Editors HK Chopra MD
Senior Consultant Cardiologist Moolchand Medcity,
New Delhi, India
Chairman, WHA, WWF
Editor, Book on Heart Protection
Formerly Editor, Indian Heart Journal Journal of Indian Academy of Echocardiography
Vice President, JROP Institute of Echocardiography and National CSI
Navin C Nanda MD
Distinguished Professor of Medicine and Cardiovascular Disease
Director, Heart Station/Echocardiography Laboratories University of Alabama,
Birmingham, Alabama, USA
Director, Echocardiography Laboratory, The Kirklin Clinic University of Alabama Health Services Foundation,
Birmingham, Alabama, USA
Editor in Chief, Echocardiography
Founding President, American Association of Cardiologists of Indian Origin
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Textbook of Cardiology: A Clinical and Historical Perspective
First Edition : 2013
9789350900819
Printed at
fm5Dedicated to
Our parents, teachers, families, friends and patients for their kind support and constant inspiration
fm7Contributors
- Adji A
- St. Vincent's Clinic; Australian School of Advanced Medicine
- Macquarie University
- Sydney, Australia
- Agarwal SK
- Senior Consultant
- Internal Medicine
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals
- New Delhi, India
- Aggarwal KK
- Padma Shri and Dr B C Roy National Awardee
- Senior Consultant Physician
- Cardiologist and Dean Medical Education
- Moolchand Medcity, New Delhi, India
- Editor, IJCP Group of Publication
- Arora R
- Chief Cardiologist
- Metro Hospitals and Heart Institute
- Noida, Uttar Pradesh
- India
- Asirvatham SJ
- Consultant
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology
- Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Vice Chairman, Cardiovascular Division - Innovations
- Program Director, EP Fellowship Program
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Bahl A
- Assistant Professor, Department of Cardiology
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
- Chandigarh, India
- Bahl VK
- Head, Department of Cardiology
- AIIMS, New Delhi, India
- Banerjee AK
- Senior Consultant and Intervention Cardiologist
- AMRI Hospital, Salt Lake
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Former, National President, CSI and API
- President, SAARC Cardiac Society
- Bansal M
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- Medanta: The Medcity
- Gurgaon, Haryana, India
- Bhan A
- Director, Cardiovascular Surgery
- Medanta: The Medcity
- Gurgaon, Haryana, India
- Bhandari S
- Director Cardiology and Cath Labs
- Escorts Heart Institute and Research Centre
- New Delhi, India
- Bharani A
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine
- MGM Medical College and Maharaja Yeshwant Rao Hospital
- Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Bhargava B
- Professor of Cardiology
- Cardiothoracic Sciences Centre
- Executive Director
- Stanford India Biodesign Centre
- AIIMS, New Delhi, India
- Bhatnagar A
- Bhat KSS
- Consulatant Cadiologist and Director
- Clinical Cardiology
- Manipal Heart Institute and Heart Lung Clinic
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- C Venkata S Ram
- Director, Texas Blood Pressure Institute
- Director, Medical Education and Clinical Research, DNA
- Clinical Professor of Internal Medicine
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical School
- Global Liason
- American Society of Hypertension
- Dallas, Texas, USA
- Chaddha V
- Consultant Fetal and Genetic Medicine
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Chahal NS
- Cardiology Specialist Registrar
- Northwick Park Hospital, UK
- Chandra KS
- Additional Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences
- Punjagutta, Hyderabad, India
- Chandra P
- Chairman
- Division of Interventional Cardiology
- Medanta: The Medicity
- Gurgaon, Haryana, India
- Chatterjee A
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Rabindranath Tagore
- International Institute of Cardiac Sciences
- Kolkata
- Choo WK
- Specialty Registrar in Cardiology
- Basildon University Hospital
- Basildon SS16 5NL, UK
- Chopra HK
- Sr. Consultant Cardiologist
- Moolchand Medcity, New Delhi
- Chairman, WHA, WWF
- Editor, Book on Heart Protection
- Formerly Editor, Indian Heart Journal
- Journal of Indian Academy of Echocardiography
- Vice President
- JROP Institute of Echocardiography and National CSI
- Chouhan NS
- Consultant Interventional Cardiologist
- Medanta: The Medicity
- Gurgaon, Haryana, India
- Cruickshank JM
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Madingley Hall
- Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
- Das MK
- Consultant Interventional Cardiologist
- BM Birla Heart Research Institute
- Kothari Medical Centre and Calcutta
- Medical Research Institute
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Deb PK
- Consultant Cardiologist
- ESI Hospital
- Manciktolla, Kolkata
- President Elect., National CSI
- Deedwania PC
- Chief, Cardiology Division
- VACCHCS/UCSF, Fresno, Ca, USA
- Professor of Medicine, UCSF School of Medicine
- San Francisco, Ca, USA
- Director of Cardiovascular Research
- UCSF Program, Fresno, Ca, USA
- Clinical Professor of Medicine
- Stanford University
- PaloAlto, Ca, USA
- Deepesh R
- Registrar Cardiology
- Westfort Hi-Tech Hospital Pvt. Ltd.
- Deshpande NV
- Director Cardiac Cath-Lab
- Spandan Heart Institute and Research Center
- Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
- Dhir U
- Associate Consultant
- Medanta Heart Institute
- The Medcity, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
- Enas AE
- CEO and Founder President
- Coronary Artery Disease among Asian
- Indians (CADI) Research Foundation
- Illinois, USA
- Guha S
- Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Medical College, Kolkata
- West Bengal, India
- Hon. Secretary, National CSI
- Gulati P
- Director
- Dr Gulati Imaging Institute
- Director, Imaging Pushpanjali Crosslay Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Gupta R
- Director, JROP Health Care
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist, Max Hospital
- Editor
- Journal of Indian Academy of Echocardiography
- Associate Editor
- Indian Heart Journal (IHJ)
- New Delhi, India
- Gupta S
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Whipps Cross and St. Bartholomews Hospitals
- London, UK
- Hage FG
- Section of Cardiology
- Birmingham Veteran's Administration Medical Center
- Birmingham, AL
- Hegde BM
- Editor-in-Chief
- Journal of the Science of Healing Outcomes
- Emeritus International Adviser
- Royal Colleges of London and Edinburgh, UK
- Henkin Y
- Associate Professor of Cardiology
- Cardiology Department
- Soroka University Medical Center
- Beer Sheva, Israel
- Hotchandani R
- Director Nephrology
- Moolchand Medcity Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Iyengar SS
- Consultant and Head, Department of Cardiology
- Manipal Hospital
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Iyer KS
- Director
- Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery
- Fortis-Escorts Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Jain P
- Principal Consultant Cardiologist and Head
- Department of Preventive and Rehabilitative Cardiology
- Fortis-Escorts Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Jain V
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Choithram Hospital, Indore
- Madhya Pradesh, India
- Jariwala P
- Jaswal A
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist and Electrophysiologist
- Escorts Heart Institute and Research Centre
- New Delhi, India
- Kapoor PM
- Additional Professor
- Department of Cardiac Anaesthesiology
- CN Centre
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)
- New Delhi, India
- Kapur KK
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Karmakar RN
- Kasliwal RR
- Chairman, Clinical and Preventive Cardiology
- Editor: Journal of Clinical and Preventive Cardiology (JCPC)
- Medanta: The Medcity, Gurgaon
- Haryana, India
- Katariya K
- CEO and MD
- Cardiothoracic Surgeon
- Oncor Healthcare Pvt. Ltd.
- Katikireddy CK
- Clinical Fellow, Cardiovascular Division
- Stony Brook University Medical Center
- Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Kaul U
- Executive Director and Dean Cardiology
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute and Fortis Vasant Kunj
- New Delhi, India
- Kaur H
- Associate Professor
- Medicine Department
- Kaushal S
- Professor and Head, Pharmacology
- Hero DMC Heart Institute
- Dayanand Medical College and Hospital
- Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Khaira A
- Consultant Nephrologist
- Moolchand Medcity Hospital
- Delhi, India
- Khanna NN
- Senior Consultant Interventional Cardiology
- Senior Consultant Vascular Interventions
- Coordinator - Vascular Services
- Advisor - Apollo Group of Hospitals
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals
- Kohli V
- Director, Cardiac Surgery
- Medanta Heart Institute
- Gurgaon, Haryana, India
- Kohli V
- Director, Delhi Child Heart Center and Senior Consultant
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Kort S
- Professor of Medicine
- Director, Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging
- Director, Echocardiography
- Stony Brook University Medical Center
- New York, USA
- Krishan K
- Consultant Cardiac Surgeon
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery
- Medanta: The Medcity
- Gurgaon
- Haryana, India
- Krishna BA
- Chief and Consultant
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- PD Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Krishna CK
- Senior Fellow
- Department of Cardiology and Medicine
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Raju PK
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Dean of Medical Studies
- Chairman, Care Foundation and Telemedical Services
- Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Kumar A
- Professor and Head of Cardiology Department
- Government Medical College
- Amritsar, Punjab, India
- Kumar S
- Professor
- Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology)
- Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Chief Co-ordinator
- (Academic Services – Cardiology)
- Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Kuppuswamy V
- Specialist Registrar
- Basildon and Thurrock University Hospital
- NHS Trust
- Basildon
- Essex SS16 5NL, UK
- Lal P
- Director, Interventional Cardiology
- Metro Hospitals and Heart Institute
- Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Awarded Padma Bhushan
- Padma Vibhushan and Dr BC Roy National Award
- Late Sharma KB
- Formerly, Regional Advisor
- Health Laboratory Services, WHO/SEARO
- New Delhi, India
- Deputy Director General Health Services
- Govt. of India, New Delhi, India
- Dean
- Maulana Azad Medical College
- New Delhi, India
- Mahapatra GN
- Consultant
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- Fortis Raheja hospital and Bhatia General Hospital
- Mumbai
- Maheshwari S
- Senior Consultant Pediatric Cardiologist
- RXDX and Narayana Hrudayalaya
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Makhija A
- Associate Consultant Cardiologist
- Department of Cardiology
- Sir Ganga Ram Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Malhotra R
- Associate Director
- Medanta Heart Institute
- The Medcity, Gurgaon
- Haryana, India
- Malik M
- Resident
- Department of Dermatology
- Lady Hardinge Medical College
- New Delhi, India
- Manchanda SC
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi
- Formerly, HOD Department of Cardiology
- AIIMS, New Delhi, India
- Editor
- Journal of Preventive Cardiology
- Manjuran RJ
- Head, Department of Cardiology and Director
- Pushpagiri Heart Institute
- Formerly National President of CSI
- Kerala, India
- Manoria P
- Chief Interventional Cardiologist
- Manoria Heart Care and Intervention Center
- Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Manoria P
- Clinical Assistant
- Jaipur Golden Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Manoria PC
- Director
- Manoria Heart Care and Intervention Center
- Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Formerly, National President, CSI
- Mathur MR
- Research Fellow
- Public Health Foundation of India and Doctoral Student
- University College
- London, UK
- Mehrotra R
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- Medanta: The Medcity
- Gurgaon, Haryana, India
- Mehta NP
- Senior Registrar
- Jaslok Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra
- India
- Mehta S
- Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine
- Miller School of Medicine
- University of Miami
- Florida, USA
- Course Director, Lumen
- Mendiratta V
- Professor
- Department of Dermatology
- Lady Hardinge Medical College
- New Delhi, India
- Rourke MO’
- Professor
- University of New South Wales/
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute and St. Vincent's Clinic, Australia
- Mishra S
- Senior Interventional Cardiologist
- Additional Professor of Cardiology
- AIIMS, New Delhi, India
- Mishra YK
- Director, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Mohan V
- SGRD Medical Institute
- Amritsar, Punjab, India
- Mohanan PP
- Director and Head of Department Cardiology
- Westfort Hi-Tech Hospital Pvt. Ltd.
- Mukherjee S
- Mullasari AS
- Director - Cardiology
- Institute of Cardio-Vascular Diseases
- Madras Medical Mission
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Nahar U
- Associate Professor
- Department of Histopathology
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Namasivayam M
- Faculty of Medicine
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney, Australia
- Nanda NC
- Distinguished Professor of Medicine and Cardiovascular Disease
- Director, Heart Station/
- Echocardiography Laboratories
- University of Alabama
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Director, Echocardiography Laboratory
- The Kirklin Clinic
- University of Alabama Health Services Foundation,
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Editor in Chief, Echocardiography
- Founding President, American Association of Cardiologists of
- Indian Origin
- Nath RK
- Associate Professor of Cardiology
- Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Padmavati S
- President, All India Heart Foundation
- New Delhi
- Pain P
- Resident, Department of Cardiology
- Nanavati Heart Institute
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Pancholia AK
- Head
- Department of Clinical and Preventive Cardiology
- Arihant Hospital and RC Gokuldas Heart Hospital
- Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Parakh N
- Assistant Professor of Cardiology
- GB Pant Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Parashar SK
- Chief Cardiologist
- Metro Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Formerly, National President, CSI
- President, JROP Institute Echocardiography
- Parikh A
- Resident, Department of Cardiology
- Nanavati Heart Institute
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Patel A
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Medicine
- MGM Medical College
- Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Pathak LA
- Head, Department of Cardiology
- Nanavati Heart Institute
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Prabhakaran D
- Executive Director
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control
- Executive Director
- Initiative for Cardiovascular Health Research in the Developing Countries
- Prof. Chronic Disease Epidemiology
- Public Health Foundation of India
- Prakash A
- Associate Professor of Medicine
- Lady Hardinge Medical College and Smt. Sucheta Kriplani Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Prasad SG
- Chief of Telemedicine
- Care Foundation
- Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Raghothaman S
- Assistant Professor of Cardiology
- Madras Medical College and Government General Hospital
- Chennai
- Tamil Nadu, India
- Rao BH
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist and Electrophysiologist
- Care Hospitals, Hyderabad
- Andhra Pradesh, India
- Ray S
- Professor and Senior Consultant
- Interventional Cardiologist
- Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Saini L
- Sr. Consultant Radiologist
- Gulati Imaging Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Sambi RS
- Senior Fellow
- Department of Cardiology
- National Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Sawhney JPS
- Chairman
- Department of Cardiology
- Sir Ganga Ram Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Sahgal V
- Professor of Medicine
- Case Western University School of Medicine
- University Hospitals Case Medical Center
- Sengottuvelu G
- Senior Consultant and Interventional Cardiologist
- Apollo Hospitals
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Senior R
- Professor of Clinical Cardiology
- National Heart and Lung Institute
- Imperial College, London, UK
- Consultant Cardiologist and Director of Echocardiography
- Royal Brompton Hospital
- London and Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow
- UK
- Seth A
- President, National CSI
- Awarded ‘Padma Shri’
- Chief Cardiologist and Chairman, Cardiology Council
- Fortis Group of Hospitals, New Delhi
- Shah SN
- Consulting Physician and Diabetologist
- Bhata Hospital, SL Raheja Hospital
- HN Hospital, Saifee Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Shah VK
- Interventional Cardiologist
- Sir HN Hospital and Research Centre
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Shalia KK
- Research Scientist
- Sir HN Medical Research Society
- Sir HN Hospital and Research Centre
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Sharma MK
- DNB (Senior Resident) Cardiology
- Department of Cardiology
- Sir Ganga Ram Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Sharma V
- Vice CEO and Head, Cardiology Services
- National Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Sharma VK
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute
- New Delhi
- Shrivastava S
- Associate Director
- Noninvasive Cardiology
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Sindhe P
- Postgraduate Trainee
- (Diplomate of National Board, Medicine)
- Shad S
- Senior Consultant Cardiac Surgeon
- Director Heart Transplant
- Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi
- Singh MM
- Chief Cardiologist
- Punjab Institute of Heart Diseases
- Amar Hospital, Patiala
- Punjab, India
- President, Punjab Medical Council
- Sinha AK
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- Magadh Hospital, HMRI, Cardiac Care
- Patna, Bihar, India
- Somasundaram M
- Associate Professor of Cardiology
- Madras Medical College and Government General Hospital
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Srikanth S
- Srivastava S
- Director
- Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute
- New Delhi
- Subban VK
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases
- Madras Medical Mission
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Talwar KK
- Formerly Director, Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education
- and Research, Chandigarh, India
- President, Medical Council of India
- Tewari S
- Additional Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Trehan N
- Chairman
- Medanta: The Medcity
- Gurgaon, Haryana, India
- Upasani PT
- Senior Interventional Cardiologist
- Metro Hospitals and Heart Institute
- Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Vikranth V
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Manipal Heart Institute and Manipal Hospitals
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Veeranna V
- Dept of Cardiology and Internal Medicine
- Wayne State, University of Detroit
- Michigan, USA
- Venugopal K
- Formerly Professor of Cardiology
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences
- Cochin, Kerala, India
- Verma RK
- Medical Specialist
- Civil Hospital, Sehore
- Madhya Pradesh, India
- Vijayalakshmi IB
- Professor of Pediatric Cardiology
- Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular
- Sciences and Research
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Wander GS
- Professor and Head of Cardiology
- Dayanand Medical College and Hospital
- Punjab, India
- Wardhan H
- Head, Department of Cardiology
- Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Yadava OP
- CEO and Chief Cardiac Surgeon
- National Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
The textbook provides an insight into the clinical perspectives of cardiology and at the same time dwells into the historical aspects highlighting the evolution of various discoveries, innovations and therapies in cardiology from their first introduction to the present. We salute and pay tribute to all the pioneers and fathers of cardiology who have served as a source of inspiration to all of us in the pursuit of not only excellence but also compassion in patient care. These masters have contributed enormously to the understanding diagnosis and management of various cardiac disease entities. It is interesting to note that some of these discoveries and innovations were completely serendipitous, while others resulted from relentless efforts and amazing perseverance and tenacity in the face of frustrations, failed experiments and ridicule from peers. Also, some of the previously discarded concepts and therapies have come into vogue again! Many of the advances in cardiology have occurred because of cooperation among basic scientists, pathologists, clinical researchers and bedside clinicians resulting in patient management based on sound basic investigations. Both bench research and clinical trials are ongoing and never ending leading to ever-changing diagnostic and management guidelines and decisions and preventive strategies which promise to provide the best in patient care. It is thus imperative to keep abreast of all the current trends, emerging issues and the newest advances and this book amply fulfills that need. All the chapters are written by experts, who are well-known in their fields and they have provided the most up-to-date available information. This book will, therefore, be of interest to not only practicing cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, pediatric cardiologists, cardiac anesthetists but also to fellows and residents in training and research institutions, medical students and paramedical personnel as well as medical practitioners of all specialties to whom it will serve as a useful reference guide.
The book is organized into several sections dealing with clinical cardiology, noninvasive cardiology, interventional cardiology, cardiac surgery and the future frontiers. The section on clinical cardiology begins with various chapters dealing with preventive, diagnostic and management aspects of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. Epidemiology and risk factors, such as diet, physical activity, tobacco use, obesity, stress, homocysteine, dyslipidemia and hypertension and their interrelationships are described. Management issues including the role of agents like aspirin, statins, polypill, nitrates, carotenoid lycopene, beta blockers and calcium-channel blockers. ACE inhibitors and ARBS are extensively discussed. Evolving concepts in acute coronary syndrome and medical management of acute myocardial infarction are also covered with a full discussion of anticoagulants and antithrombotic and antiplatelet agents. Next, various types of cardiomyopathies, myocarditis and pericarditis are delineated in detail as well as a full coverage of antiarrhythmic drugs. Other chapters cover various facets of cardiac syncope, sudden cardiac death and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The pros and cons of the use of enhanced external counter pulsation technique are also given. Deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and newer therapies in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension are also covered. Other important chapters deal with rheumatic heart disease, cardiocutaneous diseases, congenital heart disease and cardiac rehabilitation.
The second section of the book deals with noninvasive cardiology. The evolution of echocardiography as the most cost-effective noninvasive tool in cardiac assessment is described in this section which also covers stress echocardiography, myocardial contrast echocardiography, role of echocardiography in catheter interventions in congenital heart disease as well as echo evaluation of tricuspid and pulmonary valves. Other chapters deal with nuclear cardiology, cardiac magnetic resonance, computed tomography, fetal cardiology and telemedicine in cardiology.
The third section of the book deals with the important topic of interventional cardiology. Topics which are covered in this section include coronary intervention, left main percutaneous coronary intervention, interventions using the radial artery approach, intravascular ultrasound, saphenous venous graft angioplasty and peripheral vascular interventions. Wide QRS tachycardias, catheter ablation and cardiac resynchronization therapy are also prominently detailed. The use of intracardiac echocardiography in various interventions performed in the cardiac catheterization laboratory is also included in this section. The next section deals with all aspects of cardiac surgery. Surgery for ischemic heart disease, valve surgery, aortic surgery, robotically assisted cardiac surgery, surgery for congenital heart disease and fm18cardiac transplantation are covered by well-known experts. The last section points to expected refinements and future developments in cardiology, such as stem cell therapy, newer thrombolytics, new frontiers in balloon valvotomy and cardiac transplantation and artificial hearts. There is no question of newer developments are occurring at a very rapid pace and crystal gazing into the future points to exciting prospects.
We are most grateful to all the well-known experts in cardiology and cardiac surgery who have taken valuable time from their busy schedule to contribute to this work. We are also most thankful to Drs Sambi RS, and Krishna CK, and Dianne Blizzard and Lindy Chapman from the University of Alabama, Birmingham, USA for providing valuable editorial assistance.
H K Chopra md
Navin C Nanda md
Editors
fm19Acknowledgments
We express our gratitude and thanks to all our contributors for their help and support especially Dr S Padmavati, Dr Naresh Trehan, Dr SC Manchanda, Dr Savitri Srivastava, Dr U Kaul, Dr SK Parashar, Dr RJ Manjuran, Dr Ashok Seth, Dr Ramesh Arora, Dr VK Bahl, Dr Amal Banerjee, Dr PK Deb, Dr Santanu Guha, Dr OP Yadava, Dr Ravi R Kasliwal, Dr KK Aggarwal and Dr Rakesh Gupta for their constant advice and guidance.
We also express our thanks to the M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India, including Shri Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman), Mr Ankit Vij (Managing Director), Mr Tarun Duneja (Director-Publishing) and Ms Samina Khan (PA to Director-Publishing) for their help, guidance and timely active intervention.
We also express our thanks to Soban Singh for working hard for helping in timely publication of this book.
H K Chopra md
Navin C Nanda md