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Textbook of Dental Anatomy and Oral Physiology: Including Occlusion and Forensic Odontology
Manjunatha BS
CHAPTER 1:
Introduction
DEFINITIONS
FUNCTIONS OF TEETH
AIMS OF DENTAL ANATOMY
OBJECTIVES OF DENTAL ANATOMY
SCOPE OF DENTAL ANATOMY
EVOLUTION OF TEETH
DEFINITIONS
THE DECIDUOUS DENTITION
THE PERMANENT DENTITION
DENTAL FORMULA
CHAPTER 2:
Definitions and Meaning of Terms Used in Dental Anatomy
TERMS
PARTS OF A TOOTH
Anatomical Crown
Clinical Crown
Anatomical Root
Clinical Root
Cervical line
Root Trunk
Furcation
Apex
Pulp Cavity
STRUCTURES (TISSUES) OF A TOOTH
SURFACES OF A TOOTH
TERMS USED IN THE DESCRIPTION OF MORPHOLOGY OF A TOOTH
Cusp
Ridge
Cingulum
Tubercle
Eminence
Fossa
Developmental Depression
Developmental Groove
Supplemental Groove
Sulcus
Pit
Fissure
Lobe
Mamelons
Crest of Curvature
Contact Point
Contact Area
Diastema
Interproximal Space
Embrassure
Interdental Papilla
TOOTH FORM AND FUNCTION
Trait
DIVISION OF TOOTH IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS
LINE AND POINT ANGLES OF DIFFERENT TEETH
Line Angle
Point Angle
CHAPTER 3:
Tooth NumberingSystems
ZSIGMONDY/PALMER SYSTEM
UNIVERSAL SYSTEM
FDI/TWO DIGIT SYSTEM
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 4:
Development of Occlusion
INTRODUCTION
PREDENTATE PERIOD
DECIDUOUS DENTITION
Spaced Dentition
Non Spaced Dentition
Occlusal Relationship
Self-correcting Anomalies of Deciduous Dentition
MIXED DENTITION
Arch Dimension Changes
Self-correcting Anomalies In Mixed Dentition Stage
Mandibular Anterior Crowding
PERMANENT DENTITION
Factors Determining the Tooth's Position
Overjet and Overbite
CHAPTER 5:
Permanent Incisors
INTRODUCTION
FUNCTIONS OF INCISORS
Class Traits of Incisors
MAXILLARY INCISORS
MAXILLARY CENTRAL INCISOR ( FIGS 5.1 AND 5.2)
Type Traits of Maxillary Central Incisor
Labial View
Lingual View
Mesial View
Distal View
Incisal View
MAXILLARY LATERAL INCISOR ( FIGS 5.6 AND 5.7)
Labial View
Lingual View
Mesial View
Distal View
Incisal View
MANDIBULAR INCISORS
MANDIBULAR CENTRAL INCISOR ( FIGS 5.11 AND 5.12)
Type Traits of Mandibular Central Incisor
Notation
Labial View
Lingual View
Proximal View
Mesial View
Distal View
Incisal View
MANDIBULAR LATERAL INCISOR ( FIGS 5.14 AND 5.15)
Labial View
Lingual View
Mesial View
Distal View
Incisal View
CHAPTER 6:
Permanent Cuspids
INTRODUCTION
FUNCTIONS OF CANINES
CLASS TRAITS [GENERAL CHARACTERS] OF CANINES
MAXILLARY CANINES (FIGS 6.1 AND 6.2)
Type Traits of Maxillary Canine
CHRONOLOGY OF PERMANENT MAXILLARY CANINE
Labial View
Lingual View
Proximal View
Mesial View
Distal View
Incisal View
MANDIBULAR CUSPIDS (FIGS 6.4 AND 6.5)
Type Traits of Mandibular Canine
CHRONOLOGY OF PERMANENT MANDIBULAR CANINE
Labial View
Lingual View
Proximal View
Incisal View
CHAPTER 7:
Premolars
INTRODUCTION
FUNCTIONS OF PREMOLARS
CLASS TRAITS [GENERAL CHARACTERS] OF PREMOLARS
MAXILLARY FIRST PREMOLAR (FIGS 7.1 AND 7.2)
Type Traits of Maxillary First Premolar
CHRONOLOGY OF PERMANENT MAXILLARY FIRST PREMOLAR
Buccal View
Lingual View
Proximal View
Mesial View
Distal View
Occlusal View
MAXILLARY SECOND PREMOLAR (FIGS 7.4 AND 7.5)
Type Traits of Maxillary Second Premolar
CHRONOLOGY OF PERMANENT MAXILLARY SECOND PREMOLAR
Buccal View
Lingual View
Proximal View
Mesial View
Distal View
Occlusal View
PERMANENT MANDIBULAR PREMOLARS
PERMANENT MANDIBULAR FIRST PREMOLAR (FIGS 7.7 AND 7.8)
Type Traits of Mandibular First Premolar
CHRONOLOGY OF MANDIBULAR FIRST PREMOLAR
Buccal View
Lingual View
Proximal View
Mesial View
Distal View
Occlusal View
MANDIBULAR SECOND PREMOLAR (FIGS 7.10 AND 7.11)
Type Traits of Mandibular Second Premolar
CHRONOLOGY OF MANDIBULAR SECOND PREMOLAR
Buccal View
Lingual View
Proximal View
Mesial View
Distal View
Occlusal View
CHAPTER 8:
Permanent Molars
INTRODUCTION
FUNCTIONS OF MOLARS
Class Traits of Molars
PERMANENT MAXILLARY MOLARS
PERMANENT MAXILLARY FIRST MOLAR
Type Traits of Maxillary First Molar
CHRONOLOGY OF PERMANENT MAXILLARY FIRST MOLAR
Buccal View (Fig. 8.2)
Lingual View (Fig. 8.2)
Proximal View (Fig. 8.2)
Mesial View
Distal View
Occlusal View (Figs 8.3 to 8.5)
Cusps
Ridges
Fossae
Grooves (Fig. 8.4)
Pits
PERMANENT MAXILLARY SECOND MOLAR (FIGS 8.6 AND 8.7)
CHRONOLOGY OF PERMANENT MAXILLARY SECOND MOLAR
Buccal Aspect
Lingual Aspect
Mesial Aspect
Distal Aspect
Occlusal Aspect
THE PERMANENT MANDIBULAR MOLARS
PERMANENT MANDIBULAR FIRST MOLAR (FIGS 8.8 AND 8.9)
Type Traits of Mandibular First Molar
CHRONOLOGY OF PERMANENT MANDIBULAR FIRST MOLAR
Buccal Aspect
Lingual Aspect
Proximal Aspect
Mesial Aspect
Distal Aspect
Occlusal Aspect
Cusps (Fig. 8.10A)
Ridges (Fig. 8.10A)
Fossae (Fig. 8.10A)
Pits and Grooves (Fig. 8.10B)
PERMANENT MANDIBULAR SECOND MOLAR (FIGS 8.13 AND 8.14)
CHRONOLOGY OF PERMANENT MANDIBULAR SECOND MOLAR
Buccal Aspect
Lingual Aspect
Mesial Aspect
Distal Aspect
Occlusal Aspect
CHAPTER 9:
Deciduous Dentition
INTRODUCTION
MAXILLARY CENTRAL INCISOR (FIG. 9.1)
Labial Aspect
Lingual Aspect
Mesial Aspect
Distal Aspect
Incisal Aspect
MAXILLARY LATERAL INCISOR (FIG. 9.2)
MAXILLARY CANINE (FIG. 9.3)
Labial Aspect
Lingual Aspect
Proximal (Mesial and Distal) Aspect
Incisal Aspect
Root
MAXILLARY FIRST MOLAR (FIG. 9.4)
Buccal Aspect
Lingual Aspect
Mesial Aspect
Distal Aspect
Occlusal Aspect
MAXILLARY SECOND MOLAR (FIG. 9.5)
MANDIBULAR CENTRAL INCISOR (FIG. 9.6)
Labial Aspect
Lingual Aspect
Mesial Aspect
Distal Aspect
Incisal Aspect
MANDIBULAR LATERAL INCISOR (FIG. 9.7)
MANDIBULAR CANINE (FIG. 9.8)
MANDIBULAR FIRST MOLAR (FIG. 9.9)
Buccal Aspect
Lingual Aspect
Mesial Aspect
Distal Aspect
Occlusal Aspect
MANDIBULAR SECOND MOLAR (FIG. 9.10)
CONCLUSION
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DECIDUOUS AND PERMANENT DENTITION TABLE 9.1
Introduction
CHAPTER 10:
Occlusion
INTRODUCTION
OTHER FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH OCCLUSION
Compensatory Curves
DYNAMIC OCCLUSION
KEYS TO OCCLUSION
Key I: Interarch Relationships
Key II: Crown Angulation
Key III: Crown Inclination
Key IV: Rotations
Key V: Tight Contacts
Key VI: Flat Occlusal Plane or Curve of Spee
Seventh Key to Occlusion
FACTORS AFFECTING THE OCCLUSION
AGE CHANGES IN OCCLUSION
BALANCED OCCLUSION
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 11:
Vascularity and Innervation of Maxilla and Mandible
VENOUS DRAINAGE OF MAXILLA AND MANDIBLE (FIG. 11.2)
NERVE SUPPLY TO THE MAXILLA AND MAXILLARY TEETH
NERVE SUPPLY TO THE MANDIBLE AND MANDIBULAR TEETH
CHAPTER 12:
Tooth Anatomy and Forensic Odontology
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF METRIC DENTAL TRAITS
Mesiodistal Dimension
Buccolingual Dimension
DEFINITION OF NON-METRIC DENTAL TRAITS
Shovelling
Carabelli's Trait
Three-cusped Maxillary Second Molar
Mandibular Molar Groove Pattern
Four-cusped Mandibular Molars
Cusp 7
SEX IDENTIFICATION FROM TOOTH SIZE
Formula 1
Formula 2
Formula 3
RACE IDENTIFICATION FROM THE DENTITION
Population Differences in Tooth Size
Population Differences in Non-metric Dental Traits
The inheritance of non-metric dental traits
Non-metric Dental traits in Indians
The Accuracy of non-metric traits in Race identification
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 13:
Carving Steps of Different Teeth
CARVING OF A RECTANGLE FROM WAX BLOCK
CARVING OF A CYLINDER FROM WAX BLOCK
CARVING OF A BASIC MODEL
CARVING OF CENTRAL INCISOR
CARVING STEPS IN CANINE
CARVING OF PREMOLAR
CARVING OF MOLARS
CARVING OF MANDIBULAR MOLAR
CHAPTER 14:
Trait Features of Teeth
CHAPTER 15:
Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism
INTRODUCTION
PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF CALCIUM
DISTRIBUTION IN THE BODY
DIETARY SOURCES OF CALCIUM
CALCIUM ABSORPTION
RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE
CALCIUM BALANCE
CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS
PARATHYROID HORMONE
Parathyroid Hormone and Kidneys
Parathyroid Hormone and Bone
Parathyroid Hormone and Intestine
CALCITONIN
VITAMIN D
EFFECTS OF OTHER HORMONES ON CALCIUM METABOLISM
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
Causes
Hypocalcemia
PHOSPHATE METABOLISM
Distribution of Total Body Phosphate
Phosphorus Balance
Daily Phosphorus Requirement
Calcium-phosphate Interactions
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 16:
Functions of Teeth
CHAPTER 17:
Pain
DEFINITIONS
HISTORY
COMPONENTS OF PAIN
TYPES OF PAIN
Primary Pain and Heterotopic Pain
Referred Pain
THEORIES OF PAIN
Specificity Theory (Descartes 1644)
Pattern Theory (Gold Sheider 1894)
Gate Control Theory (Melzac and Wall 1965)
Postulates of Gate Control Theory
Protopothic and Epicritic
Intensity Theory
DISTRIBUTION OF PAIN RECEPTORS
PATHWAY OF PAIN IN OROFACIAL REGION
DENTINAL SENSITIVITY AND PULPAL PAIN
CONTROL OF PAIN
CHAPTER 18:
Saliva
INTRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF SALIVA
SALIVA COMPONENTS (FIG. 18.1)
PROPERTIES OF SALIVA
FACTORS INFLUENCING SALIVARY FLOW AND COMPOSITION
FUNCTIONS OF SALIVA
LUBRICATION AND PROTECTION
BUFFERING ACTION
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY
MECHANICAL CLEANSING ACTION
TASTE
DIGESTION
BOLUS FORMATION FOR SWALLOWING
MAINTENANCE OF TOOTH INTEGRITY
MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS
THE DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS OF SALIVA
Oral Lesions
Systemic Diseases
Autoimmune Disorders
Neoplasms
Cardiovascular Diseases
Drug Monitoring
Endocrine Disorders
Monitoring of Hormones
Saliva in Forensic Sciences
DISADVANTAGES/LIMITATIONS OF SALIVA
CONCLUSIONS
INDEX
TOC
Index
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