIBROSIS
  - Etiology
  - Pathology
  - Potential for Malignant Change
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- LEUKOEDEMA
- ORAL LEUKOPLAKIA
  - Risk Factors
  - Clinical Features
  - Clinical Forms
  - Histopathology
  - Potential for Malignant Change
  - Molecular Biology
  - Management
- ORAL HAIRY LEUKOPLAKIA
- ORAL LICHEN PLANUS
  - Clinical Features
  - Clinical Forms
  - Treatment
- CHRONIC DISCOID LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
- CANDIDIASIS (MONILIASIS)
  - Risk Factors
  - Clinical Features
  - Acute Pseudomembranous Candidiasis (Thrush)
  - Chronic Hypertrophic (Hyperplastic) Candidiasis or Candidal Leukoplakia
  - Median Rhomboid Glossitis
  - Other Clinical Forms of Candidiasis
- FORDYCE'S SPOTS
- NICOTINE STOMATITIS
- PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS
  - Etiopathology
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- MUCOUS MEMBRANE PEMPHIGOID OR CICATRICIAL PEMPHIGOID
  - Etiopathology
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS: HERPETIC GINGIVOSTOMATITIS OR OROLABIAL HERPES
  - Etiopathology
  - Primary Herpes Simplex Infection
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Treatment
  - Secondary Herpes Simplex Infection or Recurrent Herpes Simplex Infection
  - Clinical Features
  - Clinical Forms
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- HAND, FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
- HERPANGINA
- ACUTE NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE GINGIVITIS
- RECURRENT APHTHOUS STOMATITIS
  - Etiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Differential Diagnoses
  - Treatment
- BEHÇET'S SYNDROME
- ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME
  - Types
  - Triggers
  - Clinical Features
  - Differential Diagnoses
  - Treatment
- TRAUMATIC (EOSINOPHILIC) GRANULOMA
  - Treatment
- TRAUMATIC ULCERS
- RADIATION MUCOSITIS
- BLOOD DISORDERS
- DRUG-INDUCED ORAL LESIONS
- MELANOTIC MACULES
  - Lesion
  - Treatment
- MELANOMA
  - Treatment
  - Prognosis
- AMALGAM TATTOO
  - Lesion and Its Site
  - Treatment
- GEOGRAPHICAL TONGUE OR MIGRATORY GLOSSITIS
- HAIRY TONGUE
- FISSURED TONGUE (Fig. 15)
- TONGUE TIE (ANKYLOGLOSSIA)
36:Disorders of Salivary Glands
- INTRODUCTION
- MUMPS
  - Etiology
  - Epidemiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigation
  - Treatment
  - Complications
  - Prevention
- ACUTE SUPPURATIVE SIALADENITIS
  - Predisposing Factors
  - Causative Microorganisms
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
  - Differential Diagnoses
  - Treatment
- PAROTID ABSCESS
  - Treatment
  - Complications
- NEONATAL SUPPURATIVE PAROTITIS
- RECURRENT PAROTITIS OF CHILDHOOD
  - Proposed Etiologies
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- CHRONIC SIALADENITIS
  - Inciting Factors
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
  - Complications
  - Benign Lymphoepithelial Lesion
  - Kuttner's Tumor
- TUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIAL DISEASE
  - Routes of Infections
  - Clinical Features
  - Differential Diagnoses
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
- NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIAL DISEASE
  - Causative Organisms
  - Portal of Entry
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
- ACTINOMYCOSIS
  - Causative Organism
  - Predisposing Factors
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
  - Prognosis
- CAT SCRATCH DISEASE
  - Causative Organism
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
- TOXOPLASMOSIS
  - Causative Organism
  - Clinical Features
  - Biopsy
  - Treatment
- HIV
  - HIV-Associated Salivary Gland Disease
- SIALOLITHIASIS
  - Etiology
  - Composition
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
- HISTOGENESIS OF NEOPLASMS
  - Etiology
  - Prophylaxis
- PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA
- WARTHIN'S TUMOR OR ADENOLYMPHOMA (PAPILLARY CYSTADENOMA LYMPHOMATOSUM)
- ONCOCYTOMA
- HEMANGIOMAS
- LYMPHANGIOMAS
- MUCOEPIDERMOID CARCINOMA
  - Staging
  - Treatment
- ADENOID CYSTIC CARCINOMA (CYLINDROMA)
  - Treatment
- ACINIC CELL CARCINOMA
- SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
- MALIGNANT MIXED TUMOR
- ADENOCARCINOMA
- LYMPHOEPITHELIAL CARCINOMA OR UNDIFFERENTIATED CARCINOMA
- SJÖGREN'S SYNDROME
  - Types
  - Epidemiology
  - Etiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Oral Findings
  - Eye Findings
  - Systemic Manifestations
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Treatment
- DIFFUSE INFILTRATIVE LYMPHOCYTOSIS SYNDROME
  - FREY'S SYNDROME (GUSTATORY SWEATING)
  - Treatment
37:Neoplasms of the Oral Cavity
- INTRODUCTION
- PAPILLOMA
- PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA
- HEMANGIOMA
- LYMPHANGIOMA
- GRANULAR CELL TUMOR
- AMELOBLASTOMA
- TORUS
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- PYOGENIC GRANULOMA
- IRRITATION Fibroma
- MUCOCELE
- RANULA
  - Treatment
- DERMOID CYSTS
  - Epidemiology
  - Risk Factors
  - Molecular Biology
  - Premalignant Lesions
  - Subsites of Oral Cavity
  - Clinical Evaluation and Investigations
  - Staging
  - Histopathology
  - Treatment
  - Prognosis
- CARCINOMA LIPS
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- CARCINOMA GINGIVA/ALVEOLAR RIDGE
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- CARCINOMA ORAL TONGUE
  - Gross Pathology
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- CARCINOMA FLOOR OF MOUTH
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- CARCINOMA BUCCAL MUCOSA
  - Pathology
  - Clinical Features
  - Verrucous Carcinoma
  - Treatment
- CARCINOMA HARD PALATE
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- CARCINOMA RETROMOLAR TRIGONE
- MINOR SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS
- MELANOMA
  - Treatment
  - Prognosis
- KAPOSI'S SARCOMA
SECTION 5: PHARYNX AND ESOPHAGUS
38:Pharyngeal Symptoms and Examination
- NASOPHARYNX
  - Symptoms
  - Examination
- OROPHARYNX
  - Symptoms
  - Examination
- LARYNGOPHARYNX
- BARIUM ESOPHAGOGRAPHY (Figs 2 and 3)
- ESOPHAGEAL MANOMETRY
  - Indications
- AMBULATORY 24-HOURS ESOPHAGEAL pH RECORDING
  - Indications
- ESOPHAGOSCOPY
  - Odynophagia
  - Causes
- EVALUATION
39:Pharyngitis and Adenotonsillar Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- PHARYNGITIS
- INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
- STREPTOCOCCAL TONSILLITIS-PHARYNGITI
- FAUCIAL DIPHTHERIA
- TONSILLAR CONCRETIONS/TONSILLOLITHS
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- INTRATONSILLAR ABSCESS
- TONSILLAR CYST
- KERATOSIS PHARYNGITIS
- DISEASES OF LINGUAL TONSILS
- CHRONIC ADENOTONSILLAR HYPERTROPHY
  - Etiology
  - Clinical Features
- ADENOID FACIES AND CRANIOFACIAL GROWTH ABNORMALITIES
  - Airway Obstruction
  - Diagnostic Assessment of Tonsils and Adenoids
- OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA
40:Sleep Apnea and Sleepdisordered Breathing
- INTRODUCTION
  - Classifications
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA
  - Sleep Patterns in OSA
  - Factors Aggravating OSA
- DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION OF OSA
- SEVERITY OF OSA
- COMPLICATIONS OF OSA
- NONSURGICAL TREATMENT
- SURGICAL TREATMENT OF OSA
  - Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
  - Other Surgical Procedures
- SURGICAL TREATMENT OF SNORING WITHOUT OSA
41:Tumors of Nasopharynx
- INTRODUCTION
  - Benign Tumors of Nasopharynx
  - Malignant Tumors of Nasopharynx
- JUVENILE NASOPHARYNGEAL ANGIOFIBROMA
- NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA
- TERATOMAS
- THORNWALDT'S DISEASE (PHARYNGEAL BURSITIS)
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- PROPTOSIS (EXOPHTHALMOS)
42:Tumors of Oropharynx
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTOPATHOLOGY
  - Grading
- RISK FACTORS
  - Incidence
  - Prevention
- EVALUATION
- STAGING
- TREATMENT
- CARCINOMA BASE OF TONGUE
- CARCINOMA TONSIL (FIGS 2 AND 3)
- LYMPHOMA
- CARCINOMA SOFT PALATE
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- CARCINOMA POSTERIOR PHARYNGEAL WALL
- PARAPHARYNGEAL TUMORS (FIG. 7)
- STYLALGIA (EAGLE'S SYNDROME)
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
43:MalignantTumors of Hypopharynx
- INTRODUCTION
  - Hypopharynx Subsites
- RISK FACTORS
- PATHOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- STAGING
- MANAGEMENT
- CARCINOMA PYRIFORM SINUS
- CARCINOMA POSTCRICOID
- CARCINOMA POSTERIOR PHARYNGEAL WALL
44:Disorders of Esophagus
- INTRODUCTION
- PERFORATION OF ESOPHAGUS
  - Etiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- CORROSIVE BURNS
  - Etiology
  - Pathology
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Grading
  - Management
- MALLORY WEISS SYNDROME
- FOREIGN BODIES
  - Common Foreign Bodies in Esophagus
  - Risk Factors
  - Common Sites
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
  - Management
  - Complications
- PILL-INDUCED ESOPHAGITIS
  - Etiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE
  - Etiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Subgroups
  - Treatment
  - Complications
- BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS
  - Pathogenesis
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- BENIGN STRICTURES
  - Causes
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- HIATUS HERNIA
  - Types
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- SCHATZKI'S RING
- PLUMMER-VINSON (PATTERSON BROWN-KELLY) SYNDROME
  - Clinical Features
  - Potential of Malignant Conversion
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- INFECTIOUS ESOPHAGITIS
  - Etiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- CRICOPHARYNGEAL SPASM
  - Causes
- DIFFUSE ESOPHAGEAL SPASM
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- NUTCRACKER ESOPHAGUS
- CARDIAC ACHALASIA
  - Etiology
  - Pathology
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- SCLERODERMA OR PROGRESSIVE SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- ZENKER DIVERTICULUM
  - Etiology
  - Pathology
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- GLOBUS HYSTERICUS PHARYNGEUS
- BENIGN NEOPLASMS
  - Leiomyoma
- CARCINOMA ESOPHAGUS
  - Risk Factors
  - Pathology
  - Spread
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - TNM Staging
  - Treatment
  - Prognosis
SECTION 6: LARYNX, TRACHEA AND BRONCHUS
45:Laryngeal Symptoms and Examination
- SYMPTOMS
- CLINICAL EXAMINATION
  - External Examination
  - Indirect Laryngoscopy with Laryngeal Mirror
- ENDOSCOPY
- LARYNGOSCOPIC PARAMETERS AND PATIENT'S TASK
- STROBOSCOPY
  - Components Examined
  - Indications
- DIRECT LARYNGOSCOPY (MICROLARYNGOSCOPY) and Bronchoscopy
- ASSESSMENT OF PATIENT with stridor
- TREATMENT
  - Acute Airway Obstruction
  - Chronic Airway Obstruction
46:Infections of Larynx
- INTRODUCTION
  - Etiology/Risk Factors
- ACUTE LARYNGOTRACHEOBRONCHITIS CROUP OR LARYNGOTRACHEITIS
- BACTERIAL TRACHEITIS
- PEDIATRIC EPIGLOTTITIS
- ADULT SUPRAGLOTTITIS
- WHOOPING COUGH
- DIPHTHERIA
- CHRONIC NONSPECIFIC LARYNGITIS
- ATROPHIC LARYNGITIS (LARYNGITIS SICCA)
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- TUBERCULOSIS
- LUPUS
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- SYPHILIS
- LEPROSY (HANSEN'S DISEASE)
- SCLEROMA
- EDEMA OF LARYNX
47:Benign Tumors of Larynx
- INTRODUCTION
  - Classification
  - Risk Factors of Non-neoplastic Vocal Fold Mucosal Disorders
- VOCAL NODULES (SINGER'S OR SCREAMER'S NODULES)
- VOCAL POLYP
- REINKE'S EDEMA (BILATERAL DIFFUSE POLY-POSIS)
- CONTACT ULCER OR GRANULOMA
- INTUBATION GRANULOMA
- LEUKOPLAKIA OR KERATOSIS
- AMYLOID TUMORS
- DUCTAL CYSTS
- SACCULAR CYSTS
- LARYNGOCELE
- RECURRENT RESPIRATORY PAPILLOMATOSIS
- CHONDROMA
- HEMANGIOMA
  - Infantile Hemangioma (Capillary)
    - Treatment
  - Adult Hemangiomas (Cavernous)
    - Treatment
48:Neurologic Disorders of Larynx
- NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS OF LARYNX
- CLASSIFICATION OF LARYNGEAL PARALYSIS
- POSITIONS OF VOCAL CORDS
- CAUSES OF LARYNGEAL PARALYSIS
- UNILATERAL RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE (RLN) PARALYSIS
- BILATERAL RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE (ABDUCTOR) PARALYSIS
- UNILATERAL SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL NERVE PARALYSIS
  - Etiology
  - Clinical Features
- BILATERAL SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL NERVE PARALYSIS
- UNILATERAL COMBINED (COMPLETE) PARALYSIS OF RECURRENT AND SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL NERVE
- BILATERAL COMBINED (COMPLETE) PARALYSIS OF RECURRENT AND SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL NERVE
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- CONGENITAL VOCAL CORD PARALYSIS
- PHONOSURGERY
49:Voice and Speech Disorders
- VOICE AND SPEECH
- CLASSIFICATION OF VOICE AND SPEECH DISORDERS
- DYSPHONIA PLICA VENTRICULARIS(VENTRICULAR DYSPHONIA)
- FUNCTIONAL APHONIA (HYSTERICAL APHONIA)
  - Laryngoscopy
  - Treatment
- PUBERPHONIA (MUTATION FALSETTO VOICE)
- PHONASTHENIA
- HYPONASALITY (RHINOLALIA CLAUSA)
  - Etiology
- HYPERNASALITY (RHINOLALIA APERTA)
  - Etiology
- SPASMODIC DYSPHONIA
- VOCAL TREMOR
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- STUTTERING
- MYOCLONUS
- TOURETTE'S SYNDROME
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- BOTULINUM TOXIN THERAPY
50:Malignant Tumors of Larynx
- INTRODUCTION
- RISK FACTORS
  - Premalignant Lesions
  - Preventive Measures
- EVALUATION
- STAGING
- MANAGEMENT
- GLOTTIC CANCER
- SUPRAGLOTTIC CANCER
- SUBGLOTTIC CANCER
- VERRUCOUS CARCINOMA
  - Histology
  - Treatment
- ORGAN PRESERVATION THERAPY
- PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY
- POST-LARYNGECTOMY VOCAL REHABILITATION
51:Management of Impaired Airway
- INTRODUCTION
- CRICOTHYROTOMY (LARYNGOTOMY OR CONIOTOMY)
- PERCUTANEOUS DILATIONAL TRACHEOSTOMY
- LARYNGOMALACIA
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- CONGENITAL VOCAL CORD PARALYSIS
- CONGENITAL SUBGLOTTIC STENOSIS
- LARYNGEAL WEB/ATRESIA
  - Clinical features
  - Treatment
- SUBGLOTTIC HEMANGIOMAS
  - Clinical features
  - Treatment
- LARYNGOESOPHAGEAL CLEFT
SECTION 7: NECK
52:Cervical Symptoms and Examination
- HISTORY
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
  - Examination of Lymph Nodes of Neck
  - Clinical Features of Common Neck Lesions
- DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
  - Unknown Neck Mass (Unknown Primary Lesions)
- HISTORY
- EXAMINATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
53:Neck Nodes, Masses and Thyroid
- NECK NODES AND MASSES
- THYROID NEOPLASMS
54:Deep Neck Infections
- PERTINENT ANATOMY
- SOURCES OF INFECTIONS
- MICROBIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
  - Antibiotic Therapy
  - Surgical Drainage
- PERITONSILLAR INFECTIONS
- PARAPHARYNGEAL SPACE ABSCESS OR PHARYNGOMAXILLARY ABSCESS OR LATERAL PHARYNGEAL SPACE ABSCESS
- ACUTE RETROPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS
- CHRONIC RETROPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS OR PREVERTEBRAL SPACE ABSCESS
- LUDWIG'S ANGINA
- ABSCESS OF SPACE OF BODY OF MANDIBLE
- MASTICATOR SPACE ABSCESS
- TRISMUS
  - Causes
  - Sequela
SECTION 8: OPERATIVE PROCEDURES AND INSTRUMENTS
55:Middle Ear and Mastoid Surgeries
- MYRINGOTOMY AND TYMPANOSTOMY TUBES (GROMMET)
- MASTOIDECTOMY
- CORTICAL MASTOIDECTOMY
- RADICAL MASTOIDECTOMY
- MODIFIED RADICAL MASTOIDECTOMY
- TYMPANOPLASTY
56:Operations of Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
- PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT
- DIAGNOSTIC NASAL ENDOSCOPY (SINUSCOPY) (FIG. 1)
- ENDOSCOPIC SINUS SURGERY
- ANTRAL PUNCTURE OR PROOF PUNCTURE
- INFERIOR MEATAL ANTROSTOMY
- CALDWELL-LUC OPERATION
- SUBMUCOUS RESECTION OF NASAL SEPTUM
- SEPTOPLASTY (FIGS 8 TO FIGS 10)
- POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- COMPLICATIONS
57:Adenotonsillectomy
- PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT
- INDICATIONS FOR TONSILLECTOMY
- INDICATIONS FOR ADENOIDECTOMY
- CONTRAINDICATIONS
- SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
  - Newer Technologies
- PREOPERATIVE MEASURES
- ANESTHESIA
- POSITION
- SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS
- OPERATIVE STEPS
  - Adenoidectomy
  - Tonsillectomy (Dissection and Snare Method)
- POSTOPERATIVE CARE
  - Inpatient Versus Outpatient Procedures
- COMPLICATIONS
58:Endoscopies
- INDICATIONS
- CONTRAINDICATIONS
- ANESTHESIA
- POSITION
- PROCEDURES
- POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- COMPLICATIONS
- FLEXIBLE NASOPHARYNGOLARYNGOSCOPY
- INDICATIONS FOR BRONCHOSCOPY
- RIGID BRONCHOSCOPY
- FLEXIBLE FIBEROPTIC BRONCHOSCOPY
  - Types of Fiberoptic Bronchoscope
  - Advantages
- INDICATIONS
- CONTRAINDICATIONS OF ESOPHAGOSCOPY
- RIGID ESOPHAGOSCOPY
- FLEXIBLE ESOPHAGOSCOPY
59:Instruments
- INTRODUCTION
- OPD INSTRUMENTS
- MASTOID AND EAR MICROSURGERY
- ANTRUM PUNCTURE
- INFERIOR MEATAL ANTROSTOMY
- NASAL FRACTURE REDUCTION FORCEPS (FIGS 12A AND B)
- NASAL SEPTAL AND SINUS SURGERY
- MOUTH GAGS AND RETRACTORS (FIGS 17A TO D AND 18A TO C)
- ADENOTONSILLECTOMY (FIGS 19A TO P AND 21A TO K)
- INCISION AND DRAINAGE OF QUINSY
- ENDOSCOPES
- TRACHEOSTOMY
  - Types of Tracheostomy Tubes (Figs 25 and 26)
  - Size of Tracheostomy Tube
- AIRWAY DEVICES (FIGS 27A TO H)
SECTION 9: RELATED DISCIPLINES
60:Diagnostic Imaging
- CONVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY
- ORTHOPANTOMOGRAM
- ULTRASOUND
- COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY
- MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
- RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING
- INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY
- APPLICATIONS OF CT, MRI AND US
  - CT
  - MRI
  - US
- CT ANATOMY OF EAR, NOSE, THROAT, HEAD AND NECK
61:Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy
- BASIC PHYSICS
- RADIOBIOLOGY
  - Oxygen Enhancement Ratio
- THERAPEUTIC WINDOW
- MODES OF RADIOTHERAPY
- COMBINED MODALITY TREATMENT
- PLANNING OF RADIOTHERAPY
- COMPLICATIONS OF RADIOTHERAPY
- PALLIATIVE CHEMOTHERAPY
- COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY
- ORGAN PRESERVATION
- INTRA-ARTERIAL CHEMOTHERAPY
- PREVENTION OF CANCER
  - Lifestyle Modifications
  - Chemoprevention
62:Anesthesia
- INTRODUCTION
  - Preoperative Medications
- GENERAL ANESTHESIA
- IMMEDIATE AIRWAY MANAGEMENT
- LOCAL ANESTHESIA
  - Local Anesthetics
  - Types
63:Laser Surgery and Cryosurgery
- RELATED PHYSICS
  - Properties of Radiant Laser Energy
- CONTROL OF LASER
  - Transverse Electromagnetic Mode
- TISSUE EFFECT
- LASER IN Otolaryngology
- PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY
Appendix

INDEX

TOC
Index

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Chapter Notes