Medical & Surgical Management of Male Infertility Ashok Agarwal, Botros RMB Rizk, Nabil Aziz, Edmund Sabanegh Jr
INDEX
×
Chapter Notes

Save Clear

1Medical and Surgical Management of MALE INFERTILITY2
3Medical and Surgical Management of MALE INFERTILITY
Editors Botros RMB Rizk MD MA FRCOG FRCS HCLD FACOG FACS Professor and Head Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of South Alabama Mobile, Alabama, USA Nabil Aziz MD FRCOG Consultant in Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine Lead Clinician, Liverpool Women's Hospital and The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK Ashok Agarwal PhD HCLD Professor, Lerner College of Medicine Director, Andrology Laboratory Center for Reproductive Medicine Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, USA Edmund Sabanegh Jr MD Chairman, Department of Urology Director, Section of Male Fertility Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute Center for Reproductive Medicine Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
4
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.
Headquarters
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.
4838/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj
New Delhi 110 002, India
Phone: +91-11-43574357
Fax: +91-11-43574314
Email: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com
Overseas Offices
J.P. Medical Ltd.
83, Victoria Street, London
SW1H 0HW (UK)
Phone: +44-2031708910
Fax: +02-03-0086180
Email: info@jpmedpub.com
Jaypee-Highlights Medical Publishers Inc.
City of Knowledge, Bld. 237, Clayton
Panama City, Panama
Phone: +507-301-0496
Fax: +507-301-0499
Email: cservice@jphmedical.com
Jaypee Medical Inc.
The Bourse
111, South Independence Mall East
Suite 835, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA
Phone: + 267-519-9789
Email: joe.rusko@jaypeebrothers.com
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.
17/1-B, Babar Road, Block-B
Shaymali, Mohammadpur
Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh
Mobile: +08801912003485
Email: jaypeedhaka@gmail.com
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.
Shorakhute
Kathmandu, Nepal
Phone: +00977-9841528578
Email: jaypee.nepal@gmail.com
Website: www.jaypeebrothers.com
Website: www.jaypeedigital.com
© 2014, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the publisher.
Inquiries for bulk sales may be solicited at: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com
This book has been published in good faith that the contents provided by the contributors contained herein are original, and are intended for educational purposes only. While every effort is made to ensure accuracy of information, the publisher and the editors specifically disclaim any damage, liability, or loss incurred, directly or indirectly, from the use or application of any of the contents of this work. If not specifically stated, all figures and tables are courtesy of the editors. Where appropriate, the readers should consult with a specialist or contact the manufacturer of the drug or device.
Medical and Surgical Management of Male Infertility
First Edition: 2014
9789350259467
Printed at
5Dedicated to
Our very dear families for their love, support and inspiration
6
7Contributors 11Preface
Scientific advances made in the field of male infertility have surpassed most disciplines of medicine. We would dare to say that the last twenty years have witnessed developments in this field that overshadow all scientific developments in the previous two millennia. The ancient Egyptian physicians were interested in male health including carrying out male circumcision as recorded on the temple walls over 3000 years ago. It is thought that the earliest reference to spermatozoon came from the Egyptian Ebers Papyrus, which was written in the XVIIIth dynasty (1500 BC) and recorded that sperm originated from the bones. However, the Greek philosophers had more elaborate thoughts about semen (Greek θεμεν = seed) and spermatozoa (σπερμν = to sow, and ζωoν = living thing or animal). Nevertheless, it was Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch tradesman and a maker of microscopes who observed and provided diagrammatic representation of sperm. He wrote a letter to the Medical Society of London in 1696 which he described observing cells with tails when he examined human semen under the microscope. He called sperm ‘homunculi’, believing they consisted of the same parts of the body of the future male or female individuals, distinguishing two different shapes of sperm corresponding to the two sexes. His attempts to dissect a dried sperm, by brushing, to see the parts of the homunculi were fruitless. He made no mention of pathological forms but noted that sperms were absent in the semen of infertile men. He demonstrated sperm in the genital tracts of domesticated animals after copulation and stated that they lived longer in vivo than in vitro.
The evaluation of human semen and its relevance to male fertility potential received a significant boost in mid twentieth century through the work of John MacLeod and Ruth Gold that demonstrated clear differences between subfertile and fertile men in sperm count, motility, and morphology. They described seven different forms of sperm head morphology that are used in our present day. From a different perspective, one of the great advances in treating male infertility was the development of intracytoplasmic injection in 1991 at the Vrije Universiteit, Brussels. However, all theses advances in male infertility assessment and treatment were perfected in animals first decades before it was applied in humans.
We ought not forget, however, that male fertility potential is a multifaceted and sperm production represents only one aspect of it. Spermatogenesis is hormonally driven and is dependent on intact genetic complement of the male. It takes place within an environment that is sequestrated from the immune system and is prone to intrinsic and extrinsic environmental factors. The integrity of sperm transport and storage system and an adequate erectile function together with an intact sperm emission mechanism are of paramount importance for natural conception. The loss of integrity of any of these facets will give rise to male infertility.
Medical and Surgical Management of Male Infertility has been written by leading world authorities in the field who have made the biggest impact in revolutionizing the management of male infertility over the last two decades. Scientific authorities from Europe, South America, USA, South Africa and Egypt have contributed their most valuable practical and research pearls, offering the state of the art knowledge in the field of male factor infertility. The aim behind this volume was to be a one-stop authoritative resource for those who are involved in the management of male infertility irrespective of discipline and clinical specialty. The book is composed of six sections that cover a range of topics incorporating basic and clinic science as applied to the management of male infertility. Besides encompassing the breadth and the depth of the field the volume addresses clinical and ethical challenges faced by today's clinicians and scientists with an eye on potential developments in the future.
Finally, the editors wish to sincerely thank all contributing authors, both clinicians and scientist for their hard work and outstanding contributions, which make this volume a distinguished resource available today in its field.
Botros RMB Rizk
Nabil Aziz
Ashok Agarwal
Edmund Sabanegh Jr