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Refraction, Dispensing Optics & Ophthalmic Procedures
Ashwani Kumar Ghai
CHAPTER 1:
Light
WHAT IS LIGHT?
ULTRAVIOLET RAYS
VISIBLE RAYS
INFRARED RAYS
PROPAGATION OF LIGHT
SPEED OF LIGHT
HOW DO WE SEE?
HUYGENS’ PRINCIPLE
Applications
PROPERTIES OF LIGHT
Reflection
Laws of Reflection
Refraction
Refraction Through a Plate of Glass
Laws of Refraction
Total Internal Reflection
Dispersion or Polychromatic Effects of Light
Diffraction
Polarization
Interference
LASER INTERFEROMETER
LAW OF INVERSE SQUARE
Clinical Application
CHAPTER 2:
Prism
PRISM
Nomenclature of Prism
Apex
Base
Angle of Deviation
Prism Diopter
Apical Angle
Uses
Diagnostic Uses
Instruments
Therapeutic Uses
Miscellaneous Uses
How to Detect and Measure Strength of a Prism?
Manual Method
With Lensometer?
Another Method
Placement of a Prism
Rotating Prism
COMPOUNDING AND RESOLVING PRISM POWERS
CHAPTER 3:
Refraction of Light
TRIAL SET
Trial Frame
Maddox Rod
Technique
Principle
Stenopeic Slit
Pinhole
Pinhole Improves Vision in Case of Refractive Error. Why?
Occluder
Red-Green Glass
Spherical and Cylindrical Lenses
Lens and its Types
A convex lens is a converging lens and a concave lens is a diverging lens. Why?
Notations of a Lens
Image Formation by a Convex Lens (Fig. 3.10)
Uses of Lens
Identification of a Lens
Compound Lens
COMBINATION OF LENSES
Combination of Cylindrical Lenses (Fig. 3.13)
Decentration of Lenses and Prismatic Effect
Clinical Applications of Decentration
Prentice Rule
Clinical Applications
How to Check Power of Unknown Lens?
How to Use?
Uses of Lensometer
Sources of Error
How to Mark Axis of a Cylinder With Lensometer?
Effectivity of Lens
Examples
OPTICS OF THE EYE
Gauss Theorem
The Reduced Eye
OPTICAL ABERRATIONS OF LENSES AND EYEBALL
Spherical Aberration
Chromatic Aberration
Diffraction
Peripheral Aberrations
CHAPTER 4:
Reflection of Light
MIRROR
Plane Mirror
Curved Mirror
Uses of Concave Mirror
Uses of Convex Mirror
Images Formed by a Concave Mirror
CHAPTER 5:
Visual Angles and Axes of Eye
AXES AND ANGLES OF EYEBALL
Optical Axis
Visual Axis
Pupillary Axis
Fixation Axis
Angles (FIG. 5.1)
Purkinje Images (Catoptric imagery)
Clinical Applications
CHAPTER 6:
Refractive Errors
MYOPIA
Types of Myopia
Depending upon mechanism of production, myopia may be of different types:
Depending upon clinical presentation myopia may be of different types:
Symptoms and Signs of Degenerative Myopia
Treatment of Myopia
Complications of Pathological Myopia
HYPERMETROPIA
Types of Hypermetropia
Components of Hypermetropia
Total Hypermetropia
Latent Hypermetropia
Manifest
Example
Clinical Features of Hypermetropia
Management of Hypermetropia
ASTIGMATISM
Types of Astigmatism
Types of Regular Astigmatism
Clinical Features
Treatment
Strum's Conoid
Clinical Significance
APHAKIA
Causes
Clinical Features
Treatment
PSEUDOPHAKIA
Types of IOLs
Foldable versus Non-foldable IOL
Hydrophobic versus Hydrophilic IOLs
Single Piece versus Three Piece IOL
Signs of Pseudophakia
Residual Error
ANISOMETROPIA
Causes
Clinical Significance
Types of Anisometropia
Diagnosis and Treatment of Anisometropia
Spectacles
Contact Lens
Others
ANISEIKONIA
Types
Clinical Features
Treatment
AMBLYOPIA OR LAZY EYE
Treatment of Amblyopia
Why Myopia should be Slightly Under Corrected?
Why Hypermetropia should be Fully Corrected?
Near Objects Appear Clear to a Myopic Patient. Why?
CHAPTER 7:
Accommodation and Convergence
ACCOMODATION
Far Point
Near Point
Range
Amplitude
Mechanism
Theories
PRESBYOPIA
Symptoms
Treatment
Why Presbyopia Should be Slightly under Corrected?
Paralysis of Accommodation
Spasm of Accommodation
CONVERGENCE
AC/A Ratio (Accommodative Convergence/Accommodation)
Convergence Insufficiency
How to do Convergence Exercises?
At Home
With Synoptophore
CHAPTER 8:
Retinoscopy and Transposition
RETINOSCOPY
Types of Retinoscopy
Retinoscopes
Principle
Procedure
Drugs Used in Retinoscopy
Drug Factor
Subjective Verification
Confirmation of Subjective Refraction
Difficulties Faced During Retinoscopy
TRANSPOSITION OF LENSES
Simple Transposition
Toric Transposition
A Practical Problem
How to make a Cross Cylinder of Power 0.50?
CHAPTER 9:
Ophthalmic Lenses
TYPES OF OPHTHALMIC LENS MATERIALS
Glass
Plastic Lenses or Resin Lenses
Polycarbonate Lenses
V-value Constringence or Abbe's number
GRINDING OF LENSES
BEST-FORM LENSES
PANTOSCOPIC TILT
TYPES OF BIFOCAL LENSES
TRIFOCAL LENSES
PROGRESSIVE ADDITION LENS
Designs of PAL Lenses
ANTI-REFLECTIVE COATING
Advantages
TINTING OF LENSES
Some Important Facts About Tinting
Technique of Tinting Lenses
Significance of Different Colors
PHOTOCHROMISM
Technique
Advantages and Disadvantages
Effect of AR Coating on Photochromism
SCRATCH RESISTANT OR HARD COATING
WATER-RESISTANT COATING
POLAROID LENSES
ULTRAVIOLET PROTECTIVE GLASSES
BALANCE LENS
OPTICAL CENTER OF A LENS
Clinical Significance
How to find optical center of a lens?
By Lensometer
Manual Method
MECHANISM OF GHOST IMAGES
TILTING OF LENSES
VERTEX DISTANCE
INTERPUPILLARY DISTANCE
Measurement of IPD with IPD Ruler
Monocular Pupillary Distance
THE PRESCRIPTION
SPECIAL TYPES OF LENSES
High Index Lenses
Advantages of High Index Lenses
Lenticular Lenses
Aspheric Lenses
Protective Lenses
CHAPTER 10:
Spectacle Frames
FRAMES
Shapes of Frames
Types of Frames
Full Rim
Half Rim or Supra
Rimless or Drill Mount
Information Available From a Frame
Selection of Frame
BOX SYSTEM
SPECTACLE FRAME MATERIALS
CHAPTER 11:
Headache After Using Spectacles—How to Manage?
HEADACHE AFTER USING SPECTACLES—HOW TO MANAGE?
CHAPTER 12:
Ophthalmic Procedures and Instruments
LENS AND LOUPE
Technique
SLIT LAMP
Uses
Parts of Slit Lamp
Techniques of Slit-lamp Examination
Diffuse Illumination
Direct Illumination
Indirect Illumination
Retro Illumination
TONOMETRY
Types
Procedure of Schiotz Tonometry
Advantages of Schiotz Tonometer
Disadvantages of Schiotz Tonometer
Sterilization of Schiotz Tonometer
EPILATION AND ELECTROEPILATION
LACRIMAL SYRINGING
Indications
Technique
Observations
Complications
FLUORESCEIN STAINING
Procedure
Uses
CORNEAL SCRAPING
Advantages of Scraping
CAUTERIZATION OF ULCERS
AESTHESIOMETERY
CONJUNCTIVAL SWAB FOR CULTURE AND SENSITIVITY
FUNDUS CAMERA
FUNDUS FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY
Technique
Side Effects
Phases of FFA
Abnormalities Detected by FFA
PLACIDO DISK
KERATOMETRY (OPHTHALMOMETRY)
Uses
Principle
Types
Technique
Range of Keratometer
Sources of Error
BIOMETRY
CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY
Principle
PENTACAM
GENEVA LENS MEASURE
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
SYNOPTOPHORE
OPHTHALMOSCOPY
Distant Direct Ophthalmoscopy
Technique
Clinical applications
Direct Ophthalmoscopy
Technique
Advantages and Disadvantages of Direct Ophthalmoscopy
Indirect Ophthalmoscopy
Technique of Indirect Ophthalmoscopy
GONIOSCOPY
PACHYMETER
Procedure
AMSLER GRID
Technique
VISUAL FIELD CHARTING (PERIMETRY)
Confrontation Method
Lister's Perimeter
Scotometry
Automated Perimeter
Scotoma
CONTRAST SENSITIVITY
Clinical Features of Low Contrast Sensitivity
Testing of Contrast Sensitivity
Clinical Significance
COLOR VISION
Congenital Color Blindness
Acquired Color Blindness
Methods of Color Vision Testing
ULTRASOUND BIOMICROSCOPY
Technique
Uses
Limitations
STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION
Sterilization of Instruments
Ways of Dry Heat Sterilization
Ways of Moist Heat Sterilization
Sterilization Control
Chemical Sterilization is Done by Different Ways
Sterilization by Radiation
Sterilization of Operation Theater
Availability of Formalin
Procedure
CHAPTER 13:
Lasers in Ophthalmology
YAG CAPSULOTOMY
YAG IRIDOTOMY
LASER FOR PHOTOCOAGULATION IN RETINAL DISORDERS
EXCIMER LASER AND LASIK LASER FOR CORNEAL REFRACTIVE SURGERY
ARGON LASER TRABECULOPLASTY (ALT)
ROLE OF LASER IN TRABECULECTOMY (UNDER-FILTERING BLEB)
LASER IN TREATMENT OF MALIGNANT GLAUCOMA
LASER FOR DCR SURGERY
CHAPTER 14:
Contact Lens Practice
NOMENCLATURE
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF CORNEA
PRECORNEAL TEAR FILM
Functions of Tear Film
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS OF CONTACT LENS
Contraindications of Contact Lens
MATERIALS USED FOR MANUFACTURING OF CONTACT LENS
Properties of Contact Lens Material
PARAMETERS OF CONTACT LENS
HISTORY TAKING FOR CONTACT LENS FITTING
Examination
FITTING OF CONTACT LENS
How to Start Contact Lens Fitting?
HOW TO INSERT SOFT CONTACT LENS?
INSTRUCTIONS TO THE PATIENT
CLEANING OF LENSES
Disinfection of Contact Lens
POST-FITTING PROBLEMS AND SOLUTION
COMPLICATIONS OF CONTACT LENS
CONTACT LENS SOLUTIONS
INDEX
TOC
Index
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