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Textbook of Oral Pathology
Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe)
1:
Microscope
DEFINITION OF MICROSCOPE
HISTORY OF MICROSCOPE (FIGS 1.1 AND 1.2)
SIMPLE MICROSCOPE
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE (FIGS 1.3A AND B)
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE
Light Source
Illumination
Lens
Condensers
Object Stage
Objectives
Magnification
Color Codes
Numerical Aperture
Resolution
Types of Objectives (Figs 1.10A to C)
Nosepiece
Mechanical Tube
Eyepieces
Different Types of Eyepieces
Micrometry
IMAGE FORMATION IN MICROSCOPE
SPECIALIZED MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUES
Stereomicroscopy (Figs 1.21A and B)
Dark Field Microscopy
Phase Contrast Microscopy (Figs 1.23 and 1.24)
Principles of Phase Contrast Microscope
Applications
Polarized Light Microscopy (Fig. 1.26)
Fluorescence Microscopy (Figs 1.28 to 1.30)
Confocal Microscope (Figs 1.31A and B)
Electron Microscope
Transmission Electron Microscope
Scanning Electron Microscope
MAINTENANCE OF LABORATORY MICROSCOPE
Optical Maintenance
Cleaning of Eyepiece
Objectives
Condenser
2:
Tissue Processing Methods
INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY
GROSS EXAMINATION
PREPARATION OF TISSUE SPECIMEN FOR HISTOLOGICAL STAINING
ROUTINE METHOD FOR HISTOLOGICAL STUDY
Fixation
Factors Affecting Fixation
Dehydration
Clearing
Wax Infiltration
Embedding
Sectioning with Microtome
Picking the Sections
MICROWAVE TISSUE PROCESSING/ MICROWAVE-STIMULATED PROCESSING
Equipment
Fixation
Principle
Procedure
Microwave Biopsy (1 mm Thick) Procedure (Process Time 45 Minutes Including Fixation)
Microwave at a Temperature of 67°C for 5 Minutes
STUDY OF HARD TISSUES
Ground Section
Procedure for Ground Section
Hard Tissue Microtome/Saw Microtome (Fig. 2.15)
Decalcification Methods for Hard Tissue (Fig. 2.16)
Decalcification
FROZEN SECTIONS
STAINING OF CUT SECTIONS
MOUNTING (FIG. 2.20)
ARTIFACTS IN HISTOLOGICAL SECTIONS
3:
Histological Staining Methods
INTRODUCTION
CHEMISTRY OF STAINS
CLASSIFICATION OF STAINS (TABLES 3.1 TO 3.4)
THEORIES OF STAINING
Chemical Theory
Physical Theory
VITAL STAINING
FACTORS AFFECTING STAINING
STAINING PROCEDURE
HEMATOXYLIN AND EOSIN STAINS (FIG. 3.3)
Hematoxylin
Eosin
SPECIAL STAINS
PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff Method)
Trichrome Stains (Fig. 3.5)
Masson Trichrome (Fig. 3.6)
van Gieson's Method (Fig. 3.7)
GORDON AND SWEETS’ METHOD FOR RETICULIN FIBERS (FIG. 3.8)
Mallory's Phosphotungstic Acid Hematoxylin (PTAH) for Muscle Striations (Fig. 3.9)
Oil Red O Stain (Fig. 3.10)
Congo Red
Sudan Black B (Fig. 3.12)
Prussian Blue (Perl's Prussian Blue Reaction)
Safranin O
Toluidine Stains (Fig. 3.15)
Giemsa Stain (Fig. 3.16)
4:
Diagnostic Pathology
INTRODUCTION
BIOPSY
Indications
Contraindication
Ideal Requirement of Biopsy Tissue
Handling Biopsy Tissue
Submission of Specimen
TYPES OF BIOPSY PROCEDURES (TABLE 4.1)
Incisional Biopsy
Indications
Procedure
Punch Biopsy
Procedure
Excisional Biopsy
Indications
Contraindication
Procedure
Mounting of the Specimen
EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY
Principle of PAP smear
Indications
Advantages
Disadvantages
Procedure
Reporting/Interpretation
ORAL MUCOSAL BRUSH BIOPSY
LIQUID BASED CYTOLOGY
FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY
Indications
Procedure
FROZEN SECTION BIOPSY
5:
Advanced Diagnostic Techniques
HISTOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
FIXATION IN HISTOCHEMISTRY
ENZYME HISTOCHEMISTRY
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL METHODS
Principle
Types (Fig. 5.1)
Applications of Immunohistochemistry
IMMUNOFLUORESCENT TECHNIQUES
FLOW CYTOMETRY
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
Modifications of PCR
Application of PCR in Dentistry
HYBRIDIZATION METHODS
LASER CAPTURES MICRODISSECTION
PROTEOMICS
CYTOGENETICS
Karyotyping
Chromosomal Banding
Number and Size of Bands
Alterations in Chromosome Number
Karyotype Analysis
Chromosome Ideograms/Karyogram
6:
Healing of Wound
INTRODUCTION
FACTORS AFFECTING THE WOUND HEALING
Local Factors
Location of Wound
Poor Circulation and Oxygenation
Dressings and Local Infection
Foreign Bodies
Wound Temperature
Saliva (in Case of Oral Wounds)
Mechanical Stress
Desiccation or Dryness of Wound
Systemic Factors
Nutritional Status
Age
Smoking and Alcohol Drinking
Drugs
Vascular and Oxygen Supply
Surgical Techniques
Stress
Obesity
Infection
Diseases
Social Factors
Poverty
Lifestyle and Habits
Housekeeping
Cultural Beliefs
CASCADE OF WOUND HEALING
Hemostasis
Inflammation
Proliferation or Granulation
Remodeling or Maturation
HEALING OF BIOPSY WOUNDS
Primary Healing
Secondary Healing
HEALING OF EXTRACTION WOUNDS
Immediate Reaction Following an Extraction
First Week Wound
Second Week Wound
Third Week Wound
Fourth Week Wound
Radiographic Changes in Healing Sockets
HEALING OF FRACTURES
Immediate Effect of a Fracture
Callus Formation
HEALING OF OSSEOINTEGRATED IMPLANTS
HEALING OF PULP
CEMENTUM
DENTIN
ENAMEL
SKIN HEALING AND ORAL MUCOSAL WOUND HEALING
Healing Response in Skin
Healing Response in Oral Mucosa
A CLINICAL APPROACH TO OPTIMIZING WOUND HEALING (TABLE 6.3)
7:
Hyperplasia, Hamartoma and Neoplasm
DYSPLASIA
METAPLASIA
HYPERPLASIA
HAMARTOMA
CHORIOSTOMA
Teratoma
Teratomas of Tongue
Histopathology
Lab Findings
Management
NEOPLASM
Definition
Nomenclature
Normal Cell Cycle (Fig. 7.2)
Etiology of Oral Cancer
Hereditary Predisposition
Racial and Geographic Factors
Environmental and Cultural Factors
Age
Sex
Acquired Preneoplastic Conditions
Tobacco and Related Products/Smoking
Diet
Hormonal Factors
Chronic Inflammation
CARCINOGENESIS
The Hallmarks of Cancer
CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS
Initiators of Carcinogenesis
Promoters of Carcinogenesis
Mechanism of Action and Stage of Chemical Carcinogen
Initiation
Promotion
PHYSICAL CARCINOGENESIS
Radiation Carcinogenesis
Nonradiation Carcinogenesis
HORMONAL CARCINOGENESIS
Estrogen
Contraceptive Hormones
Anabolic Steroids
Hormone Dependent Tumors
BIOLOGIC CARCINOGENESIS
RNA Oncogenic Viruses
Mechanism of RNA Viral Oncogenesis
DNA Oncogenic Viruses
Mechanism of DNA Viral Oncogenesis
Oxidative Mechanism of Carcinogenesis
Biology of Tumor Growth
Induction of Malignant Changes in the Target Cell (Transformation)
Growth of Transformed Cells (Kinetics of Tumor Cell Growth)
Mechanism of Local Invasion and Distant Metastases
Theories of Carcinogenesis
Epigenetic Theory
Genetic Theory
Virus Theory
Immune Surveillance Theory
Monoclonal Hypothesis
Multistep Theory
METASTASIS
Steps of Metastasis
Routes of Metastasis
Pattern of Metastatic Spread
GRADING AND STAGING OF TUMORS
Grading
CIN Grading
Staging
Objectives
TNM Staging (Table 7.3)
STNMP Staging System (Table 7.4)
8:
Teeth Anomalies
DISORDERS OF DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
SCALE OF HUMAN TOOTH DEVELOPMENT
DISORDERS OF SIZE OF TEETH
Microdontia
Clinical Features
Management
Macrodontia
Causes
Clinical Features
Management
DISTURBANCES IN SHAPE OF TEETH
Gemination
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Twining
Fusion
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Concrescence
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Talon's Cusp
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features (Fig. 8.5)
Management
Dilaceration
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Dens in Dente
Etiology
Classification
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Dens Evaginatus
Pathogenesis
Clinical and Radiological Features
Management
Taurodontism
Etiology
Shaw's Types of Taurodontism (Fig. 8.19)
Clinical and Radiological Features (Fig. 8.20)
Management
Supernumerary Roots
Clinical Features
Management
Ectopic Enamel
Types
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Globodontia
Mulberry Molar
Moon's Molar
Hutchinson's Incisor
Carabelli's Cusp
Shovel Shaped Incisors
DISORDERS OF NUMBER OF TEETH
Anodontia or Hypodontia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Supernumerary Teeth
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
STRUCTURE OF TEETH
Environmental Enamel Hypoplasia
Clinical Features
Management
Mottled Enamel or Dental Fluorosis
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Clinical Classification for Fluorosis (TF)
Histopathological Features
Management
Molar Incisor Hypomineralization
Amelogenesis Imperfecta
Classification
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Dentinogenesis Imperfecta
Clinical Features (Fig. 8.34)
Histopathology Features
Management
Dentin Dysplasia
Clinical Features (Fig. 8.35)
Histopathological Features
Management
Regional Odontodysplasia
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Fibrous Dysplasia of Dentin
Dentin Hypocalcification
ANOMALIES ASSOCIATED WITH ERUPTION OF THE TEETH (TABLE 8.4)
Eruption of Teeth
Theories of Tooth Eruption
Bone Remodeling
Root Growth
Vascular Pressure
Periodontal Ligament Traction
Predeciduous Dentition
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Delayed Eruption
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Embedded and Impacted Teeth
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Ankylosis or Submerged Teeth
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Transposition
Clinical Features (Fig. 8.42)
Management
Eruption Sequestrum
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Ectopic Eruption
Clinical Features
Management
Premature Exfoliation
Postpermanent Dentition
9:
Craniofacial Anomalies
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES OF JAWS
Agnathia
Agenesis
Micrognathia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Macrognathia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Facial Hemihypertrophy
Etiology
Clinical Features
ORAL MANIFESTATIONS
Histopathological Features
Management
Facial Hemiatrophy
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
Segmental Odontomaxillary Dysplasia
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Cleidocranial Dysplasia
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Craniofacial Dysostosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Management
Mandibulofacial Dysostosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Management
Focal Osteoporosis Bone Marrow Defect
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Chondroectodermal Dysplasia
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Management
Arhinencephaly
Apert's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Management
Stafne Defect
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS OF ORAL MUCOSA
Labial and Oral Melanotic Macule
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Fordyce Granule
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Leukoedema
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Caliber Persistent Artery
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Lateral Soft Tissue Fistulas
Clinical Features
Management
10:
Dental Caries
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
THEORIES OF CARIOGENESIS
The Legend of Worm
Chemical Theory
Humoral Theory
Vital Theory
Miller's Acidogenic/Chemoparasitic Theory
Role of Carbohydrate
Role of Microorganisms (Fig. 10.2)
Role of Acids
Role of Dental Plaque
Proteolysis Theory
Proteolysis Chelation Theory
Sucrose Chelation Theory
Autoimmune Theory
SECONDARY CONTRIBUTING FACTORS IN DENTAL CARIES
Saliva
Salivary Flow Rate
pH and Buffering Capacity
Viscosity
Antibacterial Substances
Teeth
Structural Composition
Morphology
Arrangement in the Arch
Presence of Dental Appliance
Diet
Physical Nature
Composition
Hereditary
CLASSIFICATION
SMOOTH SURFACE CARIES
Interproximal Caries
Clinical Features
Cervical, Buccal, Lingual or Palatal Caries (Fig. 10.5)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features of Smooth Surface Caries
Enamel Changes
Dentin Changes
PIT AND FISSURE CARIES
Histopathological Features (Figs 10.24 to 10.28)
ROOT CARIES
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
RECURRENT CARIES
Clinical Features
Nursing Bottle Caries
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Prevention
Rampant Caries
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Arrested Caries
Clinical Features
Pre-eruptive Caries
Treatment
Caries Activity Tests
Lactobacillus Count Test
Snyder Test
Alban's Test
Streptococcus Mutans Level in Saliva
Buffer Capacity Test
Fosdick Calcium Dissolution Test
Dewar Test
Swab Test
Reductase Test
Control of Dental Caries
Control of All Active Lesions
Nutritional Measures for Caries Control
CHEMICAL MEASURES OF CARIES CONTROL
Substances Which Alter the Tooth Surface or Tooth Structure
Fluorine
Bis-biguanides
Silver Nitrate
Zinc Chloride and Potassium Ferrocyanide
Substances Which Interfere with Carbohydrate Degradation through Enzymatic Alteration
Vitamin K
Sarcoside
Substances which Interfere with Bacterial Growth and Metabolism
Urea and Ammonium Compounds
Chlorophyll
Nitrofurans
Penicillin
11:
Benign Tumors
INTRODUCTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF BENIGN TUMOR
Terminology
CLASSIFICATION OF BENIGN TUMOR
EPITHELIAL ORIGIN
Squamous Papilloma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Sinonasal Papilloma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Verruciform Xanthoma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Keratoacanthoma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Fig. 11.8)
Management
Squamous Acanthoma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Oral Melanoacanthoma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Melanocytic Nevus
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Fibroma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Fibrous Histiocytoma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Fibromatosis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Giant Cell Fibroma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Oral Focal Mucinosis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 11.24A and B)
Management
Myxoma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Myxofibroma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
CARTILAGE
Chondroma
Origin
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Chondroblastoma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Chondromyxoid Fibroma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
ADIPOSE TISSUE
Lipoma
Clinical Features (Figs 11.31 to 11.35)
Histopathological Features (Figs 11.36 to 11.39)
Histological Types of Lipoma
Management
BONE
Osteoma
Origin
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 11.41 and 11.42)
Management
Osteoblastoma
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Osteoid Osteoma
Classification of Osteoid Osteomas
Cortical
Cancellous
Intra-articular
Clinical Features (Table 11.4)
Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Osteochondroma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features (Fig. 11.45)
Management
Torus Palatinus
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Torus Mandibularis
Causes
Clinical Features
Management
Exostosis
Clinical Features
Management
VASCULAR TISSUE
Hemangioma
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 11.51 and 11.52)
Management
Vascular Malformation
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Struge-Weber Syndrome
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Lymphangioma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 11.55 and 11.56)
Management
Glomus Tumor
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Hemangiopericytoma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
NEURAL TISSUE
Neuroma
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Neurilemmoma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 11.62 and 11.63)
Management
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes (MEN Syndrome)
Types
Clinical Features
Histopathological and Laboratory Features
Management
Paraganglioma
Types of Paraganglioma
Clinical and Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Neurofibroma or Neurofibromatosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 11.65 and 11.66)
Management
Ganglioneuroma
Congenital Granular Cell Tumor
Histogenesis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 11.69 to 11.72)
Management
Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features (Fig. 11.73)
Management
MUSCLE
Leiomyoma
Types
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 11.74 and 11.75)
Management
Rhabdomyoma
Types
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Fig. 11.76)
Management
Granular Cell Tumor
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Fig. 11.77)
Management
GIANT CELL LESION
Origin of Giant Cells
Giant Cell Tumors
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Common Giant Cell Lesions of the Oral Cavity (Ipe Varghese et al)
Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma
Etiology
Clinical Features (Figs 11.79 to 11.81)
Histopathological Features (Figs 11.82 and 11.83)
Management
12:
Premalignant Lesions and Conditions
CONCEPT OF PRECANCER
TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS
Oral Precancer is Distinguished by WHO
Field Cancerization
LEUKOPLAKIA
Classification
Clinical Classification (WHO 1980)
According to Banoczy
Etiopathogenesis (Flow chart 12.1)
Local Factors
Regional and Systemic Factors
Clinical Features
Clinical Types
Staging of Leukoplakia (OLP Staging)
Histopathological Features (Figs 12.5 to 12.8)
Surface Changes
Epithelial Changes
Dysplastic Changes
Cytological Features of Dysplasia
Cellular Changes
Connective Tissue Changes
Grading of Dysplasia
WHO Dysplasia System
Ljubljana Classification System
Malignant Potential
Management
ERYTHROPLAKIA
Definition
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Diagnosis
Management
CARCINOMA IN SITU
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Bowen's Disease
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
ORAL LESION ASSOCIATED WITH USE OF TOBACCO
Smoker's Palate or Stomatitis Nicotina
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Snuff Dipper Lesion
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Cigarette Smoker's Lip Lesion
LICHEN PLANUS
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Lichen Planus
Clinical Variation of Lichen Planus
Histopathological Features (Figs 12.21 to 12.23)
Histopathological Features of Different Types of Oral Lichen Planus
Malignant Potential
Management
Erosive Lichen Planus
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
ORAL SUBMUCOUS FIBROSIS
Definition
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Increased Collagen Production
Stabilization of Collagen Structure
Decreased Collagen Breakdown
Clinical Features
Affected Sites and Their Signs
Associated Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 12.26 to 12.28)
Epithelial Atypia in Oral Submucous Fibrosis
Grading of Oral Submucous Fibrosis
Staging of Oral Submucous Fibrosis
Clinical Staging (Table 12.6)
Functional Staging (Table 12.7)
Malignant Potential
Management
DYSKERATOSIS CONGENITA
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
Etiology
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Laboratory Findings
Histopathological Features (Figs 12.31 and 12.32)
Management
13:
Malignant Tumors
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION
ETIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS FOR ORAL CANCER
RISK FACTORS
EPITHELIAL TUMORS
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Location
Clinical Features
Histopathology Features
Well Differentiated Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Figs 13.3 to 13.5)
Moderately Differentiated/Less Well Differentiated Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Figs 13.8 to 13.13)
Poorly Differentiated Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Radiological Features
Different Types of Carcinoma According to Site
Carcinoma of Floor of Mouth
Carcinoma of Alveolar Ridge (Fig. 13.17)
Carcinoma of Buccal Mucosa (Figs 13.18 to 13.21)
Carcinoma of Labial Mucosa (Fig. 13.22)
Carcinoma of Palate
Carcinoma of Maxillary Sinus (Figs 13.23 to 13.25)
Multiple Carcinomas
Management
METASTATIC CARCINOMA
BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 13.30 to 13.32)
Management
ADENOSQUAMOUS CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
BASALOID SQUAMOUS CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
SINONASAL UNDIFFERENTIATED CARCINOMA
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
VERRUCOUS CARCINOMA
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
MALIGNANT MELANOMA
Clinical Features
Superficial Spreading Melanoma
Nodular Melanoma
Lentigo Maligna Melanoma
Acral Lentiginous Melanoma
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features (Figs 13.43 to 13.46)
Histological Grading and Staging of Malignant Melanoma (Table 13.4)
Management
SPINDLE CELL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
ADENOID SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
MERKEL CELL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Fibrosarcoma
Clinical and Radiological Features
Radiological Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 13.51 to 13.55)
Management
MALIGNANT FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
SYNOVIAL SARCOMA
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
ADIPOSE TISSUE
Liposarcoma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
CARTILAGE
Chondrosarcoma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 13.62 and 13.63)
Management
MESENCHYMAL CHONDROSARCOMA
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
BONE
Osteosarcoma
Classification
Location
Etiology
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 13.65 and 13.66)
Laboratory Investigation
Peripheral (Ojuxtacortical) Osteosarcoma
Management
EWING’S SARCOMA
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 13.67 to 13.69)
Management
VASCULAR
Malignant Hemangioendothelioma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Malignant Hemangiopericytoma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Angiosarcoma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
NEURAL TISSUE
Neuroblastoma
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Management
Olfactory Neuroblastoma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Neurofibrosarcoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features
Management
MUSCLE
Leiomyosarcoma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 13.72 and 13.73)
Management
Malignant Granular Cell Myoblastoma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
14:
Odontogenic Tumors
CLASSIFICATION OF ODONTOGENIC TUMORS (TABLE 14.1)
DEVELOPMENT OF TOOTH
Odontogenesis
STAGES OF TOOTH DEVELOPMENT
Cell Rest of Malassez and Serrae
Pericoronal Dental Follicle
Cyst Lining
Tooth Germ
Heterotopic Epithelium
Basal Cells of Oral Epithelium
Gubernacular Dentis
MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY OF ODONTOGENIC TUMORS (TABLES 14.2 AND 14.3)
AMELOBLASTOMA
Definitions
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Classification
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features (Figs 14.3 and 14.4)
Histopathological Features
Follicular Ameloblastoma (Figs 14.6 to 14.10)
Plexiform Ameloblastoma (Figs 14.11 and 14.12)
Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma (Figs 14.13 and 14.14)
Granular Cell Ameloblastoma (Fig 14.15)
Basal Cell Ameloblastoma (Figs 14.16 and 14.17)
Clear Cell Ameloblastoma
Keratoameloblastoma
Management
VARIANT OF AMELOBLASTOMA
Desmoplastic Ameloblastoma
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Histopathological Features
Extraosseous/Peripheral Ameloblastoma
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Pituitary Ameloblastoma
Adamantinoma of Long Bones
Unicystic Ameloblastoma
Pathogenesis of Unicystic Ameloblastoma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 14.21 to 14.24)
Management
SQUAMOUS ODONTOGENIC TUMOR
Peter and Reichart Definition
Origin
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 14.25 and 14.26)
Management
CALCIFYING EPITHELIAL ODONTOGENIC TUMOR
Origin
Pathogenesis of CEOT
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 14.30 to 14.36)
Management
ADENOMATOID ODONTOGENIC TUMOR OR CYST
Definition
Types/Classification
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 14.45 to 14.48)
Unusual Variants of AOT
Cells of AOT
Management
MIXED ODONTOGENIC TUMORS
CONTINUUM CONCEPT (CAHN AND BLUM)
Philipsen and Reichart Theory
AMELOBLASTIC FIBROMA
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 14.50 and 14.51)
Management
AMELOBLASTIC FIBRODENTINOMA
Pathogenesis
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
AMELOBLASTIC FIBRO-ODONTOMA
Pathogenesis
Clinical and Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 14.52 to 14.55)
Management
ODONTOMA
Definition
Origin
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features (Fig. 14.57)
Management
ODONTOAMELOBLASTOMA
Pathogenesis
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features (Fig. 14.58)
Management
ODONTOGENIC FIBROMA
Pathogenesis
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features (Fig. 14.59)
Management
GRANULAR CELL ODONTOGENIC TUMOR
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
ODONTOGENIC MYXOMA
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Cementoma
Pathogenesis
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
MALIGNANT TUMORS
Malignant Ameloblastoma and Malignant Carcinoma
Terminology
Pathogenesis
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Primary Intraosseous Carcinoma
Origin
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Histopathological Features (Fig. 14.65)
Clear Cell Odontogenic Tumor or Carcinoma
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Malignant Changes in Odontogenic Cyst
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Ameloblastic Fibrosarcoma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Odontogenic Fibrosarcoma
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
15:
Cyst of Orofacial Region
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS
CLASSIFICATION
THEORIES OF CYST ENLARGEMENT
Mural Growth (Fig. 15.1)
Peripheral Cell Division
Accumulation of Cellular Content
Hydrostatic Enlargement (Fig. 15.2)
Bone Resorbing Factor (Fig. 15.3)
DENTIGEROUS CYST
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 15.11 to 15.14)
Management
Potential Complication
ERUPTION CYST
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
ODONTOGENIC KERATOCYST
Odontogenic Keratocyst as a Benign Neoplasm
Origin of Cyst
Clinical Features
Recurrence
Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 15.20 to 15.28)
Management
PRIMORDIAL CYST
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
GINGIVAL CYST OF NEWBORN
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
GINGIVAL CYST OF ADULT
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
LATERAL PERIODONTAL CYST
Pathogenesis and Etiology
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features (Fig. 15.32)
Management
GLANDULAR ODONTOGENIC CYST
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
PALATAL CYST OF NEWBORN (EPSTEIN’S PEARLS, BOHN’S NODULES)
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
CALCIFYING EPITHELIAL ODONTOGENIC CYST
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 15.34 to 15.37)
Management
INFLAMMATORY RADICULAR CYST
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 15.40 to 15.44)
Management
RESIDUAL CYST
Clinical and Radiological Features
Management
INFLAMMATORY COLLATERAL CYST
PARADENTAL CYST
Origin
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
MANDIBULAR BUCCAL INFECTED CYST
Pathogenesis
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
SUPPURATING CYST
HEALING CYST
NONODONTOGENIC CYSTS
Nasopalatine cyst
Origin
Etiological Factors
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 15.47 to 15.49)
Management
MEDIAN PALATINE CYST
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
NASOALVEOLAR CYST
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features
Management
MEDIAN MANDIBULAR CYST
GLOBULOMAXILLARY CYST
NONEPITHELIAL CYSTS
Traumatic Bone Cyst
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features
Management
ANEURYSMAL BONE CYST
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 15.51 and 15.52)
Management
CYSTS OF THE MAXILLARY SINUS
Sinus Mucocele
Pathogenesis
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
ANTRAL PSEUDOCYST
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
RETENTION CYST
SOFT TISSUE CYST
Dermoid and Epidermoid Cyst
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Fig. 15.55)
Management
BRANCHIAL CLEFT CYST
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Fig. 15.56)
Management
ORAL LYMPHOEPITHELIAL CYST
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYST
ANTERIOR MEDIAN LINGUAL CYST
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
ORAL CYST WITH GASTRIC OR INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
CYSTIC HYGROMA
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
FOLLICULAR CYSTS OF THE SKIN
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
NASOPHARYNGEAL CYST
THYMIC CYST
CYSTS OF SALIVARY GLANDS
PARASITIC CYST
Hydatid Cyst
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
CYSTICERCOSIS CELLULOSE
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH ODONTOGENIC CYSTS
Jaw Cyst-Basal Cell Nevus-bifid Rib Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features
Management
TREATMENT OF CYSTS
Regression of Cysts without Surgical Treatment
Marsupialization of Dental Cysts
Indications
Advantages
Disadvantages
Enucleation
Indications
Advantages
Disadvantages
16:
Periodontal Pathology
FIBROMATOSIS GINGIVA
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Fig. 16.3)
Management
RETROCUSPID PAPILLA
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
GINGIVAL INFLAMMATION OR GINGIVITIS
Etiology
Local Factors
Systemic Factors
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Histopathological Types
Management
NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE GINGIVITIS
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
DESQUAMATIVE GINGIVITIS
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
PLASMA CELL GINGIVITIS
Cause
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
GRANULOMATOUS GINGIVITIS
Cause
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
GINGIVAL ABSCESS
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
PERICORONAL ABSCESS
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Complications
Management
CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY ENLARGEMENT
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
GINGIVAL ENLARGEMENT DUE TO DRUGS
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
PREGNANCY TUMOR
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
GRANULOMA PYOGENICUM
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
PERIODONTAL POCKETS
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
ADULT PERIODONTITIS
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS/JUVENILE PERIODONTITIS
Causes
Mechanism of Bone Loss
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
PAPILLON-LEFEVRE SYNDROME
Clinical Features (Figs 16.25A and B)
Histopathological Features
Management
HAIM-MUNK SYNDROME
17:
Salivary Gland Pathology
CLASSIFICATION OF SALIVARY GLAND DISORDERS
DEVELOPMENT OF SALIVARY GLAND (FIGS 17.1A TO E)
MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS
Parotid Gland
Submandibular Gland
Sublingual Gland
ABERRANCY
Clinical Features
APLASIA AND HYPOPLASIA
Causes
Clinical Features
Management
HYPERPLASIA OF SALIVARY GLAND
Causes
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
ATRESIA
ACCESSORY DUCT
DIVERTICULI
SIALORRHEA
Causes
Clinical Features
Management
XEROSTOMIA
Causes
Clinical Features
Management
SIALOLITHIASIS
Composition
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Diagnosis
Management
STRICTURES AND STENOSIS
Types
MUCOCELE (MUCOUS EXTRAVASATION PHENOMENON)
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 17.8 to 17.10)
Management
SALIVARY DUCT CYST OR MUCUS RETENTION CYST
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
RANULA
Definition
Clinical Features
Plunging Ranula
Histopathological Feature
Management
SIALOSIS (SIALADENOSIS)
Cause
Clinical Features
Histopathological and Laboratory Features
Management
ALLERGIC SIALADENITIS
MUMPS
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INCLUSION DISEASE
Clinical Features
Laboratory Investigations
BACTERIAL SIALADENITIS
Etiology
Clinical Features
Acute Bacterial Sialadenitis
Chronic Bacterial Sialadenitis
Chronic Sclerosing Sialadenitis
Subacute Necrotizing Sialadenitis
Histopathological Features
Management
SJÖGREN'S SYNDROME
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral
General
Histopathological Features
Laboratory Investigations
Management
MIKULICZ’S DISEASE OR BENIGN LYMPHOEPITHELIAL LESION
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
UVEOPAROTID FEVER
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
TUMORS OF SALIVARY GLANDS
HISTOGENESIS
THEORIES OF SALIVARY GLAND TUMOR HISTOGENESIS
GENERAL FEATURES OF SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS
Sialographic Appearance of Intrinsic Tumor of Salivary Glands
Palpation of Tumor
CLINICAL STAGING OF SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS
PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA
Histogenesis and Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
BASAL CELL ADENOMA
Histogenesis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
CANALICULAR ADENOMA
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
WARTHIN’S TUMOR
Development
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
ONCOCYTOMA
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
MYOEPITHELIOMA
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
DUCTAL PAPILLOMAS
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
MUCOEPIDERMOID CARCINOMA
Histogenesis
Etiology
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 17.43 to 17.51)
Management
CENTRAL MUCOEPIDERMOID CARCINOMA
Origin
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
ACINIC CELL ADENOCARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
ADENOID CYSTIC CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 17.52 to 17.58)
Management
POLYMORPHOUS LOW-GRADE ADENOCARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 17.61 and 17.62)
Management
MALIGNANT MIXED TUMOR
Clinical Features
Carcinoma Ex-Pleomorphic Adenoma (Fig. 17.63)
Carcinosarcoma
Metastasizing Mixed Tumor
Histopathological Features (Fig. 17.65)
Carcinoma Ex Pleomorphic Adenoma
Carcinosarcoma
Metastasizing Mixed Tumor
Management
CONNECTIVE TISSUE TUMORS
NECROTIZING SIALOMETAPLASIA
Etiology and Pathogenesis (Flow chart 17.1)
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
18:
Bacterial Infection
IMPETIGO
Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Fig. 18.1)
Management
ERYSIPELAS
Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
SYPHILIS
Classification
Epidemiology
Primary Syphilis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features (Fig. 18.3)
Secondary Syphilis (Disseminated Syphilis)
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Tertiary Syphilis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Congenital Syphilis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis of Syphilis
Management
GONORRHEA
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
LEPROSY (HANSEN DISEASE)
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
General Features
Tuberculoid Type
Borderline Type
Lepromatous Leprosy
Erythema Nodosum Leprosum
Orofacial Manifestations (Fig. 18.8)
Histopathological Features (Fig. 18.9)
Diagnosis
Management
TUBERCULOSIS
Transmission and Prevalence
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features (Figs 18.11 to 18.14)
Diagnosis
Management
ACTINOMYCOSIS
Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
Cervicofacial Form
Abdominal Form
Pulmonary Form
Subcutaneous Form
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features (Figs18.16 to 18.19)
Management
NOMA
Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
Management
SCARLET FEVER
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
DIPHTHERIA
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Prevention
Management
TULAREMIA
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Laboratory Diagnosis
Management
RHINOSCLEROMA
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
GRANULOMA INGUINALE
Clinical Features
ORAL MANIFESTATIONS
Histopathological Features
Management
STREPTOCOCCAL TONSILLITIS AND PHARYNGITIS
Clinical Features
Management
TONSILLAR CONCRETION AND TONSILLOLITHIASIS
Clinical Features
Management
LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Management
MYIASIS
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Management
CAT SCRATCH DISEASE
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
PYOSTOMATITIS VEGETANS
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
SINUSITIS
Etiology
Dental Causes
Nondental Causes
Mechanical Obstruction of Ostium
Clinical Features
Acute Maxillary Sinusitis
Chronic
Radiological Features
Lab Findings
Histopathological Features
Acute Sinusitis
Chronic Sinusitis
Management
19:
Fungal or Myocotic Infection
CANDIDIASIS
Classification 1st
Classification 2nd
Causative Organisms
Predisposing Factors
ORAL CANDIDIASIS
Thrush or Pseudomembranous Candidiasis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 19.4 to 19.6)
Acute Atrophic Candidiasis or Erythematous Candidiasis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Id Reaction
Candida Associated Lesion
Denture Stomatitis
Median Rhomboidal Glossitis
Management
CHRONIC MUCOCUTANEOUS CANDIDIASIS
Classification
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
FORMS OF CANDIDIASIS
HISTOPLASMOSIS
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
BLASTOMYCOSIS
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Diagnosis
Management
MUCORMYCOSIS
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Findings
Management
CRYPTOCOCCOSIS
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Diagnosis
Management
COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
GEOTRICHOSIS
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
SPOROTRICHOSIS
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
RHINOSPORIDIOSIS
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
ASPERGILLOSIS
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
TOXOPLASMOSIS
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
LEISHMANIASIS
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
TRICHINOSIS
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
20:
Viral Infection
HUMAN HERPES VIRUS
HERPES SIMPLEX INFECTION
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Primary Herpes Simplex Infection
RECURRENT OR SECONDARY OR RECRUDESCENT HERPETIC INFECTION
Different Forms of Herpes Simplex Infection
Histopathological Features
Diagnosis
Management
MEASLES
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
VARICELLA ZOSTER INFECTION
Chickenpox
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
HERPES ZOSTER
Clinical Features (Figs 20.6 to 20.10)
Oral Manifestations (Figs 20.11 and 20.12)
Histopathological Features
JAMES RAMSEY HUNT SYNDROME
Management
RUBELLA
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Management
ENTEROVIRUSES
Herpangina
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Management
Acute Lymphonodular Pharyngitis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Hand Foot Mouth Disease
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Management
FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Management
CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Laboratory Investigation
Histopathological Features
Management
VERRUCA VULGARIS
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
FOCAL EPITHELIAL HYPERPLASIA
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM INFECTION
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Hematological Findings
Diagnosis
Management
21:
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION
1st Classification (given in 1993) by Center for Disease Control (CDC)
2nd Classification by USPHS-CDC
AIDS RELATED COMPLEX
PREVALENCE
Etiology
CHARACTERISTIC OF HIV VIRUS
Mechanism of Action
Transmission
Clinical Features (Fig. 21.2)
ORAL MANIFESTATIONS
Candidiasis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Kaposi's Sarcoma
Etiology
Epidemiology and Form
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
Hairy Leukoplakia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Periodontal Disease Associated with HIV
Clinical Features
Management
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Clinical Features
Management
UNCOMMON ORAL MANIFESTATION OF HIV
Recurrent Herpes Labialis
Oral Human Papilloma Virus Lesions
Management
Herpes Zoster
Management
HIV Associated Salivary Gland Diseases
Management
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Management
Mycobacterium Infection
Management
Hyperpigmentation
Histoplasmosis
Management
Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis
Management
Molluscum Contagiosum
Management
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Management
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
SCREENING TEST FOR AIDS
Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (Fig. 21.7)
The Western Blot Method
Viral Culture and Polymerase Chain Reaction
Surrogate Marker for Progression of HIV-I Infection
MANAGEMENT
PREVENTION
22:
Odontogenic Infection and Pulp Pathology
EFFECT OF INFECTION ON HOST
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF INFECTION
PULP
CLASSIFICATION OF PULPITIS
PULPITIS
Pathogenesis
Causes
Clinical Features
Reversible Pulpitis
Irreversible Pulpitis
Chronic Hyperplastic Pulpitis
Histopathological Features (Figs 22.2 to 22.4)
Management
PULP DEGENERATION
Clinical Features
Types
PULP CALCIFICATIONS
Etiology
Classification
Clinical and Radiographic Significance
Histopathological Features (Figs 22.7 to 22.9)
Management
NECROSIS OF PULP
Types
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
CRACKED TOOTH SYNDROME
Clinical Features
Management
PERIAPICAL ABSCESS
Bacteriology
Types
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
PERIODONTAL ABSCESS
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
ACUTE EXACERBATION OF A CHRONIC LESION
Causes
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features (Fig. 22.18)
Management
Periapical Scar
Formation of Scar
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
OSTEOMYELITIS
Predisposing Factors
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Occurrence
ACUTE SUPPURATIVE OSTEOMYELITIS
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE OSTEOMYELITIS
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
INFANTILE OSTEOMYELITIS
Route of Infection
Clinical Features
Diffuse Sclerosing Osteomyelitis
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Primary Chronic Osteomyelitis
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Chronic Tendoperiostitis
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
SYNOVITIS, ACNE, PUSTULOSIS, HYPEROSTOSIS AND OSTEOMYELITIS SYNDROME
CHRONIC RECURRENT MULTIFOCAL OSTEOMYELITIS
Focal Sclerosing Osteomyelitis (Condensing Osteitis)
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Osteomyelitis with Proliferative Periostitis
Causes
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Radiation Osteomyelitis
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Management
CELLULITIS
Bacteriology and Causes
Clinical Features
Laboratory Findings
Histopathological Features
Management
LUDWIG’S ANGINA
Definition
Etiology
Bacteriology
Clinical Features
Fatal Complications
Generalized Septicemia
Prevention
Laboratory Findings
Management
FATAL COMPLICATIONS OF ORAL INFECTION
Bacterial Meningitis
Bacteriology
Clinical Features
Management
Brain Abscess
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Management
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
Etiology
Bacteriology
Clinical Features
Investigations
Management
Odontogenic Infection of Orbit (Fig. 22.33)
Clinical Features
Management
Mediastinitis
Clinical Features
Management
Necrotizing Fasciitis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
ORAL FOCI OF INFECTIONS
DRY SOCKET
Cause (Fig. 22.34)
Clinical Features
Management
23:
Bone Disease Manifested in Jaw
FIBRO-OSSEOUS LESIONS
CLASSIFICATION
1st
Fibro-osseous Lesions of Medullary Bone Origin
Fibro-osseous Lesions of Periodontal Origin
FIBROUS DYSPLASIA
Etiology
Types
1st
2nd according to Stewart
Clinical Features
Monostotic Fibrous Dysplasia
Oral Manifestations
Monostotic
Radiological Features
Laboratory Examination
Histopathological Features
Management
CHERUBISM
Classification
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Laboratory Findings
Histopathological Features (Fig. 23.8)
Management
CENTRAL GIANT CELL GRANULOMA
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 23.10 to 23.13)
Management
PAGET’S DISEASE
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Laboratory Investigations
Histopathological Features (Figs 22.15 to 23.17)
Management
Cemento-osseous Dysplasia
Clinical Features
Focal Cemento-osseous Dysplasia
Periapical Cemento-osseous Dysplasia
Florid Osseous Dysplasia
Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
FAMILIAL GIGANTIFORM CEMENTOMA
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
OSSIFYING FIBROMA, CEMENTIFYING FIBROMA AND CEMENTO-OSSIFYING FIBROMA
Clinical Features
Cementifying Fibroma
Cemento-ossifying Fibroma
Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
JUVENILE OSSIFYING FIBROMA
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
OSTEOPOROSIS
Types
Mechanism of Bone Loss
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Laboratory Findings
Histopathological Features
Management
INFANTILE CORTICAL HYPEROSTOSIS
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Manifestation
Laboratory Findings
Histopathological Features
Management
OSTEOPETROSIS
Clinical Features
Malignant Osteopetrosis
Benign Osteopetrosis
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Laboratory Findings
Histopathological Features
Management
OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features
Management
PIERRE ROBIN SYNDROME
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Management
MARFAN’S SYNDROME
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Management
DOWN’S SYNDROME
Clinical Features (Fig. 23.34)
Oral Manifestation
Management
ACHONDROPLASIA
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
OSTEOSCLEROSIS
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
MASSIVE OSTEOLYSIS
Cause
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
GARDNER’S SYNDROME
Oral Manifestation
Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features
Management
24:
Diseases of Lip
CLASSIFICATION OF LIP DISORDERS
ANATOMY
DEVELOPMENTAL DISTURBANCE OF LIP
Congenital Lip Pits
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Feature
Management
Commissural Pits
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Double Lip
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Cleft Lip and Palate
Etiology
Development of Cleft
Types of Cleft in Orofacial Region
Clinical Features
Management
CHEILITIS
Glandular Cheilitis
ETIOLOGY
Granulomatous Cheilitis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Fig. 24.8)
Management
Angular Cheilitis
Causes
Clinical Features
Management
Eczematous Cheilitis
Contact Cheilitis
Causes
Clinical Features
Management
Actinic Cheilitis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Exfoliative Cheilitis
Causes
Clinical Features
Management
Plasma Cell Cheilitis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Carcinoma of Lip
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
MISCELLANEOUS
Chapping of Lips
Actinic Elastosis
Causes
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Lip Ulcers due to Caliber Persistent Artery
25:
Tongue Disorders
INTRODUCTION
EMBRYOLOGY OF TONGUE
ANATOMY OF TONGUE
Surface
PAPILLAE
MUSCLE
ARTERIAL SUPPLY
VENOUS DRAINAGE
NERVE SUPPLY
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
FUNCTIONS OF TONGUE
CLASSIFICATION OF TONGUE DISORDERS
AGLOSSIA AND MICROGLOSSIA
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Management
MACROGLOSSIA
Classification
Congenital Macroglossia
Acquired Macroglossia
Relative Macroglossia
Apparent Macroglossia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
ANKYLOGLOSSIA
Types
Clinical Features
Management
CLEFT TONGUE
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Management
ANKYLOGLOSSUM SUPERIUS SYNDROME
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
LINGUAL VARICOSITIES
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
LINGUAL THYROID NODULE
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
VARIATIONS IN TONGUE MOVEMENT
PATENT THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYST
Development
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
LINGUAL POLYP
LINGUAL CYST
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
FISSURED TONGUE
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
MEDIAN RHOMBOID GLOSSITIS
Pathogenesis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
BENIGN MIGRATORY GLOSSITIS
Etiology
Classification
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
HAIRY TONGUE
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
CRENATED TONGUE
FOLIATE PAPILLITIS
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
LEUKOKERATOSIS NICOTINA GLOSSI
DEPAPILLATION OF THE TONGUE
Local Disease
Eosinophilic Granuloma
Traumatic Injuries
Lesions due to Automutilation
Allergic Stomatitis
Facial Hemiatrophy
Cranial Arteritis
Chronic Candidiasis
Systemic Disease
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Plummer Vinson Syndrome
Pernicious Anemia
Niacin Deficiency
Folic Acid Deficiency
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Dermatomyositis
Diabetes
Syphilis
Zoster Infection
Tuberculosis
DYSGEUSIA AND HYPOGEUSIA
Causes
Clinical Features
Management
DYSKINESIA
Generalized Neurological Disease
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Buccolingual Masticatory Syndrome
Tardive Dyskinesia
PARALYSIS OF TONGUE
Causes
Clinical Features
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Etiology
Clinical Features
Spread of Carcinoma
Lymphatic Spread
Management
Complications
PIGMENTATION OF TONGUE
26:
Temporomandibular Joint Pathology
CORONOID HYPERPLASIA
Cause
Clinical Features
Radiographic Feature
Management
CONDYLAR HYPERPLASIA
Cause
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
CONDYLAR HYPOPLASIA
Types
Clinical Features
Management
BIFID CONDYLE
OSTEOARTHRITIS
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features
Management
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
General
TMJ Involvement
Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features
Investigations
Management
ANKYLOSIS
Classification
Etiology
False
True
Clinical Features (Figs 26.6 to 26.9)
General
Unilateral
Bilateral
Histopathological Features
Management
SUBLUXATION (HYPERMOBILITY)
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
GOUT
Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
Acute Gouty Arthritis
Chronic Tophaceous Gout
TMJ Involvement
Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features
Management
SYNOVIAL CHONDROMATOSIS
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DYSFUNCTION
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Management
27:
Chemical and Physical Injuries
LINEA ALBA
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
HABITUAL CHEEK OR LIP BITING
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
TRAUMATIC ULCER
Causes
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Fig. 27.4)
Management
ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL BURNS
Clinical Features
Management
ANESTHETIC NECROSIS
Clinical Features
Management
CHEMICAL BURNS
Causes
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
SMOKER MELANOSIS
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
DRUG INDUCED DISCOLORATION OF ORAL MUCOSA
CUTRIGHT LESION
Clinical Features
Histopathological Feature
Management
TRAUMATIC SEQUESTRATION
Clinical Features and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
METHAMPHETAMINE ABUSE LESION
Clinical Features
Management
SUBMUCOSAL HEMORRHAGE
Clinical Features
Management
ORAL LESION AS COMPLICATION TO ANTI-NEOPLASTIC THERAPY (NON-INFECTIOUS)
Clinical Features
Management
CERVICOFACIAL EMPHYSEMA
Clinical Features
Management
MYOSPHERULOSIS
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
ATTRITION
Etiology Factors for Pathological Attrition
Clinical Features
Management
ABRASION
Etiology
Clinical Types
Management
EROSION
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
ABFRACTION
Causes and Mechanism
Clinical Features
DENTINAL SCLEROSIS
Etiology
Mechanism
Clinical Features
SECONDARY AND TERTIARY DENTIN
Etiology
Terminology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Fig. 27.20)
Management
RESORPTION OF TEETH
External Resorption
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Internal Resorption
Etiology
Mechanism
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
HYPERCEMENTOSIS
Types
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Fig. 27.25)
Management
CEMENTICLES
Etiology and Formation
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
BRUXISM
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
TRAUMATIC LESION DUE SEXUAL HABIT
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
ORAL PIERCING AND OTHER BODY MODIFICATION
Clinical and Radiological Features
Management
FRACTURE OF TEETH
Dental Crown Fracture (Fig. 27.29)
Dental Root Fracture (Fig. 27.30)
Crown/Root Fracture
Vertical Root Fracture
Perforation of the Root
Histopathological Features of Tooth Fracture
AMALGAM TATTOO
Causes
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
BISMUTHISM
Causes
Mechanisms
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Diagnosis
PLUMBISM
Causes
Mechanism of Action
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Laboratory Finding
Management
MERCURIALISM
Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Management
ARGYRIA
Causes
Clinical Features
Management
ARSENISM
Causes
Clinical Features
Management
AURIC STOMATITIS
Causes
Clinical Features
Management
INFLAMMATORY FIBROUS HYPERPLASIA
Causes
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Fig. 27.34)
Management
INFLAMMATORY PAPILLARY HYPERPLASIA
Causes
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
EPULIS GRANULOMATOSUM
Clinical Features
Management
NODULAR FASCIITIS
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
UREMIC STOMATITIS
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
TRAUMATIC KERATOSIS
Etiology
Clinical Features (Fig. 27.38)
Histopathological Features
Management
BISPHOSPHONATES ASSOCIATED OSTEONECROSIS
Pathogenesis
Clinical and Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
28:
Blood Pathology
DISEASE OF LYMPH TISSUE
Lymphoid Hyperplasia
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
DISEASE OF RED BLOOD CELLS
Anemia
Sickle Cell Anemia
Clinical and Radiological Features
Hematological and Histopathological Findings
Management
Thalassemia
Types
Clinical, Oral and Radiological Features
Laboratory Findings
Histopathological Findings
Management
Aplastic Anemia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological and Hematological Findings
Management
Clinical Features
Hematological Findings
Management
Clinical Features
Hematological Findings
Acute Posthemorrhagic Anemia
Clinical Features
Hematological Features
Management
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Laboratory Findings
Clinical Features
Hematological Findings
Management
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Hematological Findings
Histopathological Findings
Management
Clinical Features
Histopathological and Hematological Features
Management
Pernicious Anemia
Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Laboratory Findings
Management
Polycythemia Vera
Clinical Features
Hematological Findings
Management
WHITE BLOOD CELL DISORDERS
Agranulocytopenia
Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological and Hematological Findings
Management
Cyclic Neutropenia
Clinical Features
Hematological Findings
Management
Lazy Leukocyte Syndrome
Chediak Higashi Syndrome
Chronic Idiopathic Neutropenia
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Management
DISEASE OF PLATELET
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Hematological and Histopathological Findings
Management
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Aldrich Syndrome
Familial Thrombasthenia
Thrombocytosis or Thrombocythemia
Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Management
DISEASE DUE TO CLOTTING DEFECT
Hemophilia
Types
Clinical Features
Hematological Findings
Management
Von Willebrand's Disease
Clinical Features
Hematological Findings
Management
Plasminogen Deficiency
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Feature
Management
Factor V Deficiency or Parahemophilia
Afibrinogenemia and Hypofibrinogenemia
Management
DYSFIBRINOGENEMIA
Fibrin Stabilizing Factor Deficiency
Management
MACROGLOBULINEMIA
Management
MALIGNANCY INVOLVING BLOOD TISSUE
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Laboratory Investigations
Management
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Etiology
Clinical and Radiological Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features
Laboratory Investigations
Management
PRIMARY RETICULAR CELL SARCOMA
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Histopathological Features
Management
BURKITT'S LYMPHOMA
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Leukemia
Types
Classification
Chronic
Etiology
Acute Leukemia
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Hematological Findings
Management
CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA
Pathophysiology
Clinical features
Hematological Findings
Management
CHRONIC LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Hematological Findings
Management
Variation of Leukemia
MULTIPLE MYELOMA
Origin
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Hematological Findings
Management
PLASMACYTOMA
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Laboratory Findings
Management
EXTRANODAL NK/T-CELL LYMPHOMA
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
29:
Skin Disorders
ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME
Types
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features (Figs 29.2 and 29.3)
Management
Steven Johnson Syndrome
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
PEMPHIGUS
Mechanism
Pemphigus Vulgaris
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Pemphigus Vegetans
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Pemphigus Foliaceus
Pemphigus Erythematosus
Histopathological Features (Figs 29.5 to 29.9)
Management
PARANEOPLASTIC PEMPHIGUS
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Fig. 29.10)
Management
BULLOUS PEMPHIGOID
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features (Fig. 29.12)
Management
BENIGN MUCOUS MEMBRANE PEMPHIGOID
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
FAMILIAL BENIGN CHRONIC PEMPHIGUS
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Types
Clinical Features
Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex
Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophic Dominant
Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophic Recessive
Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa
Oral Manifestations
Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex
Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophic Dominant
Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophic Recessive
Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa
Histopathological Features
Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex
Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophic Dominant
Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophic Recessive
Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa
Management
DERMATITIS HERPETIFORMIS
Clinical Manifestations
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Laboratory Findings
Management
PITYRIASIS ROSEA
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
INCONTINENTIA PIGMENTI
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
EHLERS DANLOS SYNDROME
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Lab Findings
Management
PSORIASIS
Etiology and Precipitating Factors
Clinical Features
Clinical Types
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
Topical Agents
PACHYONYCHIA CONGENITA
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
POROKERATOSIS
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
KERATOSIS FOLLICULARIS
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
WARTY DYSKERATOMA
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
SEBORRHEIC KERATOSIS
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
HEREDITARY MUCOEPITHELIAL DYSPLASIA
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
PSEUDOXANTHOMA ELASTICUM
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
HYALINOSIS CUTIS ET MUCOSA ORIS
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
WHITE SPONGE NEVUS
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features (Figs 29.26 to 29.28)
Management
HEREDITARY BENIGN INTRAEPITHELIAL DYSKERATOSIS
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
HEREDITARY HEMORRHAGIC TELANGIECTASIA
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Diagnostic Criteria
Management
PEUTZ-JEGHERS SYNDROME
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
EPHELIS
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
ACTINIC LENTIGO
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
LENTIGO SIMPLEX
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
SEBACEOUS HYPERPLASIA
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM
Cause
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS
Clinical Features
Oral Features
Histopathological Features
Management
ECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations (Figs 29.32 and 29.33)
Histopathological Finding
Management
COWDEN SYNDROME
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
GRAFT VERSUS HOST RESISTANCE
Cause
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
CREST SYNDROME
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
SCLERODERMA
Etiology
Clinical Features
Progressive Systemic Sclerosis
Localized Form (Circumscribed or Morphea)
Localized Form (Linear)
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
KAWASAKI DISEASE
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Management
30:
Allergic and Immunologic Diseases of Oral Cavity
INTRODUCTION/OVERVIEW
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION
Types of Immune Reactions (Gell and Coombs’ Classification)
Methods to Identify Hypersensitivity
WEGNER’S GRANULOMATOSIS
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Histopathological Findings
Diagnosis
Management
SARCOIDOSIS
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Diagnosis
Management
DRUG ALLERGY
Risk Factors
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
ALLERGIC CONTACT STOMATITIS
Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Histopathological Features
Management
SECONDARY VACCINIA
ANGIOEDEMA
Mechanism
Causes
Clinical Features
Management
APHTHOUS STOMATITIS (RECURRENT APHTHOUS ULCERS (RAUs) OR CANKER SORES)
Etiology
Precipitating Factors
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
BEHÇET’S SYNDROME
Etiology
Clinical Features (Fig. 30.10)
Laboratory Findings
Histopathological Features
Management
TRANSIENT LINGUAL PAPILLITIS
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
PERIORAL DERMATITIS
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
REITER’S SYNDROME
Triad of Reiter's Syndrome
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Histopathological Features
Management
LICHENOID CONTACT STOMATITIS/ LICHENOID TISSUE REACTION
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
CHRONIC ULCERATIVE STOMATITIS
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
CROHN’S DISEASE
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
31:
Endocrine Disorders
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
DISEASES OF PITUITARY GLAND
Hyperpituitarism
Clinical Features
Acromegaly (Fig. 31.1)
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Management
Hypopituitarism or Pituitary Dwarfism
Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Management
PROGERIA
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Management
HYPERTHYROIDISM
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Laboratory Investigation
Histopathological Features
Management
HYPOTHYROIDISM
Definition
Types
Clinical Features
Cretinism and Juvenile Myxedema
Myxedema
Oral Manifestations
Cretinism and Juvenile Myxedema
Myxedema
Laboratory Findings
Complications
Diagnosis
Management
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Management
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Management
PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Management
DIABETES MELLITUS
Definition
Etiology
Types
Primary
Secondary
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Gestational Diabetes
Etiology
Type I Diabetes Mellitus
Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Environmental Factors
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Management
ADDISON’S DISEASE
Causes
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Laboratory Investigations
Management
ADRENOGENITAL SYNDROME
MELASMA
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
CUSHING’S SYNDROME
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Laboratory Diagnosis
Management
32:
Nutrition and Oral Cavity
DISTURBANCES IN PROTEIN METABOLISM
Protein Deficiency
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Management
Amyloidosis
Forms of Amyloid
Types
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Porphyria
Classification
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
DISTURBANCES IN LIPID METABOLISM
Types of Lipid
Classification
Hand-Schuller-Christian Disease
Clinical Features
Classic Triad
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Laboratory Findings
Management
Eosinophilic Granuloma
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
Letterer Siwe Disease
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Laboratory Findings
Management
Gaucher Disease
Types
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Niemann-Pick Disease
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Tay Sachs Disease
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
DISTURBANCES IN CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
Hurler's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Laboratory Finding
Management
Lipoid Proteinosis
Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Hypoglycemia
Causes
Clinical Features
Laboratory Findings
Management
Mucopolysaccharidosis
Clinical Features
Management
DISTURBANCES IN MINERAL METABOLISM
Acrodermatitis Enteropathica
Clinical Manifestations
Oral Manifestations
Management
Hypophosphatasia
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Histopathological Features
Management
MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS
Malabsorption Syndrome
Clinical Manifestations
Oral Manifestations
Management
Disorders of Vitamins
Causes of Vitamin Deficiency
Water Soluble Vitamins
B-complex Vitamins
Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
Absorption and Excretion
Functions in the Body
Deficiency Symptoms
Beriberi
Wet Beriberi
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Dry Beriberi
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Wernicke's Encephalopathy
Korsakoff's Psychosis
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Absorption and Excretion
Function in the Body
Causes of Deficiency
Deficiency Symptoms
Oral Manifestations
Management
Niacin (Vitamin B3)
Function in the Body
Pellagra
Causes of Deficiency
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Management
Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5)
Function in the Body
Deficiency Symptoms
Management
Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
Deficiency Symptoms
Oral Manifestation
Management
Biotin (Vitamin B8)
Function in the Body
Deficiency Symptoms
Management
Folic Acid (Vitamin B9)
Functions in the Body
Deficiency Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Hematological Findings
Management
Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)
Functions in the Body
Causes of Deficiency
Deficiency Symptoms
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Lab Findings
Bone Marrow Findings
Management
Vitamin C
Functions of Vitamin C
Deficiency Symptoms
Scurvy
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Laboratory Features
Management
Choline
Inositol
Functions in the Body
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Common Properties
Vitamin A (Retinol)
Functions in the Body
Deficiency Symptoms
Oral Manifestations
Management of Deficiency Symptoms
Hypervitaminosis A
Vitamin D
Forms
Function in the Body
Pathogenesis
Vitamin D Deficient Rickets
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Osteomalacia
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Biochemical Changes
Management of Rickets and Osteomalacia
Vitamin D Resistant Rickets (Familial Hypophosphatemia, Refractory Rickets)
Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
Functions in the Body
Deficiency Symptoms
Oral Manifestations
Management
Vitamin K (Phylloquinone)
Forms
Functions in the Body
Effects of Deficiency
Oral Manifestations
Management
DISORDERS OF BILIRUBIN
Jaundice
Causes
Clinical Features
Management
33:
Neuromuscular Disorders and Orofacial Pain
MUSCLE DISORDERS
Muscular Dystrophy
Severe Generalized Muscular Dystrophy
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Lab Findings
Management
Mild Restricted Muscular Dystrophy
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
Myotonias
Types
Dystrophic Myotonia
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Congenital Myotonia
Clinical Features
Management
Acquired Myotonia
Myasthenia Gravis
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Orofacial Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Management
Dermatomyositis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathological Features
Lab Findings
Management
NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS
Auriculotemporal Syndrome
Pathogenesis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Bell's Palsy
Pathogenesis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Management
Motor Neuron Disease
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Management
Multiple Sclerosis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Management
Myositis Ossificans
Localized Myositis Ossificans
Progressive Myositis Ossificans
FACIAL PAIN
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
Clinical Features
Management
Geniculate Neuralgia
Causes
Clinical Features
Management
Atypical Facial Pain
Clinical Features
Management
Neuralgia-inducing Cavitational Osteonecrosis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Cluster Headache
Clinical Features
Management
Paroxysmal Hemicranias
Clinical Features
Management
Migraine
Cause
Clinical Features
Management
Temporal Arteritis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Management
Burning Mouth Syndrome
Definition
Epidemiology
Cause
Classification and Subtypes
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
34:
Forensic Odontology
INTRODUCTION
RECORD MANAGEMENT
IDENTIFICATION
DENTAL EVALUATION
Dental Comparison
Procedure or Guideline for Dental Identification
Postmortem Examination
Antemortem Record Examination
Comparison of Antemortem and Postmortem Record
Role of Dentist in Multiple (Mass) Fatality Incident Identification
PERSONAL RECOGNITION
FINGERPRINTING
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGIC EXAMINATION OF BONES AND TEETH
POSTMORTEM SEROLOGY AND DNA PROFILING
BITE MARKS (FIGS 34.1 TO 34.3)
Definition
Importance of Bite Marks (Figs 34.4 and 34.5)
Method of Preservation of Bite Marks
Bite Marks on Foodstuff
Bite Marks in Human Skin
Status of the Tissue
Influencing Factor
Types of Bite Mark
Nature of Bite Marks
Investigations of a Bite Mark (Figs 34.6 to 34.12)
Matching the Bite Mark with the Suspect Dentition
HUMAN ABUSE
DENTIST AS EXPERT WITNESS
35:
Syndromes of the Orofacial Region
INTRODUCTION
Classification of Syndromes
SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH CRANIOFACIAL ANOMALIES OF GENETIC ORIGIN
Genetic Factors
Chromosomal Disorders
Single Gene Disorders
Multifactorial Inheritance
Genetics of Craniofacial Malformation
X-linked Inheritance Syndromes
Multifactorial (MFR)
Cleidocranial Dysplasia
Apert's Syndrome (Acrocephalosyndactyly)
Ellis-van Creveld Syndrome
Crouzon Syndrome
Trisomy Syndromes
Trisomy 21
Trisomy 18 Syndrome
Trisomy 13 Syndrome
Cerebrohepatorenal Syndrome
Cerebrocostomandibular Syndrome
Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome
Anderson Syndrome
Caffey-Silverman Syndrome
Median Cleft Face Syndrome
Melnick Needles Syndrome
Mohr Syndrome (OFD II)
Treacher Collins Syndrome
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings
Treatment and Prognosis
Pierre-Robin Syndrome
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Treatment and Prognosis
Marfan's Syndrome
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Treatment and Prognosis
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Treatment and Prognosis
SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH SKIN AND PIGMENTATION
Hereditary Ectodermal Dysplasia
Classification of the Ectodermal Dysplasis
Other Ectodermal Dysplasias
Hereditary Hypohydrotic (Anhydrotic) Ectodermal Dysplasia
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome
Clinical Features
Incontinentia Pigmenti
BROAD GROUPS OF PIGMENTARY DISORDERS
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
Albrights Syndrome
SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH SALIVARY AND LACRIMAL GLANDS
Sjögren's Syndrome
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histologic Features
Laboratory Findings
Heerfordt's Syndrome
Riley-Day Syndrome
Other Features
SYNDROMES AFFECTING TEETH
Gardner's Syndrome
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Trichodento-osseous Syndrome
Naegeli-Franceschetti-Jadassohn Syndrome
Johanson-Blizzard Syndrome
Oculodentodigital Dysplasia
Features
Fanconi's Syndrome
Lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital Syndrome
Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome (Bifid Rib Syndrome Or Gorlin-Goltz Syndrome)
SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH LIPS AND CHEEK
Ascher's Syndrome
Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome
van der Woude Syndrome
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Cowden Syndrome
Zinsser-Engman-Cole Syndrome
SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH TONGUE
Winchester Syndrome
Anhydrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia/Christ-Siemens-Touraine Syndrome
Zellweger Syndrome
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome
Orofacial Digital (OFD) Syndrome
OFD Type 1
Features of OFD Type 1
Hurler Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Histopathology
Mobius Syndrome
Clinical Features
Treatment and Prognosis
Aglossia-Adactylia Syndrome
Systemic Manifestations
Oral Manifestation
Burning Mouth Syndrome
Clinical Features
SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH GINGIVA
Tuberous Sclerosis
Zimmerman-Laband Syndrome
Rutherford Syndrome
Ramon Syndrome
Papillon-Lefevre Syndrome
Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome (KTW)
Oral Manifestation
SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH NERVES
Auriculotemporal Syndrome
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Reader's Syndrome (Paratrigeminal Syndrome)
Horton's Syndrome
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Migraine Syndrome (Migraine)
Clinical Features
Treatment and Prognosis
Horner's Syndrome
Jaw-Winking Syndrome (Marcus-Gunn Phenomenon; Pterygoid-Levators Synkinesis)
SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH BLOOD
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
Clinical Features
Laboratory Finding
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Treatment and Prognosis
Sweet's Syndrome
Lazy Leukocyte Syndrome
Clinical Manifestations
SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS
Maffucci's Syndrome
Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome
Diffuse Neonatal Hemangiomatoses
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH IMMUNODEFICIENCY
Reiter's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Behçet's Syndrome
Clinical Features
SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH HORMONAL DISTURBANCES
Cushing Syndrome
Adrenogenital Syndrome
General Adaptation Syndrome
Progeria (Hutchinson-Gilford Syndrome)
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome
SYNDROMES WITH BENIGN ORAL NEOPLASTIC OR HAMARTOMATOUS COMPONENTS
von Recklinghausen's Neurofibromatosis
Basal Cell Nevus or Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome
Clinical Features
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes (MEN Syndromes)
Clinical Features
Tuberous Sclerosis
Clinical Features
Oral Features
Acanthosis Nigricans
Oral Features
Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome
Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome
Parkes-Weber Syndrome
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I:
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF MOST COMMON LESIONS OF ORAL CAVITY
APPENDIX II:
GLOSSARY
APPENDIX III:
Normal values of various laboratory parameters
APPENDIX IV:
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS OF ODONTOGENIC TUMOR
CLASSIFICATION OF ODONTOGENIC TUMOR
NON-ODONTOGENIC NEOPLASMS OF THE JAWS
CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOR
PRECANCEROUS LESION AND CONDITION
DEVELOPMENTAL DISTURBANCES OF ORAL AND PARAORAL STRUCTURES
ABNORMALITIES OF TEETH
CLASSIFICATION OF CANDIDIASIS
CLASSIFICATION OF SALIVARY GLAND DISORDERS
SOFT TISSUE TUMORS OF MAJOR SALIVARY GLAND AND PARAGLANDULAR TISSUES
OLD WHO CLASSIFICATION OF SALIVARY GLAND TUMOR (THACKERAY AND SOBIN 1972)
FIBRO-OSSEOUS LESION OF JAW BONE
CLASSIFICATION OF TONGUE DISORDERS
WHITE LESION OF ORAL CAVITY
RED AND WHITE LESION
RED LESION OF ORAL CAVITY
BLUE/PURPLE/BROWN/GRAY/BLACK/YELLOW LESION
VESICULOBULLOUS AND ULCERATIVE LESION
PAPILLARY LESION OF ORAL CAVITY
CLASSIFICATION OF GIANT CELL
CLASSIFICATION OF GIANT CELL LESION
CLASSIFICATION OF GIANT CELL LESIONS BASED ON CAUSES OR LOCATION
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SWELLINGS OF HARD AND SOFT PALATE INCLUDING GINGIVAE
CAUSES OF TRISMUS
CONDITIONS PRODUCING MACROCHELIA (LIP ENLARGEMENT and SWELLING)
SWELLINGS OF FLOOR OF THE MOUTH
ULCERATION OF ORAL CAVITY
METABOLIC and GENETIC JAW DISEASES
VIRUSES CAUSING DISEASE IN ORAL CAVITY
OSTEOLYTIC LESIONS
TEETH ANOMALIES AND THEIR CAUSE
TYPICAL HISTOLOGICAL FEATURE
APPENDIX V:
HISTOLOGY DIAGRAMS OF ORAL TISSUES
NORMAL HISTOLOGICAL DIAGRAM
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL DIAGRAMS OF ORAL LESIONS
INDEX
TOC
Index
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