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Textbook of Electrotherapy
Jagmohan Singh
1:
Basic Electricity, Light and Sound
INTRODUCTION
THE STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM
An Atom
The Nucleus
The Proton
The Neutron
The Electron
THE FORMATION OF COMPOUNDS
The Conductors and Non-Conductors of Electricity
States of Matter
Transmission of Heat
TYPES OF ELECTRICITY
STATIC ELECTRICITY
Other Methods of Producing Electricity
Quantization of Electric Charge
Coulomb's Law
Electric Field Intensity Due to a Group of Charges
Electric Lines of Forces
Properties of Electric Lines of Forces
CAPACITANCE
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Electric Current
The Current Carriers
Electromotive Force
Resistance
Ohm's Law
Limitations of Ohm's Law
Resistance in Series
Resistance in Parallel
The Rheostat
Types
Non-Ohmic Conductors
Thermistors
Semiconductors
Types of Semiconductors
Superconductivity
Applications of Superconductor
THERMAL AND CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF CURRENTS
Thermal Effects of the Electric Current
Electrical Energy and Power
Chemical Effects of the Electric Current
Commonly Used Terms Are:
Faraday's Laws of Electrolysis
Cell
The Primary Cells
The Secondary Cell
Advantages
Disadvantages
MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
Biot-Savart's Law
Moving coil Galvanometer
Conditions for a Sensitive Galvanometer
Uses of Shunt
MAGNETS AND EARTH MAGNETISM
Basic Properties of Magnets
Atomic/Molecular Theory of Magnetism
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Faraday's Experiments
Explanation
Experimental Demonstration
Applications of Eddy Currents
Self Induction
Mutual Induction
AC Generator/Dynamo
Multiphase AC Generator
DC Generator/Dynamo
The Transformer
Types of Transformers
Energy Losses in a Transformer
Uses of Transformer
Electromagnetic Wave
History of Electromagnetic Waves
Production of Electromagnetic Waves
Important Facts About the Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Uses of Electromagnetic Spectrum
ELECTRIC SHOCK
Causes of Electric Shock
Severity of Electric Shock
Types of Electric Shock
Effects of Electric Shock
Treatment of Electric Shock
Precautions to avoid electric shock
Causes of Earth Shock
Connection to the live wire
Connection to the earth
Precautions
Examples
PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF LIGHT
Reflection and Refractio
Laws of Reflection and Refraction
Dispersion
Scattering of light
Wavefront
Huygens’ Principle
Interference of light
Diffraction
Polarization
PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF SOUND
Mechanical Waves
Periodic Waves
Sound Waves
Propagation of Sound
Perception of Sound
Physics of Sound
Longitudinal and Transverse Waves
Sound Wave Properties and Characteristics
Speed of Sound
2:
Low Frequency Currents
FARADIC TYPE CURRENT
Modified Faradic Current
ELECTROTHERAPEUTIC CURRENTS
Alternating, Direct and Pulsed Currents
Evenly Alternating Currents
Therapeutic Effects (Rennie, 1988)
Nerve transmission
Electrical Stimulation of Nerves
Accommodation
Effect of Frequency of Stimulation
Strength of Contraction
Pathological Changes in Peripheral Nerve
Seddon's Classification
Neuropraxia
Axonotmesis
Neurotmesis
Process of Denervation
Regeneration of Nerve
WAVEFORMS
Pulses, Phases and Direction of Current Flow
Waveform Shape
Pulse Amplitude
Pulse Charge
Rise and Decay Time
Asymmetric Waveforms
CURRENT MODULATION
Continuous Modulation
Interrupted Modulation
Burst Modulation
Ramping Modulation
INDICATIONS FOR THE USE OF LOW FREQUENCY CURRENTS
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF LOW FREQUENCY CURRENTS
TREATMENT OF PATIENT's CONDITION
PROFORMA FOR PATIENT's ASSESSMENT
MEDIAN NERVE STIMULATION
ULNAR NERVE STIMULATION
RADIAL NERVE STIMULATION
ERB's PARALYSIS
FACIAL NERVE STIMULATION
DELTOID INHIBITION
QUADRICEPS INHIBITION
LATERAL POPLITEAL NERVE INJURY
FARADISM UNDER PRESSURE
FARADIC FOOT BATH
COMMON MOTOR POINTS (FIGS 2.23 TO 2.28)
Types of Injury
Seddon's Classification of Injury
Shape of the Curve
Normal Innervation
Complete Denervation
Partial Denervation
Rheobase
Chronaxie
Faradic and IDC Tests
IONTOPHORESIS
Methods of Treatment
Commonly used Ions and their Indications for Use
Positive Ions
Negative Ions
Types of TENS
Methods of Treatment
Indications for Use
Dangers and Contraindications
3:
Medium Frequency Currents
REBOX-TYPE CURRENTS
RUSSIAN CURRENTS
INTERFERENTIAL THERAPY
Basic principles of Interferential Therapy
Definition and Terms Applied with Interferential Therapy
Methods of Treatment
Advantages of Interferential Currents
Physiological Effects of Interferential Therapy
TREATMENT OF PATIENTYO'S CONDITION
PROFORMA FOR PATIENT'S ASSESSMENT
LOW BACK PAIN
Etiology
Treatment
PERIARTHRITIS SHOULDER
OSTEOARTHRITIS KNEE
Classification
Treatment
ABSORPTION OF EXUDATES
STRESS INCONTINENCE
4:
High Frequency Currents
DIATHERMY
SHORT WAVE DIATHERMY
Principles
Construction
The Machine Circuit
The Patient Circuit
Working
Methods of Applications
CAPACITOR FIELD METHOD
Effects of Electric Field on Conductors, Insulators and Electrolytes
Effects of Electric Field on Dielectric Constants of the Body Tissues
Type of Electrodes
Size of Electrodes
Spacing of Electrodes
Positioning of the Electrodes
CABLE METHOD OR INDUCTOTHERMY
Dosage
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HEATING THE TISSUES
THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF SHORT WAVE DIATHERMY
Effects on Inflammation
Effects in Bacterial Infections
Relief of Pain
Effects on Muscle Tissue
Traumatic Conditions
Reducing Healing Time
DANGERS OF SHORT WAVE DIATHERMY
CONTRAINDICATIONS OF SHORT WAVE DIATHERMY
PULSED SHORT WAVE DIATHERMY
MICROWAVE DIATHERMY
Production of Microwave
Physiological and Therapeutic Effects
Dangers and Contraindications
LONG WAVE DIATHERMY
TREATMENT OF THE PATIENT's CONDITION
PROFORMA FOR PATIENT's ASSESSMENT
CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS
Incidence
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Investigations
Local Contraindications
Positioning of the Patient
Placement of Electrodes
Home Instructions
PERIARTHRITIS SHOULDER
Clinical Features
Types
Investigations
Treatment
Local Contraindications
Positioning of the Patient
Placement of the Electrodes
Home Instructions
LOW BACK ACHE
Etiology
Neurological Examination
Investigations
Treatment
Application of Short Wave Diathermy
Positioning of the Patient
Placement of Electrodes
Home Instructions
LUMBAR SPONDYLOSIS
Cause
Pathology
Clinical Features
Application of SWD
SHORT WAVE DIATHERMY (SWD) TO HIP JOINT
Indications
Clinical Features
Treatment
Local Contraindications
Home Instructions
SCIATICA
Causes
Clinical Features
Duration
OSTEOARTHRITIS OF KNEE
Classification
Clinical Features
On Examination
Investigations
Radiological Examination
SECONDARY OSTEOARTHRITIS
Dosage
Home Instructions
LIGAMENT INJURIES
Medial Collateral Ligament Injuries of Knee
Anatomy
Etiology
Sprain of Ligament
Clinical Features
Treatment
Partial Rupture of the Ligament
Clinical Features
Treatment
Complete Rupture of the Ligament
Clinical Features
Investigation
Treatment
Lateral Collateral Ligament Injuries of Knee
Anatomy
Etiology
Positioning of the Patient
Placement of the Electrodes
Home Instructions
Lateral Ligament Injuries of Ankle
Anatomy
Etiology
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Complications
Medial Ligament Injuries of Ankle
Treatment
PLANTAR FASCiITIS
Incidence
Clinical Features
Procedures
Investigations
Treatment
Position of the Patient
Local Contraindications
Dosage
Duration
Home Instructions
SALPINGITIS (PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE)
Local Contraindications
Positioning of the Patient
Placement of Electrodes
Home Instructions
5:
Radiation Therapy
INFRARED RADIATIONS
Nonluminous Generators
Luminous Generators
Depth of Penetration of Rays
Techniques of the Treatment
The Choice of Apparatus
Preparation of the Patient
Laws Governing the Effects of Electromagnetic Radiations
Application of Infrared Treatment
Physiological Effects
Therapeutic Effects
DANGERS OF INFRARED RADIATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
TREATMENT OF PATIENT'S CONDITION
PROFORMA FOR PATIENT'S ASSESSMENT
LOW BACK ACHE
Etiology
Neurological Examination
Investigations
Treatment
Applications of Infrared Therapy
Positioning of the Patient
Placement of Infrared Lamp
Home Instructions
POSTIMMOBILIZATION STIFFNESS
ABSORPTION OF EXUDATES OR EDEMA
PRODUCTION OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATIONS
High Pressure Mercury Vapor Lamp
The Kromayer's Lamp
Construction of Kromayer's Lamp
Fluorescent Tubes
Theraktin Tunnel
PUVA Apparatus
TECHNIQUES OF APPLICATION
TECHNIQUES OF GENERAL IRRADIATION
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATIONS
INDICATIONS OF ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATIONS
Dangers of Ultraviolet Radiations
CONTRAINDICATIONS
TREATMENT OF PATIENT'S CONDITION
PROFORMA FOR PATIENT'S ASSESSMENT
Laws of Radiations
ULCERS
Types
Venous Ulcers
Predisposing Factors
Components of an Ulcer
Clinical Features
Treatment
For Infected Ulcer
Clinical Features
ACNE VULGARIS
Predisposing Factors
Pathology
Clinical Features
Management
Physiotherapy
PRESSURE SORES
Clinical Features
UVR Treatment
PSORIASIS
Predisposing Factors
Cause
Clinical Features
Treatment
Methods of Treatment
RICKETS
Type of Rickets
GENERAL DEBILITATING CONDITION
VITILIGO
ALOPECIA
Classification
Etiology
General Health
SENSITIZERS
6:
Laser Therapy
TREATMENT OF PATIENT'S CONDITION
PROFORMA FOR PATIENT'S ASSESSMENT
TENNIS ELBOW (LATERAL EPICONDYLITIS)
Definition
Etiology
Pathology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Modalities Used
Position of Patient
Position of Therapist
Treatment Dosage
SUPRASPINATUS TENDINITIS
History
Clinical Features
Movements
Functions
Position of Therapist
Position of Patient
Treatment
GOLFER'S ELBOW (MEDIAL EPICONDYLITIS)
Definition
Treatment
Position of Patient
Position of Therapist
PLANTAR FASCIITIS
Definition
On Examination
Investigation
Treatment
7:
Superficial Heating Modalities
PARAFFIN WAX BATH THERAPY
Paraffin Wax Bath Unit
Methods
Techniques of Application
Effects and Uses
Indications
Maintenance of Paraffin Wax Bath Unit
PROFORMA FOR PATIENT'S ASSESSMENT
Treatment
HOTPACKS/HYDROCOLLATOR PACKS
Effects and Uses
Contraindications
ELECTRIC HEATING PADS
WHIRLPOOL BATH
CONTRAST BATH
HELIOTHERAPY
SAUNA BATH
Phases of Sauna Bath
8:
Ultrasonic Therapy
TECHNIQUES AND METHODS OF APPLICATION
Preparation of Patient
Examination and Testing
Preparation of the Part to be Relaxed
Setting Up
Instructions and Warnings
Application
Termination
Recording
Techniques of Application
Direct contact Method
Water Bath Method
Water Bag Method
Dosage
Parameters of Ultrasound
Mode
Frequency
Intensity
Duration of Treatment
Dosage in Acute Lesion or Conditions
Dosage in Chronic Condition
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ULTRASOUND
Thermal Effects
Uses of Thermal Effects
Cavitation
Mechanical Effect or Micromassage
Biological Effect
THERAPEUTIC USES OF ULTRASOUND
DANGERS OF ULTRASOUND
CONTRAINDICATIONS
PHONOPHORESIS
Principle
Effects of Phonophoresis
Penetration of Phonophoretically Driven Drugs
Drug used in Phonophoresis
Applications
Contraindications
COMBINATION THERAPY
TREATMENT OF PATIENT'S CONDITION
PROFORMA FOR PATIENT'S ASSESSMENT
TENNIS ELBOW (LATERAL EPICONDYLITIS)
Definition
Pathology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Modalities Used
Positioning of the Patient
GOLFER'S ELBOW (MEDIAL EPICONDYLITIS)
Definition
Position of the Patient
SUPRASPINATUS TENDINITIS
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Physiotherapy
Exercise
DE QUERVAIN'S DISEASE (Tenosynovitis)
Clinical Features
Treatment
BICIPITAL TENDINITIS
SUBDELTOID BURSITIS
Common Sites
Causes
Clinical Features
SUBACROMIAL BURSITIS
METATARSALGIA
Causes
Clinical Features
Treatment
9:
Cryotherapy
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND THERAPEUTIC USES OF COLD THERAPY
Effects on Circulatory System and Uses
Effects on Nervous System and Neural Tissues
DANGERS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
PROFORMA FOR PATIENT'S ASSESSMENT
ANKLE SPRAIN
Grades of Sprain
MUSCLE CONTUSION/HEMATOMA
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
10:
Biofeedback
11:
Electromyography
THE ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
Principles of Motor Nerve Conduction
Principles of Sensory Nerve Conduction
H-Reflex
F-Wave
Variables Affecting the Nerve Conduction Study
Physiological Variables
Technical Variables
Clinical Implications of Electromyography
Neurogenic Disorders
Myogenic Disorders
Glossary
Suggested Reading
INDEX
TOC
Index
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